61. FOIArkansas.com November — Attorney general Ray Thornton says FOI Act does not permit the January — The arkansas School Boards Association recommends amending the FOI http://www.foiarkansas.com/1010/1010timeline.html

The Source for F reedom O f I nformation Law and Action News Opinion Project '99 Charts / Data ... Links ARKANSAS FOI THROUGH THE YEARS Compiled by David Robinson, FOIArkansas Project Arkansas Gazette story. The North Little Rock Times sues. Arkansas Gazette in a report to the General Provisions Committee of the Arkansas Constitutional Revision Study Commission. Arkansas Gazette Arkansas Gazette Arkansas Gazette Arkansas Gazette lawyer Vincent Foster Jr. confronts Bryant; Bryant says Gazette Arkansas Gazette Pine Bluff Commercial Springdale News Arkansas Gazette editorial accuses Gibson and Sen. Max Howell of Jacksonville of having killed the measure by attaching a controversial amendment. Arkansas Gazette Arkansas Gazette Pine Bluff Commercial appeals to the Arkansas Supreme Court a Jefferson County circuit court ruling that allowed a closed meeting by the state correction board to discuss the death of an inmate. Arkansas Gazette asks state Supreme Court to direct Circuit Judge Henry M. Britt of Hot Springs to stop excluding reporters from in-chambers hearings. Arkansas Gazette Baxter Bulletin Arkansas Gazette column that the media is infringing on the rights of criminal defendants by publishing information that could prejudice a jury.

62. Division Of Public School Academic Facilities & Transportation Risk Management Program arkansas School Boards Association It is expectedthat the arkansas general Assembly taking office in 2005 will work to http://www.arkansasfacilities.com/faqs.aspx

Home Documents State Report Resources Calendar School Facility Manual Frequently Asked Questions Committees Contact Us Frequently Asked Questions Questions About Immediate Needs Program (AFIRP) Questions About the Assessment Report Questions For Districts Questions For Assessors General Questions Who will be selecting the assessment firms? Assessor Selection Process Who awards and maintains the contract between the assessment firms and the State of Arkansas? The Bureau of Legislative Research What is the role of the Program Manager in the assessor selection process? Assessor Selection Process Does this decision to assess all the schools in Arkansas have any relation to the issue of consolidating school districts in the state? Who will be doing these assessments, and can the schools assess themselves? No, the schools cannot assess themselves as mandated by the courts. All assessments will be conducted by registered professional architects and/or engineers who have demonstrated capabilities in educational facilities. Yes. Educational facilities will be considered adequate by the Task Force when their conditions, within reasonable exceptions, meet all current building safety, health and accessibility standards; space requirements are based on current and/or proposed teacher/ student ratios and curriculum standards; and current technology support systems requirements are met.

63. Joycelyn Elders in public health clinics and at the University of arkansas School of Medicine, As Surgeon general, I will be a true advocate for the improvement of http://gos.sbc.edu/e/elders1.html

Confirmation Statement Of U.S. Surgeon General Before The U.S. Senate Labor And Human Resources Committee by Joycelyn Elders Former U.S. Surgeon General July 23, 1993 Good Morning! Mr. Chairman, Senator Kassebaum and members of the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee, it is a great honor to appear before you today as President Clinton's nominee for the position of Surgeon General. I want to thank you for taking time from your busy schedules to meet with me during the past few weeks. I appreciate that opportunity and look forward to talking with those of you I have not yet met. Before proceeding further, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my dear husband, Oliver Elders, and all of my family and friends, many of whom are here today, who have supported me throughout my career, and particularly, for their support during the past six months. Many say I am a lightening rod. Please know that they have been my thunder. I appear before you today at a time when our entire Nation is facing great challenges in public health. AIDS, violence, teenage pregnancy, a drug resistant strain of tuberculosis, low immunization rates all indicate we have not done a very good job at selling healthy lifestyles in this country. I believe the only way to heal our Nation is through prevention. Prevention requires education. If confirmed, I would make my utmost goal the education of our people, all our people, on how to stay healthy. I have some personal and professional understanding of these challenges that I would like to share with you. But before I do that, I would like to address some issues about me that have been raised.

64. Arkansas Encyclopedia Volume P Arkansas History State Of Arkansas He represented Chicot County in the lower house of the arkansas general Assembly in She graduated from Childress High School in Nashville, arkansas, http://www.anythingarkansas.com/arkapedia/pedia/ppp.html

Home Free Offers Directory A ... Z Volume P Visit the Poker Encyclopedia Web Arkansas Encyclopedia Pallone, Sharon (Activist) Ms. Pallone is the founder of SCAN (Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect Volunteer Services, Inc.) Paris, Twila (b. 1958) (Singer/Songwriter) Twila Paris is an internationally acclaimed Christian music performer and songwriter, she is known by her fans as a "modern-day hymnwriter." In 22 years of performing had 32 No. 1 radio hit singles, including 1995 Song of the Year God Is In Control . She has been awarded five Dove Awards, including Female Vocalist of the year 1993, 1994, and 1995. She lives in Arkansas with her husband, Jack, and son, J.P. Park, Sue (Banker) Ms. Park is the first female from Arkansas to hold the position of regional vice president of the National Association of Bank Women (1959-60) Parkin Archeological State Park A 17-acre Native American village on the St. Francis River occupied from AD 1000 to 1550. Parnell, Harvey (1880-1936) (Politician) Harvey Parnell (28 February 1880-16 January 1936), farmer and businessman, was the son of William R. and Mary (Martin) Parnell, lived in Cleveland County at the time of his birth. His rural schooling was supplemented with studies in Warren, Arkansas, where he lived a short time. In 1890 he moved to Dermott. There he engaged in the hardware business and small scale farming. About 1910, he sold his hardware business and centered full attention on farming. He represented Chicot County in the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly in 1919 and 1921. He served in the state senate in 1923 and 1925. A year later, he was elected lieutenant governor. In 1928, on the resignation of Governor Martineau, he advanced to the office of governor and he became an elected governor in 1929.

65. Arkansas Encyclopedia Volume A Encyclopedia Of Arkansas Arkansas History State O Eight days before the election, Harris, who was also a school board member andardent In the first session of the arkansas general Assembly in 1837, http://www.anythingarkansas.com/arkapedia/pedia/aaa.html

Home Free Offers Directory A ... Z Volume A Visit the Poker Encyclopedia Web Arkansas Encyclopedia Shirley Abbott (Author) Ms. Shirley Abbott was born and raised in Hot Springs. She has authored many books in which she explores the history of hardworking Southern women, including Womenfolks: Growing Up Down South The Bookmaker's Daughter: A Memory Unbound , and Love's Apprentice: The Romantic Education of a Modern Woman . She now lives in New York City. Joey Lauren Adams (b. ) (Actress) Actress born in Little Rock, raised in North Little Rock. Roles include, Bud Bundy's girlfriend in "Married...with Children," "Chasing Amy," "Coneheads," "Second Noah," "Mallrats," "Hercules." Julie Adams (b. ) (Actress) Ms. Julie Adams was born Betty May Adams in Waterloo, Iowa. She grew up in Little Rock and then left for California where she entered the movie business. Born Betty May Adams, Ms. Adams was raised in Little Rock, AR. She was signed by Universal and will long be remembered as the beauty in the film The Creature of the Black Lagoon . This classic remains popular even today with movie fans. Samuel Adams (1805-1850) (Politican) Samuel Adams was born in Halifax County, Va., June 5, 1805. Member of Arkansas state legislature, 1836; Governor of Arkansas, 1844; Arkansas state treasurer, 1845-49. Died in Saline County, Ark., February 27, 1850. Interment at Mt. Holly Cemetery, Little Rock, Ark.

66. General Information The arkansas Real Estate License Examinations are developed and administered school or a school or organization licensed by the arkansas State Board of http://www.state.ar.us/arec/General Information.html

General Information To Apply For A Salesperson or Broker License Introduction The Arkansas Real Estate License Examinations are developed and administered by Assessment Systems, Inc. (ASI) a National Independent Testing Company. The testing method in Arkansas is an electronic system called EXPro which eliminates the use of paper answer sheets. EXPro operates with the use of a touch screen and is easy to operate. Knowledge of computers and typing is NOT required or needed. Further information about ASI and the examination process, including an Application for Examination can be found in the "Real Estate Candidate Handbook", which is available at most schools and providers of Real Estate Education. (This link shows a list of schools licensed by the State Board of Private Career Education.) Real Estate License Requirements Salesperson applicants must: have reached the age of majority, eighteen (18): successfully complete sixty (60) classroom hours of real estate education of which thirty (30) classroom hours must be in the basic principles of real estate, from an accredited postsecondary school or a school or organization licensed by the Arkansas State Board of Private Career Education [ACA Sect. 17-42-303 and Commission Regulation 4.1]; pass the licensure examination; and

67. National Endowment For The Arts Grant Applications For Federal Funds, Financial State funds are appropriated by the arkansas general Assembly. Be a schooldistrict recognized by the arkansas Department of Education or have an IRS http://www.arkansasarts.com/grants/

T he Arkansas Arts Council administers both federal and state funds, financial aid and state grants for programs and services benefiting arts organizations, Arkansas schools and Arkansas artists. Federal funds are appropriated by Congress to the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) which in turn grants funds to the Arkansas Arts Council. State funds are appropriated by the Arkansas General Assembly. Grant monies from the Arkansas Arts Council are awarded annually. We recommend that the appropriate Program Manager be contacted before you apply for any Arkansas Arts Council grant. Check out our current Grant Recipients GRANT CATEGORIES The following Grant Applications and Grant Application Instructions are available as Microsoft Word Documents. You will need either Microsoft Word or the free Microsoft Word Viewer to open the document. Note: Applicants should use the "TAB" key to move from field to field within an application. For further information, or to request a hard copy of an application, contact the Arkansas Arts Council at (501) 324-9766 or send us an email Arts In Education Mini Residencies Arts On Tour ... Project Support Arts In Education Arts In Education projects currently in place.

68. Arkansas Department Of Health & Human Services | Service Directory general Family Services. Includes Medicaid Eligibility Categories agencies inArkansas that participate in the National School Lunch Program and Summer http://www.arkansas.gov/dhhs/sgFamily.html

var version = 1.0; var version = 1.1; var version = 1.2; var version = 1.3; Online Services Privacy Accessibility Security ... News General Family Services Includes Medicaid Eligibility Categories (Information about any of the services listed below is available in Spanish by calling 800-482-8988) ARKids First (English) (Spanish) ARKids First provides health insurance to children who otherwise might not get medical care. The program offers two coverage options. ARKids A offers low-income children a comprehensive benefits package. ARKids B provides limited coverage for slightly higher income families. ARKids B requires a small co-pay for most services. Commodity Distribution Program This program processes and distributes raw commodities donated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to schools and other eligible recipient agencies in Arkansas that participate in the National School Lunch Program and Summer Food Service Program. Community Services Block Grant Program The Community Services Block Grant Program provides funds to support services and activities that are designed to assist low-income families to become self-sufficient. Services are provided through the 16 Community Action Agencies in the state.

69. The Study Circles Resource Center: Arkansas Study Circles Receive Two-Year Grant The arkansas Study Circles Project is part of the arkansas School Boards shape its recommendations on education reform to the state s general Assembly. http://www.studycircles.org/pages/success/speakup.html

What Democracy Looks Like Stories Success Stories Arkansas Study Circles Project Receives Two-Year Grant for Education Reform Conversations The Arkansas Study Circles Project has been awarded a significant grant from the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation to continue its work in helping launch study circles on education in communities throughout the state. The Arkansas Supreme Court recently upheld a lower court ruling that Arkansas public schools were both inadequate and inequitable in the delivery of education to the schoolchildren of the state. The Arkansas Study Circles Project is part of the Arkansas School Boards Association Educational Foundation. The organization has been the driving force for launching study circles to engage Arkansans in meaningful conversations about improving education for the state's 500,000 schoolchildren. The grant, for nearly a quarter-million dollars over the next two years, will help the organization launch numerous study circles throughout the state to engage Arkansans in an effort to improve their public schools. The organization used the model, with help from the Study Circles Resource Center, to help shape a massive one-night event last April to discuss the question: "What do we want our schools to do to educate our children." The event, called "Speak Up, Arkansas!" was developed between mid-January until April 4, when 6,000 people at 91 sites came together to provide their ideas for the legislatively-mandated Arkansas Blue Ribbon Commission on Public Education. The concerns that were articulated that night by Arkansans were collected and submitted to the Commission to help shape its recommendations on education reform to the state's General Assembly.

70. Arkansas General Assembly 2005 (Act 433) Changes the apportionment of the general school fund of the county from (Act 1229) Creates the arkansas Leadership School Support Program to http://www.aaea.k12.ar.us/AAEA/Legislative/Legislative_Session_2005.html

Arkansas General Assembly 2005 This is an overview of the House and Senate Bills of the 2005 Arkansas General Assembly Legislative Session which are of major interest to educational administrators. To review an individual bill in detail click on Arkansas General Assembly on our web site or refer to the Arkansas State Legislature web site at http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ The General Assembly Adjourned May 13, sine die after a 94 day Session. The School Law Supplement has been sent to AAEA members. If you need additional information about the legislative session, call the Association at 501/372-1691. Acts (Act 43): Appropriation of $7,835,000 for Secondary Vocational Area Centers. HB-1073 (Mahony, Saunders, Broadway) (Act 71): Amend References to the Internal Revenue Code in Arkansas Teacher Retirement Law. SB-142 (J. Jeffress and Faris) (Act 73): Reqires the county clerk to file a report of equalized property values with the Assessment Coordination Department within thirty (30) days after the County Equalization Board adjourns. HB-1009 (Edwards): (Act 77): Changes the time School Districts and Educational Service Cooperatives must file a budget from September 1, to September 15.

71. Deadline Approaching For Young Arkansas Artists Exhibition Applications - Press include the arkansas Museum of Art, the Decorative Arts Museum, the MuseumSchool, general Information, arkansas Arts Center general Information http://www.arkarts.com/general/press_room/gen_pr_239.asp

Site Search Press Room Deadline approaching for Young Arkansas Artists exhibition applications For more information contact: Emily Fraize, 501-396-0308 efraize@arkarts.com FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Deadline approaching for Young Arkansas Artists exhibition applications (LITTLE ROCK, AR) The Arkansas Arts Center is accepting entries for the "43nd Annual Young Arkansas Artists Exhibition." The deadline for entries is Monday, February 9, 2004. "Young Arkansas Artists," organized by the Arkansas Arts Center and the Arkansas Department of Education, is open to students, kindergarten through grade 12 in Arkansas schools - public and private. Entries must be original works created under teacher's supervision during the 2003 - 2004 school year. Entries must be submitted by a school, not by individual students or parents. Students should contact their teachers for more information. All entries are judged by a statewide group of Arkansas art teachers who are members of the National Art Education Association. Approximately 150 works are chosen to be exhibited at the Arkansas Arts Center. Seventy-two of the accepted works will be selected to exhibit in communities across the state as part of the Arkansas Arts Center Traveling Exhibition program. The exhibition will be on view at the Arkansas Arts Center on March 12 through May 2, 2004. For additional information, contact Keith Melton at 501-396-0312.

72. CNN - 5 Dead, 11 Wounded In Arkansas School Shooting - Mar. 24, 1998 JONESBORO, arkansas (CNN) Four middle school girls and a teacher were killedand 11 people according to arkansas Attorney general Winston Bryant. http://www.cnn.com/US/9803/24/school.shooting.folo/

COMMUNITY Message Boards Chat Feedback SITE SOURCES Contents Help! Search CNN Networks SPECIALS Quick News Almanac Video Vault News Quiz 5 dead, 11 wounded in Arkansas school shooting In this story: Teacher, four girls killed Classmate: Suspect recently broke up with girlfriend 'We had children lying everywhere' 'This happens somewhere else' No charges filed yet March 24, 1998 Web posted at: 11:06 p.m. EST (0406 GMT) JONESBORO, Arkansas (CNN) Four middle school girls and a teacher were killed and 11 people were wounded Tuesday when two heavily armed boys in full camouflage gear opened fire on their classmates and teachers during a false fire alarm. The Craighead County coroner's office identified the dead students as Natalie Brooks, Paige Ann Herring, and Stephanie Johnson, all 12, and Brittheny R. Varner, 11. Tuesday night, teacher Shannon Wright, 32, died after surgery for wounds to her chest and abdomen, Coroner Toby Emerson said. Police did not offer a motive, but a classmate said one of the suspects had recently broken up with his girlfriend. A L S O : Image Gallery Despite Arkansas carnage, U.S. juvenile crime down

73. CNN - Funerals For 2 Jonesboro Girls To Be Held Friday - March 26, 1998 arkansas Attorney general Winston Bryant said it was still possible that Johnsoncould be tried CNN Community. Message Board arkansas School Shooting http://www.cnn.com/US/9803/26/school.shooting.pm/

COMMUNITY Message Boards Chat Feedback SITE SOURCES Contents Help! Search CNN Networks SPECIALS Quick News Almanac Video Vault News Quiz Funerals for 2 Jonesboro girls to be held Friday In this story: 2 more funerals Saturday Grandfather says Golden pulled alarm 'Why?' and 'Is my school safe?' 'A very solid case' 'We feel real bad for everyone' ... 'Maybe he'll show some remorse...' March 26, 1998 Web posted at: 9:05 p.m. EST (0205 GMT) JONESBORO, Arkansas (CNN) Funerals for two girls killed in the Arkansas school shooting will be held Friday as children at Westside Middle School and their parents try to come to terms with a tragedy that left five people dead and 10 wounded. Separate services will be held for Natalie Brooks, 11, and Paige Ann Herring, 12. On Saturday, separate services are set for Stephanie Johnson, 12, and Brittheny R. Varner, 11. Funeral arrangements for Shannon Wright, a 32-year-old teacher who stepped into the line of fire to shield a student and was killed, have not been announced. Mitchell Johnson (L) and Andrew Golden in undated yearbook photos The five were killed by two heavily armed boys who fired on them from nearby woods while students and teachers stood outside the school during a false fire alarm.

74. Columns » General Information » Old State House University of arkansas Medical School was located in the Old State House. During its tenure at the Old State House, the Medical School prepared a http://www.oldstatehouse.com/general_information/columns/detail.asp?id=5&issue=1

75. Arkansas There is a general fund appropriation of $100000 a year for operating expenses . The arkansas Public School Computer Network (APSCN) provides network http://www.benton.org/publibrary/state/arkansas.html

Arkansas Overview Arkansas's public telecommunications infrastructure is still in its nascent stage. However, 1995 was a watershed year for telecommunications-related legislation. In a recent Southwestern Bell rate case before the state's Public Service Commission, it was stipulated that overearnings will be used to upgrade infrastructure in state hospitals and schools. In a recent SW Bell rate case before the state's Public Utilities Commission, it was stipulated that overearnings will be used to upgrade infrastructure in hospitals and schools in state. Legislation 1995 Ark. SB 417 (Act 737) created the Telecommunications and Information Technology Fund and established the Joint Legislative Committee on Advanced Communications and Information Technology, which will review legislation pertaining to telecommunications and public information access and study issues relating to the development of a statewide telecommunications network. The act also created the Governor's Telecommunications and Information Technology Advisory Board, which will work with the Joint Legislative Committee. Act 1052 appropriated $2 million to develop a strategic plan for the establishment of a statewide distance learning and telemedicine network.

76. Education - General (Curriculum And Instruction) Graduate Programs In Central Pl University Of arkansas Program Curriculum and Instruction The School ofEducation and Behavioral Sciences offers programs leading to the Master of http://programs.gradschools.com/central-plains/curriculum_education.html

Education - General (Curriculum and Instruction) Graduate Programs in Central Plains U.S.A. There are matching records for Education - General (Curriculum and Instruction) . Displaying matches through Sort this page A-Z or Z-A Central Missouri State University Program: Curriculum and Instruction Location: Warrensburg, MO The M.S.E. option in Curriculum and Instruction is available for Elementary, Secondary, or K-12 Education. The Education Specialist is an advanced program designed for individuals planning careers in teaching and ... Click here for more program info Click here to visit this program's website Click to send E-mail to: wwilliams@cmsu1.cmsu.edu Rockhurst University Program: Education Location: Kansas City, MO Students in the master of education program enroll in one of two tracks: one that focuses on Literacy Studies and one for accelerated Elementary Ed or Secondary Ed teacher certification. ...

77. GUIDE TO LAW ONLINE: United States - Arkansas Bills and Resolutions (arkansas general Assembly) 1997; arkansas Code University of arkansas at Fayetteville School of Law - Library and Catalog http://www.loc.gov/law/guide/us-ar.html

Law Library of Congress GLIN Century of Lawmaking Library of Congress ... Index Arkansas State of Arkansas Constitution Executive Judicial Legislative ... General Sources CONSTITUTION Constitution of the State of Arkansas, 1874 (Arkansas Legislature) EXECUTIVE Arkansas Register (Arkansas Secretary of State) in PDF; 1999- Attorney General Opinions (Arkansas Office of the Attorney General) Ethics Opinions (Arkansas Ethics Commission) Governor's Policy Directives (Arkansas Office of the Governor) No. GPD-1 (August 1999- Arkansas Governor Arkansas Attorney General Arkansas Secretary of State - includes Elections Department [return to top JUDICIARY Arkansas Supreme Court and Appeals Court Decisions (Arkansas Judiciary) Arkansas Supreme Court and Appeals Court Decisions (FindLaw) U.S. Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit (U.S. Courts) November 1995- U.S. Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit

78. Little Rock Crisis Telegram, arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to President Eisenhower, Letter,President Eisenhower to general Alfred Gruenther, September 24, 1957 http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/LittleRock/littlerockdocuments.html

Little Rock School Integration Crisis On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education that segregated schools are "inherently unequal." In September 1957, as a result of that ruling, nine African-American students enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The ensuing struggle between segregationists and integrationists, the State of Arkansas and the federal government, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus has become known in modern American history as the "Little Rock Crisis." The crisis gained attention world-wide. When Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, President Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to insure the safety of the "Little Rock Nine" and that the rulings of the Supreme Court were upheld. The manuscript holdings of the Eisenhower Library contain a large amount of documentation on this historic test of the Brown vs. Topeka

79. Gale - Free Resources - Women's History - Biographies - Joycelyn Elders In 1956, she entered the arkansas Medical School on the GI Bill two years after the Elders platform as US Surgeon general was to continue with her work http://www.gale.com/free_resources/whm/bio/elders_j.htm

Thomson Gale Learning Thomson.com SEARCH 2. Select Search Type Products (e.g. InfoTrac) Site (e.g. Customer Service) Press Room About Us Contact Us Site Map ... Careers Order Center: Login Sign Up (new customers) About Thomson Gale Home Locations Executive Bios Trade Shows Title List Changes for Licensed Databases Home Alacritude Dialog Factiva ... Yahoo Business Development Home Who We Are What We Do How We Do It ... Contact Us Press Room Home Archives Library of the Year Logo Library ... Need a Speaker? Outside U.S. and Canada Home International Support Product Information: Catalog Catalog Catalog Help How to Order ... Imprint Publishers Customer Service: Billing/Fulfillment Returns Customer Resource Center Support Technical Resources Training Resources Free Resources: Market Your Library Market Your Library Get Connected Find Yourself in the Library ... InfoTrac Discussion List document.write(url); Women's History Joycelyn Elders (Minnie Jones - birth name) Schaal, Arkansas, United States Nationality : American Occupation : public health advocate Occupation : former surgeon general Confirmed as the 16th Surgeon General of the United States on September 7, 1993, Joycelyn Elders (born 1933) was the first African American and only the second female to head up the U.S. Public Health Service. In her brief 15-month tenure, Elders added tobacco use, national health care, and drug and alcohol abuse to her platform.

80. Epperson V. Arkansas Don Langston, Assistant Attorney general of arkansas, argued the cause for Susan Epperson, a young woman who graduated from arkansas school system and http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/epperson-v-arkansas.html

Epperson v. Arkansas: United States Supreme Court Contributed by Kenneth Fair U.S. Supreme Court EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS, 393 U.S. 97 (1968) EPPERSON ET AL. v. ARKANSAS. APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS. No. 7. Argued October 16, 1968. Decided November 12, 1968. Appellant Epperson, an Arkansas public school teacher, brought this action for declaratory and injunctive relief challenging the constitutionality of Arkansas' "anti-evolution" statute. That statute makes it unlawful for a teacher in any state-supported school or university to teach or to use a textbook that teaches "that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals." The State Chancery Court held the statute an abridgment of free speech violating the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The State Supreme Court, expressing no opinion as to whether the statute prohibits "explanation" of the theory or only teaching that the theory is true, reversed the Chancery Court. In a two-sentence opinion it sustained the statute as within the State's power to specify the public school curriculum. Held: The statute violates the Fourteenth Amendment, which embraces the First Amendment's prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion. Pp. 102-109. (a) The Court does not decide whether the statute is unconstitutionally vague, since, whether it is construed to prohibit explaining the Darwinian theory or teaching that it is true, the law conflicts with the Establishment Clause. Pp. 102-103.

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