41. NELC Department Fields Of Study The main branches are Hebrew and Judeoarabic literature and philology, The field is usually taken in connection with near eastern Archaeology or http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/nelc/department.html

The Department Our Faculty Current Graduate Students Prospective Graduate Students ... Our Alumni The Department Program Fields of Study Interdisciplinary Programs Course Offerings and Descriptions Program In addition to a B.A. program for undergraduates, NELC offers M.A. and Ph.D. programs in a wide variety of fields of study in the Near or Middle East, including: History and Culture, Language and Literature (including Linguistics), Intellectual History, and Art and Archaeology. These programs are grouped under three main headings, Ancient (prehistory to the rise of Islam) Modern (Muhammad to the present), and Interdisciplinary. There are departmental counselors for each of these areas who guide the students through their programs of study. Detailed descriptions of each program are given below. Fields of Study Ancient Programs Ancient Near Eastern History offers an interdisciplinary program combining a broad view of Near Eastern history in pre-Islamic times with specialized knowledge of at least one major sub-region (e.g., Babylonia, Iran, Hatti, Egypt, or Syria-Palestine) or field (e.g., Late Bronze trade, early empires). Knowledge of two ancient languages (major and minor), Near Eastern archaeology, historiography, and historical method is required. Cuneiform Studies offers programs in three subfields: Assyriology, Hittitology, and Sumerology. All three programs require an advanced knowledge of the major language, and the relevant history and archaeology. Hittitology and Sumerology require in addition a thorough background in Akkadian; Assyriology requires Sumerian.

42. Near Eastern And Asian Studies A major concentration in near eastern studies consists of eleven credits beyondfirst year These include eleven credits in arabic language, literature, http://www.bulletins.wayne.edu/ubk-output/lib53.html

Near Eastern and Asian Studies Office: 437 Manoogian; 577-3015 Chairperson: Aleya A. Rouchdy Website: http://www.cla.wayne.edu/NearEast/ Arabic Courses (ARB) Asian Studies Courses (ASN) Chinese Courses (CHI) ... Scholarship, Kape Memorial Professor Aleya A. Rouchdy Associate Professor Muneer Fareed, May Seikaly Lecturers Moulouk Berry, Edith Covensky, Rie Masuda, Yue Ming Adjunct Faculty Dallas Kenny Emeritus Professor Ivan Starr Degree Programs (For specific requirements of graduate programs cited below (*), see the Wayne State University Graduate Bulletin.) BACHELOR OF ARTS with a Major in Near Eastern studies *MASTER OF ARTS with a major in Near Eastern languages This department offers programs and courses of instruction which acquaint students with the languages and civilizations of the modern Middle East as well as the classical traditions of that locale. In addition to reading texts in the original languages, the student may elect courses from a wide range of offerings for which no language other than English is required. A student who wishes to major in the Department should plan a program with the departmental adviser as soon as possible after entering the University. Each program is arranged individually to combine the most varied advantages consistent with the student's interests and purposes. Near Eastern and Asian Studies (B.A. Program)

43. ALMISBAH: Languages And Literatures: Languages And Literatures In Arabic Countri 28. Department of near eastern Languages and Cultures Bloomington Georgetown University Department of arabic Language, literature and Linguistics http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg040101_on_e

ALMISBAH: Languages and Literatures: Languages and Literatures in Arabic Countries: General Resources (WWW) Source Type Universities / University Departments URL http://www.ugr.es/%7Eestsemi/arabe/indexarab.htm Keywords university; Granada; staff; arabic studies; courses DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. Arabic-info Mailing List Source Type Communication Forums URL http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Listserv/arabicl.html Keywords arabic studies; mailing lists; arabic language; arabic literature; arabic countries DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 3. Arabic documentary texts Source Type Archives Source Materials Manuscripts URL http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/papyrus/texts/arabic/documentary.html Keywords documents; arabic; online documents; archives; online catalogs; Durham; Duke University; manuscripts, arabic (papyri) DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 4. Arabic Mailing Lists Source Type Communication Forums URL http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/lists/arabic.html Keywords mailing lists; arabic language; Egypt; Jordan; Lebanon; Palestine; Algeria; Tunisia; arab studies DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 5. Arabische, Nieuw-Perzische en Turkse Talen en Culturen [Utrecht]

44. Asian And Near Eastern Languages Historical and comparative studies of ancient near eastern literature. arabic Medieval Islamic Philosophy; arabic Language and literature. http://saas.byu.edu/catalog/graduate/1997/departments/Asian_Lang.html

Brigham Young University Asian and Near Eastern Languages A SIAN AND N EAR E ASTERN L ANGUAGES Chair: Van C. Gessel Graduate Coordinator: Dana S. Bourgerie 4064 JKHB Provo, UT 84602-6117 bourgerie@byu.edu T HE P ROGRAM OF S TUDIES One degree is offered through the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages: Language Acquisition (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, or Korean)—MA. This is a collegewide program. Generally not more than two students per language are admitted each year to the acquisition program. The program is designed so that a student can complete the degree in four semesters if he or she enters with the appropriate background (see below). Language Acquisition (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, or Korean)—MA This program offers professional preparation to students seeking careers in applied linguistics, foreign language education, computer- assisted language learning and instruction, and other related areas. Students become familiar with current theories of second-language acquisition and develop basic skills in applying that knowledge to teaching, testing, and classroom-oriented research in their language of specialization. The program is quite flexible, with emphases varying according to students' interests and faculty members' expertise. It is ideally suited to the needs of the following types of students:

45. Asian And Near Eastern Languages Introduction to Modern arabic literature in Translation. (2–330 ea.)Historical and comparative studies of ancient near eastern literature. http://saas.byu.edu/catalog/archive/2002/departments/Asian_Lang.html

UNDERGRADUATE CATALOG 2002–2003 Brigham Young University Asian and Near Eastern Languages Dilworth B. Parkinson, Chair 4052 JKHB, (801) 378-3396 College of Humanities Advisement Center 3078 JKHB, (801) 422-4789 Admission to Degree Program All degree programs in the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages are open enrollment. Some special limitations apply for teaching majors. The Discipline The many countries of Asia and the Near East are among the oldest civilizations in the world. The study of the languages and cultures of these nations gives students access to some of the richest and most varied traditions of thought, belief, and behavior to be found in the world. A large percentage of the vast, essentially non-Christian segment of the world's population resides in these two zones: Asia—with its diverse heritage of belief in Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and other systems of thought—continues to retain its “exotic” image for most Westerners, even though many nations in the region are at the forefront of contemporary politics and economics. The Near East, birthplace of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, remains a little-understood, often stereotyped area of considerable economic, strategic, and religious importance today. The languages of these regions are themselves generally difficult, with complex writing systems that require diligent study. But exposure to these languages and the cultures they express will enable students to look at the world from new perspectives and deepen their understanding of peoples whose history and practices are widely divergent from their own.

46. Interdisciplinary Studies – Near Eastern Languages And Cultures BA in near eastern Languages and Cultures. arabic Track ABT 3130** arabicLiterary Heritage 1 – Classical arabic literature http://web.aall.ufl.edu/degrees/Interdisciplinary Studies NELC.htm

Interdisciplinary Studies B.A. in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures Arabic Track Students design a concentration that focuses on an Arabic language and culture. Students acquire knowledge of relationships among language, literature, politics, religion, arts and economics. The major consists of 33 credit hours and culminates in a senior thesis. Requirements (All courses 3 credit hours unless otherwise noted) ARA 3300 and ARA 3301 Third-Year Arabic 1 and 2 ARA 4420 Arabic Through the Texts ABT 3130**: Arabic Literary Heritage 1 – Classical Arabic Literature ABT 3131**: Arabic Literary Heritage 2 – Modern Arabic Literature HBT 3110*: Israeli Literature in Translation ARA/HBR 4930: Special Topics – Introduction to Semitic Languages IDS 4906, Senior Honors Thesis ( 7 credits courses in red subject to change GE–H, I and writing requirement Electives (Three to six credits from courses with the following prefixes) ARA, ABT, REL (with reference to Islam or Judaism) AFH (with reference to North Africa ) and CPO and WHO (with reference to the Middle East Overseas Studies An intensive summer program in Fez Morocco , is available for students at all levels, beginning to advanced . The six-week program earns six transferable credits or 10 credits for beginners. For more information, contact

47. UF Department Of African And Asian Languages And Literature The Department of African and Asian Languages and Literatures (AALL) Japanese track) and near eastern Languages and Cultures (arabic and Hebrew track), http://web.aall.ufl.edu/

Announcements: NEW COURSES FALL 2005: Hindi 2 Korean and Turkish About the Department: The Department of African and Asian Languages and Literatures (AALL) administers an unusually large variety of academic programs, and works closely with other campus wide interdisciplinary Centers - Center for African Studies Center for Jewish Studies , the Film and Media Studies Program, the Graduate Program in Linguistics , and the Asian Studies Program . The academic programs the department administers directly include Akan, Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Swahili, Turkish, Vietnamese, and Yoruba. The department offers the B.A. degree with majors in East Asian Languages and Cultures ( Chinese and Japanese tracks) and Near Eastern Languages and Cultures ( Arabic and Hebrew tracks), as well as minors in African Studies, Arabic , Asian Studies, Chinese Hebrew , and Japanese African and Asian Languages and Literatures 470 Grinter Hall Box 115565 University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611

48. Arabic, Comparative Literature Talks Set the areas of arabic, Islamic and Middle eastern literatures and comparative professor of Middle eastern literature in the Department of near eastern http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/october20/arabic-1020.html

Stanford Report, October 20, 2004 Arabic, comparative literature talks set Four scholars will present talks during this academic year as part of a new lecture series on Arabic and comparative literatures sponsored by the Division of Literatures, Cultures and Languages. The new series, which will feature scholars working in the areas of Arabic, Islamic and Middle Eastern literatures and comparative literature, is part of the university initiative to develop teaching and research in Islamic studies, said David Palumbo-Liu, professor of comparative literature. "These lectures will be useful not only in terms of their intrinsic value, but also in that they will give us a clear sense of the kinds of work that is being done in this area, and possible ways that we too might develop courses, hire faculty and design research projects," he said. Scheduled speakers follow: Nov. 1: Richard Serrano , associate professor of French and comparative literature at Rutgers University, will present "Fear God and Hide That Beauty: Poetry and the Qur'an," at 4 p.m. in Building 460, Room 426. Nov. 18:

49. Department Of Near And Middle Eastern Civilizations Welcome to the Department of near Middle eastern Civilizations at the Universityof Toronto! Endowing a Modern arabic Language literature Program http://www.utoronto.ca/nmc/

Click on a subject in the menu bar on the left, or scroll down for latest news and upcoming events. The Bancroft Building Picture of the exterior of our building. Latest News NMC News, Spring 2004 On-line version of our latest departmental newsletter. Upcoming Events Friday, September 9, 2005 Graduate Student Orientation by U of T School of Graduate Studies 8:45 a.m. - Coffee/tea, muffins, information booths 10:00 a.m. - Welcoming Remarks 10:30 a.m. - Panel Discussion 12:00 noon - Campus Tour Hart House, East Common Room and Great Hall University of Toronto Thursday, September 15, 2005 NMC Graduate Student Orientation 10:00 a.m. - Welcoming Remarks, tour and orientation by NMC Graduate Student Association 12:00 noon - Luncheon 2:00 p.m. - Departmental Graduate Information Session 3:30 p.m. - Teaching Assistants Training Programme Information Session Bancroft Hall Conference Room 4 Bancroft Ave., room 200B

50. Yale Near East Collection: Selected Internet Resources near eastern, Islamic, arabic Studies Selected Internet Resources Arab Gateway literature provides brief overview of arabic literature along http://www.library.yale.edu/Internet/neareastern.html

Front Page Curator History of the Near East Collection Arabic Islamic Reading Room ... New Acquisitions The Near East Collection at Yale University Read Arabic/ Computing Software and Fonts Newsgroups and Discussion Lists Other Libraries with Major Near East Collections Departments, Centers, and Societies for Near East Studies ... Miscellaneous Resources Read Arabic/ Computing Software and Fonts AraWebParse - Visual Rendering for Arabic Web pages The Arabic Tutor - provides information on software, hardware, Internet guides, and other links. Arabization of Palm OS - Arabic support for the Palm Pilot. Aramedia - Arabic software provider. Dr. Berlin's Foreign Font Archive - Arabic - downloadable fonts. Horizons' How to View Arabic on the Internet International Systems Consultancy - purchase Persian/Farsi software and download Persian, Arabic and Urdu fonts at no charge. My Arabic Teacher - software for purchase. Sindbad Communicator - download free software for browsing Arabic websites. Viewing Arabic HTML files Back to Table of Contents Newsgroups and Discussion Lists al-awda-CT Bahai Religion Countries of North Africa - moderated discussion list.

51. Near East Collection At Yale University: Curator The Curator In support of near eastern, Islamic, and arabic studies at Yale, support and encourage the study of arabic literature and Islamic culture. http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/collection.html

The Collection Curator of the Near East Collection History of the collection Historical documents in the collection New Acquisitions ... The Near East Reading Room The Near East Collection The Curator In support of Near Eastern, Islamic, and Arabic studies at Yale, the curator collects materials from the Near East and North Africa (excluding Israel) in all languages in a wide range of subjects, such as social sciences, Arabic literature, and Islam. The curator also collects materials in Arabic from around the world. To suggest additional books that are appropriate for the collection, contact the Curator of the Near East Collection, Mr. Simon Samoeil . Many library selectors collect other materials in support of Near Eastern, Islamic, and Arabic studies at Yale. Generally, these materials are written in languages other than Arabic, Persian, and Turkish or are published in Israel or countries outside of the Near East and North Africa. To suggest such books, check the list of library selectors for the appropriate subject specialist or fill out the online book request form Curator : Simon Samoeil Office : SML 116 E-mail simon.samoeil@yale.edu

52. UC TLtC: Toolbox: Funding Cooperson (Department of near eastern Languages Cultures, UCLA). Arabiclanguage literature is currently taught in the UC system by five ladderrank http://www.uctltc.org/toolbox/funding/2001.02/arabic.html

Funding TLtC-Funded Projects Project Proposal: Arabic Language Distance Learning Project Participants: UCB, UCSB, and UCSC Principal Investigators: Dwight Reynolds (UCSB) Overview of the Request Nature of the Collaboration For the three main institutional partners listed above, developing Arabic language materials fits directly into existing programmatic needs both in terms of creating additional teaching resources and as an opportunity both to train graduate students in Arabic language pedagogy and to employ them as distance-based instructors. In addition to the broad-based cooperation within the field of Middle East Studies at UC cited above, it should be noted that the two principal investigators and one of the two outside consultants have a solid history of collaborative work having together produced one co-authored volume, one special issue of a journal, one international conference, and two panels at national conferences. All of the above collaborative work has focused on Arabic language and literature.

53. The Philip W. Lown School Of Near Eastern And Judaic Studies Also a joint Ph.D. program is offered in near eastern and Judaic Studies andsociology. arabic language and literature.Persian language and literature. http://www.brandeis.edu/registrar/bulletin/1998-99/NEJS98.html

98-99 University Bulletin Entry for: The Philip W. Lown School of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies (file last updated: [8/10/1998 - 15:26:50]) The Lown School is the centerfor all programs of teaching and research in the areas of Judaicstudies, Ancient Near Eastern studies, and Islamic and ModernMiddle Eastern studies. The school includes the Department ofNear Eastern and Judaic Studies, the Hornstein Program for JewishCommunal Service, and the Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies.The Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies offers academicprograms in the major areas of its concern. The Hornstein Programis a professional training program leading to the Master of Artsdegree in Jewish communal service. It makes full use of the academicresources of the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studiesand other departments in the University. The Cohen Center forModern Jewish Studies conducts, and serves to stimulate, researchand teaching in contemporary Jewish studies, primarily in thefield of American Jewish studies. Near Eastern and Judaic Studies (file last updated: [8/10/1998 - 15:26:50]) Objectives The Department of Near Easternand Judaic Studies bears a proud tradition of scholarly excellencein both of the fields it embraces: the history, languages, andcultures of the Ancient Near East and the Modern Middle East,and the study of the Jewish people, including its history, religion,literature, and place in civilization.

54. The Philip W. Lown School Of Near Eastern And Judaic Studies A joint Ph.D. program is also offered in near eastern and Judaic studies andsociology. On the MA level, 360a Readings in arabic literature. Mr. Levy http://www.brandeis.edu/registrar/bulletin/2000-01/NEJS00.html

2000-01 Bulletin Entry for: The Philip W. Lown School of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Objectives The Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies bears a proud tradition of scholarly excellence in both of the fields it embraces: the history, languages, and cultures of the Ancient Near East and the Modern Middle East, and the study of the Jewish people, including its history, religion, literature, and place in civilization. Undergraduate Concentration Undergraduate students are welcome to study in the department as concentrators, as minors, or simply to take individual courses. Concentrators find that their NEJS background serves them well in preparation for a great variety of graduate and professional careers. Past concentrators have gone on to academic or diplomatic/professional careers related to the Ancient Near East, the Modern Middle East, Judaica, the rabbinate, Jewish education, and other professions in the Jewish community. The undergraduate concentration in Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, divided into two parallel tracks (see below), is designed to combine a broad education in the various disciplines and periods that constitute this field, with a degree of specialization in one specific area. It is the intent of the major also to introduce students to the critical study of Near Eastern and Judaic sources, classical and modern, within the academic context. Concentrators are strongly encouraged to diversify their courses within the department and to consider related courses in other departments in order to acquaint themselves with the different disciplines and approaches that Near Eastern and Judaic Studies embraces.

55. Center For Arabic Study Abroad Fellows Alumni He hopes to become a professor of arabic language and literature. 12. Ali Jabbarpouris an MA student of near eastern Languages and Civilization at the http://www.casa.emory.edu/alumni/current.htm

56. Near Eastern Languages And Civilizations Harvard’s library resources in the various fields of near eastern Studies arevirtually arabic philology, medieval and classical arabic literature. http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/programs/degree/nelc.html

Admissions forms important dates contact us ... Alumni Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Degree Programs African and African American Studies Anthropology Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Planning ... Music Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Organizational Behavior Philosophy Physics Political Economy and Government ... Degree Programs > Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (NELC) offers a number of distinct graduate programs in different fields of study, all of which are concerned in some way with the peoples and civilizations of the Near East. The department programs fall into the following 11 areas: Akkadian and Sumerian Studies, Arabic and Islamic Studies, Archaeology of the Levant, Armenian Studies, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Indo-Muslim Culture, Iranian and Persian Studies, Jewish Studies, Semitic Philology, Turkish Studies, and Yiddish Language and Literature. Resources Harvard's library resources in the various fields of Near Eastern Studies are virtually unparalleled. Widener Library, for example, has vast holdings in Arabic, Armenian, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, and Yiddish literature. The reading rooms of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and the Andover-Harvard Theological Library of the Harvard Divinity School also have excellent resources available to students. Also at the Divinity School is the Center for the Study of World Religions. Students wishing to specialize in modern Near Eastern political or social studies should familiarize themselves with the resources and personnel of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, as well as the Islamic Legal Studies Program at the Harvard Law School. Those interested in Jewish studies should become familiar with the resources and personnel of the Center for Jewish Studies.

57. Culture And Civilization Option near eastern literature in Translation course sequence. near E 230 Themes in neareastern near E 402 Classical arabic literature in Translation (3) http://depts.washington.edu/nelc/programs/nes_cul&civ.htm

OPTION 2: NEAR EASTERN STUDIES CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION (73 credits) 1. Two years or its equivalent (as evidenced by an examination) of one Near Eastern language. 2. Core Civilization course (5 credits) : Either NEAR E 210 (Introduction to Islamic Civilization) or (if approved by the Undergraduate Advisor): NEAR E 220 (Introduction to the Ancient Near East) 3. Core Religion course (5 credits): For students of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Central Asian languages NEAR E 211 (Islam) For students of Hebrew: Either NEAR E 240 (Introduction to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament) or RELIG 210 (Introduction to Judaism). (5 credits) 4. 20 further credits in Near Eastern courses , including at least one course from each of the following course groupings (see advisor for approval of courses from other departments for each category): a. Near Eastern Civilization course sequence NEAR E 210 Introduction to Islamic Civilization (5) NEAR E 213 Introduction to the Modern Middle East (5) NEAR E 220 Introduction to the Ancient Near East (5) NEAR E 242 Cultural History of Turkey: From Empire to Nation (5) NEAR E 250 Iranian Culture and Civilization (5) NEAR E 251 Jewish Life in Literature and Film (3) NEAR E 260 The Middle East in Film (3) NEAR E 326 Israeli Identities (5) NEAR E 350 The City of Cairo (3) NEAR E 375 Turkic Peoples of Central Asia (3) NEAR E 403 Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Modern Arabic Novel (3)

58. Near Eastern Studies, Fall Term 1991 LS&A Course Guide Introduction to Ancient and Classical near eastern literature. Iranian,Biblical leading to (2) Classical near eastern and Islamic literatures arabic, http://www.lsa.umich.edu/saa/publications/courseguide/fall/archive/fall91.cg/NES

NEAR EASTERN STUDIES General Near East (Division 439) 101. Introduction to Near Eastern Studies. (4). (HU). 201/Rel. 201. Introduction to World Religions: Near Eastern. (4). (HU). See Religion 201. 361. God and History in the Ancient Near East. (3). (Excl). This course, specifically for undergraduates, attempts a combination of approaches to Ancient Near Eastern History, one which stresses cultural and intellectual concerns against the backdrop of necessary political history. Beginning with the decipherment of the first writing in Mesopotamia and Egypt, the study explores the first organization of human life and activity in recorded history. The course is as much interested in "capturing" the human perspectives of the era (3000-323 B.C.) as in setting in order consecutive events. We shall be looking at politics, religion, subsistence issues, literature and world-views of ancient Semitic peoples. The course requires no previous background, and is introductory in nature. It will be taught through a combination of lecture and discussion techniques. 442/Hist. 442. The First Millennium of the Islamic Near East.

59. Near Eastern Studies, Winter Term, 1986, LSA Course Guide Ancient near eastern literature. (3). (HU). This course aims to survey the chieftypes Survey of arabic literature. arabic 502 or equivalent. (3). (HU). http://www.lsa.umich.edu/saa/publications/courseguide/winter/archive/Winter86.cg

Near Eastern Studies General Near East (Division 439) 204/Rel. 204. Islamic Religion: An Introduction. (3). (HU). This course is designed to be a well-rounded introduction to Islam in theory and practice, and will deal with the following subjects: fundamental of Islam; principal intellectual pursuits of Muslims, with emphasis on the formative phase; and modern religious developments in the Muslim world. There will be a midterm and a final. (Mir) 398. Undergraduate Reading Course. Permission of instructor. (1-3). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for credit. This course is an independent study reading course which must be supervised by a Near Eastern Studies faculty member. It is normally taken by a student who would like to study some aspect of a subject within a course already taken in further detail. Arrangements for the course are made directly with the faculty member. 423/Geography 423. Geography of the Near East. (3). (SS). See Geography 423. (Kolars) 444/Relig. 440. The Lord's Supper. (1). (HU). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. See Religion 440.

60. FAS Handbook Chapter 3 Near Eastern Languages And Civilization The near eastern Languages and Civilizations concentration will be of interest to in arabic, Armenian, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, and Yiddish literature. http://www.registrar.fas.harvard.edu/handbooks/student/chapter3/near_eastern.htm

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