41. Antarctic History A new phase in Antarctic exploration, and exploitation, began in 1819. Perhaps the most important contribution to Antarctic exploration made by John http://www.antarcticaonline.com/antarctica/history/history.htm

Introduction It has been only 100 years since humans first occupied the continent of Antarctica (1899), and a mere 180 years since seafarers first saw the islands of the Antarctic Peninsula (1819). Yet even before they laid eyes on it, most early explorers were convinced a large, southern continent existed. They called it Terra Australis Incognitathe Unknown Southern Land. The idea went back to the ancient Greeks, who had a fondness for symmetry and balance. There must be a great continent to the south, they postulated, to balance the great land masses in the northern hemisphere. Two thousand years later, the great age of exploration brought Europeans far enough south to test the hypothesis. In 1520, after he had sailed through the Strait that now bears his name, Magellan speculated that the land to his south, Tierra del Fuego, might mark the northern edge of a great continent. Fifty-eight years later, in 1578, Sir Francis Drake sailed his Golden Hind through Magellan's Strait. He encountered severe weather on the Pacific side and was blown to the south of Tierra del Fuego, then east around Cape Horn. It became obvious that Magellan's "continent" was merely a series of islands at the tip of South America. If there was indeed a southern continent, it had to be further south. It seems ironic that the severe weather that makes the southern ocean so dangerous, particularly in the south Atlantic, was a key factor in the discovery of Antarctica. Time and time again, sailors blown off course by a storm discovered new land. Often, this new land was further south than any previously known. While attempting to navigate around Cape Horn in 1619, the Spaniards Bartoleme and Gonzalo Garcia de Nodal were blown off course, only to discover the tiny islands they named Islas Diego Ramirez. This would be the most southerly recorded land for another 156 years.

42. Encyclopedia: History Of Antarctica Byrd is credited with doing more for Antarctic exploration than any other explorer. His expeditions set the scene for modern Antarctic exploration and http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-Antarctica

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "History of Antarctica" also viewed: South Pole Climate of Antarctica South Magnetic Pole Military of Antarctica ... Robert F. Scott What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Michael Crichton Michael Apostolius Melanie Chisholm Meaning of life ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: History of Antarctica Updated 55 days 12 hours 26 minutes ago. Other descriptions of History of Antarctica After splitting from Gondwana Antarctica drifted slowly to its present position over the South Pole . It has been covered with ice since approximately the beginning of the Pliocene , about 5 million years ago. Pangea broke into the two supercontinents, Laurasia and Gondwana The southern supercontinent Gondwana (originally Gondwanaland) included most of the landmasses which make up todays continents of the southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Australia-New Guinea and New Zealand. ... Location of the South Pole in the Antarctic continent. ...

43. Origins: Antarctica: Prologue The History of Antarctic exploration. There’s no agreement on who first laid eyes antarctica Online History Tales of early exploration, whale hunting, http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/prologue/

The History of Antarctic Exploration There’s no agreement on who first laid eyes on Antarctica, but the so-called "heroic era" of Antarctic exploration began in the early 1900s, when Robert Scott and Ernest Shackleton led several high-profile expeditions into the heart of the continent. Discoveries made on these journeys helped establish Antarctica as scientific territory, and paved the way for the thousands of scientists, journalists, artists, and even tourists who have followed. The links below will take you on a variety of journeys through early travels to the Last Continent. General history: Antarctica Online History Tales of early exploration, whale hunting, seal and whale hunting, and human impact, right up to the present http://www.antarcticaonline.com/antarctica/history/history.htm About Shackleton: Shackleton's Antarctic Odyssey A Nova program about the famous English explorers expedition The Endurance An interactive site produced by Kodak about Shackleton's voyage. Requires the Flash player.

44. Erskine Press - Antarctic Titles: Books On Antarctic Exploration, Antarctic Book antarctica,Robert Falcon Scott,Books on Antarctic exploration, Antarctic books, Roald Amundsen, Shackleton Expedition, South Georgia. http://www.erskine-press.com/antarctic_titles_1.htm

The Diaries IN THE TEETH OF THE WIND South through the Pole to zoom In November 1997 two Belgian explorers crossed the Antarctic continent from the Wedell Sea to the Ross Sea on foot. . From Dronning Maud Land Alain Hubert and Dixie Dansercoer travelled for 99 days until they reached the American base at McMurdo Sound, some 3920 kilometres away. They carried in the sledges all the supplies needed for the journey as well as scientific equipment necessary for taking ice-core samples from snows where no human had ever set foot. By using traction sails, specially designed for the expedition, they set many records, managing on some days to clock up distances of over 100 kilometres at amazing speeds. This full colour book contains over 90 pictures of their trip, many maps and drawings as well as technical details of the sails and their supplies, ...an extraordinary journey across this most inhospitable of continents...full of danger and excitement. The pictures illustrate the trials of the journey and the awesome beauty of... Antarctica. 224pp, 254 x 195mm hardback. jacketed, full colour throughout £24.95/$45.00.

45. CNN.com - Antarctic Concept Vehicle Unveiled - Jun 23, 2005 An innovative Antarctic exploration vehicle has been unveiled by London s Royal College of Art and the British Antarctic Survey. http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/06/23/antarctica.explorer/

cnnSiteWideCurrDate = new Date(2005, 8, 18); International Edition Member Services Home Page World ... Contact Us Antarctic concept vehicle unveiled var clickExpire = "-1"; "Ninety Degrees South" could extend the range of ground-based Antarctic exploration. RELATED Opera house crowns Danish design SPECIAL REPORT Amanda Wakeley Reichstag Super City Forthcoming events ... Click here for showtimes and all the latest news from the world of design. YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Design 360 Antarctica Technology (general) Science and Technology or Create Your Own Manage Alerts What Is This? LONDON, England (CNN) An innovative Antarctic exploration vehicle has been unveiled by London's Royal College of Art and the British Antarctic Survey. Designer James Moon, a graduating Masters student at the RCA, said that "Ninety Degrees South" was the first vehicle specifically designed for the Earth's most inhospitable wilderness. The two-man transport provides a lightweight, environmentally-friendly and more adaptable alternative to the snowmobiles and large tracked vehicles currently favored by those working in Antarctica. "I'm naturally an adventurous person with an interest in exploration and for my project I wanted to do something for extreme environments," Moon told CNN.

46. Arctic And Antarctic Cool antarctica nature and travel photography. exploration - the last great area National Archives of Australia - Australian Antarctic exploration and http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/aussieed/arcticantarctic.htm

Home Site Map Policy Suggestions Antarctic news and information resource on Antarctica and other polar related topics.' Exceptionally worthwhile site. Antarctic Circle, The Antarctic Stations run by Australia and the Antarctic Webcams Antarctica Antarctic Sun, Welcome to The Australia's Antarctic Program ... Cool Antarctica Exploration An Historical Timeline of Antarctic Exploration Antarctic Exploration Antarctic Exploration Antarctic Exploration Bibliography ... Warnings from the Ice Arctic Animals of the Arctic Arctic Circle Arctic Environmental Atlas Arctic Images ... Arctic Theme Page Exploration Arctic Explorers Exploration of the Northwest Passage Hall of Arctic Explorers, The High Arctic Explorers ... Wild Arctic Activities

47. Great Explorers 2004 We explore historic sites from the Heroic Age of early Antarctic exploration and This daunting spectacle prevented many early Antarctic explorers from http://www.50plusexpeditions.com/Destinations/Antarctica/GreatExplorers2004.htm

48. History Channel Classroom: For many adventurers and explorers, antarctica was the grand prize. Why was the exploration Design a memorial for the pioneer explorers of antarctica. http://www.historychannel.com/classroom/admin/study_guide/archives/thc_guide.168

Antarctica: A Frozen History (2 Parts) Hostile and unforgiving, yet beautiful and seductive, the frozen continent of Antarctica has beckoned adventurers for over a century. Because of its location, extreme climate and landscape, the continent remains largely in its pristine glory. What is it about this frozen land that attracts explorers, scientists, and thrill seekers? How has Antarctica presented the supreme challenge to humankind’s desire to control nature? This special documentary presents the history of the continent and the efforts to explore and subdue it. Antarctica: A Frozen History would be useful for classes on World History, Exploration, Science and Technology and Geography. It is appropriate for middle school and high school. Objectives Students will learn about the formation, climate and natural history of the Antarctic continent. They will learn about the exploration expeditions to the region, as well as the contemporary scientific expeditions. National History Standards Antarctica: A Frozen History fulfills the following National Standards for History for grades 5-12: chronological thinking, historical comprehension, historical analysis and interpretations, and historical research capabilities for World History eras 8 and 9.

49. Antarctica Travel Description - Antarctic Connection The Expedition Staff may speak of the Russian Antarctic explorer, In accounts of Antarctic exploration the exploits of lesser known members of http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/travel/trips/2005/explorers1896.sht

Trip Offerings Getting There Visitor Facts Where to Go When to Go What to Bring Request Info Request Information Yes, I'm interested in this trip! First Name: Last Name: E-mail: Telephone: Date of travel Number in Party Comments: * Our Privacy Policy Always Applies If you have specific travel requests use our Extended Form Antarctic Weather Conditions at South Pole: Other Station Weather General Station Info. Casey Station Davis Station Dumont D'Urville Halley Station Mawson Station McMurdo Station Neumayer Station SANAE Station South Pole Station Vostok Station For more weather info: Click Here Site Information Icebreaking News Weather Info Antarctic History Endurance Exhibit ... Message Board Become a Member Receive our weekly newsletter with travel discounts, special offers from our store, current news from and about Antarctica, weather summaries and more.

50. American Museum Of Natural History | R E S O U R C E S -for- L E A R N I N G Let s Talk with Donal Manahan about antarctica s Early Explorers details Letter from Stephanie Antarctic exploration details http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/antarctica/exploration.php

TOPICS Continent of Extremes Extreme Temperatures Extreme Winds Maps Exploration Organisms Hazards to Humans REFERENCE LISTS INDEX ... CREDITS PUTTING ANTARCTICA ON THE MAP Take a day, a week, or a whole month to examine the evolution of mapping techniques and how they reflect humanity’s developing understanding of the planet. If you want teacher strategies, assessment, and a schedule for the unit, start with Curriculum Materials . Then download all the activities (with handouts) and readings. If you want stand-alone, hands-on, or research on the Web activities and don't need teacher strategies to go with them, go directly to Activities If you want accessible content readings that will help your students connect to mapping techniques, go straight to Articles . You'll find interviews with real scientists as well as content readings written by or about Antarctic researchers. Putting Antarctica on the Map [details] Curriculum Materials for grades 7 through 10 How has our ability to map Antarctica changed in the past 100 years? Do a little exploring of your own, and see what we've learned since Roald Amundsen raced to reach the South Pole first. PDF [plugins: Adobe Acrobat; filesize: 3000kb] [pages: 21]

51. History Of Antarctica Byrd is attributed with doing more for Antarctic exploration than any other explorer. His expeditions set the scene for modern Antarctic exploration and http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/wikipedia/h/hi/history_of_antarctica.htm

Free Teacher Resources First Time Visitors Gift Certificates Education Directory ... Edit this page History of Antarctica After splitting from Gondwana , Antarctica drifted slowly to its present position over the South Pole . It has been covered with ice since approximately the beginning of the Pliocene , about 5 million years ago. Captain James Cook and the crews of the Resolution and Adventure crossed the Antarctic Circle three times between and , dispelling the myth of Terra Australis , although ice packs prevented him from seeing the continent itself. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can not be accurately attributed to one single person. It can, however, be narrowed down to three individuals. According to the National Science Foundation US House of Representatives ' Peter DeFazio[2], NASA [3] and the University of California San Diego [4] Fabian von Bellingshausen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; Edward Bransfield, a captain in the British navy; Nathaniel Palmer , an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut

52. COSMOTIC ORDER, Chicago Chapter This is the Antarctic continent, the holy grail of explorers and scientists During the height of European exploration, antarctica was surmised but funds http://www.kittyspit.net/blackskywhitesea/text/antarctica.htm

Antarctica Has Never Been Breached despite the fact that to this day it has not been explored . This is the Antarctic continent, the holy grail of explorers and scientists for many ages. Appropriate legends were constructed to prevent an inflammation of public curiosity. Stories of successful adventures to the South Pole boosted public morale back home, regardless of the fact that only the ice shelves and coastal islands had been colonized (and there are more islands than the maps attest). Utility supercedes validity. All we can say is that the matured Seeker has no curiosity about Antarctica, and seems to possess an innate understanding. Until Antarctica invites us in, the rest of us shall uphold its Mystery as an ideal upon the Earth. Since civilization has laid its siege around the Antarctic borders, and a stasis has been maintained. Why, then, publish the truth? Simply because the time is ripe for Cosmotic consciousness and a world-wide spiritual evolution via Cosmotic Appreciation and Reintegration. It is time the world understood that the Earth is touched by the Cold hand of the Cosmos, and not by a parental sun. Presented by the Cosmotic Order, Chicago Chapter

53. Recommended Books On Historical South Pole Expeditions And Antarctic Exploration Recommended books on historical South Pole expeditions and Antarctic exploration; include South Pole 900 Miles on Foot, an Antarctic adventure by Gareth http://www.garethwood.com/profile/books-about-antarctica.html

More Info! View Gareth's Keynote Demo Video! Home Biography and Experience Recommended Reading Below is a selection of books recommended for those interested in the historical exploration of Antarctica and Antarctic adventure. These books can be purchased directly online through the Amazon.ca Online Book Store South Pole: 900 Miles on Foot , by Gareth Wood and Eric Jamieson The Worst Journey in the World , by Apsley Cherry-Garrard A First-Rate Tragedy: , by Diana Preston Scott's Last Expedition: The Journals , by Robert F. Scott and Beryl Bainbridge Endurance : Shackleton's Incredible Voyage , by Alfred Lansing Endurance , by Caroline Alexander Shackleton , by Roland Huntford North Pole, South Pole: Journeys to the Ends of the Earth , by Bertrand Imbert South Pole: 900 Miles on Foot By Gareth Wood and Eric Jamieson Purchase Now Online! Or would you prefer an Autographed Copy Year Published: 1996 One Canadian, Gareth Wood, and two Englishmen, Roger Mear and Robert Swan, crossed the snow and ice of Antarctica to the South Pole, without dogs or radios, mechanical support or caches of food. Their expedition was titled "In the Footsteps of Scott". Unlike Scott's adventure, this trek ended happily. Each man hauled a sled loaded with 350 pounds of survival gear, checking their progress daily against Scott's journals. In the course of this epic struggle, three self-assured individuals began to learn the value of cooperation and teamwork as they avoided a disaster of their own.

54. Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) knowledge of antarctica or have expanded the possibilities of Antarctic exploration e. or interpretation of the results of Antarctic exploration http://geonames.usgs.gov/antex.html

About GNIS Query GNIS: U.S. and territories Antarctica Download GNIS Data: State and Topical Gazetteers U.S. Board on Geographic Names Foreign Names GNIS Users Guide ... Links Policy Covering Antarctic Names To propose a geographic name for a natural feature in Antarctica, click on the link to the form at the bottom of this page, which follows the list of rules and requirements. The following statement of policy guides the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (ACAN) of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (USBGN) in deciding individual cases. It should be helpful also to those persons proposing names for natural features in Antarctica. The problem of geographic nomenclature in Antarctica differs from that of any land area of comparable size. Antarctica has no permanent settlements. Even in the stations continuously occupied for a number of years, the personnel are rotated. The continent has been visited and explored by the representatives of many nations, who, by their heroic efforts to broaden man's knowledge of this land of ice and snow, have fully demonstrated the international nature of the world of science. Most major features of Antarctica have been discovered and mapped, but a vast number of secondary features continue to be only partially delineated and remain unnamed. Under the policy here set forth, decisions on Antarctic names are based on priority of application, appropriateness, and the extent to which usage has become established. The nationality of the honoree is not a factor in the consideration of personal names. The grouping of natural features into three orders of magnitude, with corresponding categories of persons according to the type of contribution which they have made, is intended to provide the greatest possible objectivity in determining the appropriateness of a name.

55. Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure exploration (18951922) recognized the phenomenal value of antarctica as a Norwegian explorer Carsten Borchgrevink s discovery of lichens on the http://main.wgbh.org/imax/shackleton/antarctica.html

The Origins of Antarctica Antarctica is the most remote of the seven continents. Situated around the South Pole of the Earth's axis, the continent covers an area of approximately 5.4 million square miles, making it the fifth largest continent. The nearest landmass, South America, is more than 600 miles north. This isolation ensured that no explorer would even sight the continent until 1820. Discovering the origins of Antarctica requires traveling back about 500 million years. Geologically, Antarctica can be split into two sections: East (Greater) and West (Lesser) Antarctica. East Antarctica was originally part of the supercontinent known as Gondwanaland, which also consisted of South America, Africa, Madagascar, southern India and Australia. Gondwanaland is known to have existed from around 500 million years ago to about 160 million years ago. About 280 million years ago the part of Gondwanaland that is East Antarctica was situated over the South Pole, but then the supercontinent started to move north and, as it did so, the climate grew warmer. At about 160 million years ago, Gondwanaland began to break up, and the various pieces of the supercontinent started to drift apart from one another. By about 25 million years ago, East Antarctica moved into its current position over the South Pole, which is where it became covered in ice. Antarctica Now

56. History Highlights - Polar Exploration antarctica Discovery and exploration South-Pole.com. A comprehensive website devoted to the history of Antarctic exploration. http://www.vpl.ca/branches/LibrarySquare/his/Highlights/Polar_Exploration.html

Vancouver Public Library Online Home Kids Teens ... Citizenship Inspiration through information. Access for all. Welcome to Vancouver Public Library on-line. Highlights Polar Exploration Books Subject Headings Web Sites For centuries, explorers have been drawn to Earth's fascinating, mysterious polar regions. The search for the Northwest Passage was the 19th-century equivalent to the moon race, while in Antarctica, expeditions competed to be the first to reach the South Pole. In the past several years, many books have been published about the history of Arctic and Antarctic exploration. A favourite subject is Sir Ernest Shackleton, whose Imperial Trans-Arctic Expedition in 1914-17 had to be aborted when his ship, Endurance , was trapped by early ice. Despite the failure of the expedition, it ranks as one of the most legendary Antarctic adventures, due to Shackleton's determination, leadership and ultimate success in overcoming enormous odds to save all of his men. Recent books on The Shackleton saga include The Shackleton Voyages (2002), a lavish pictorial work, chronicling not only the Trans-Arctic expedition, but also Shackleton's early life and three other Antarctic expeditions. Other titles of interest include

57. MSN Encarta - Further Reading - Antarctica antarctica Arctic and Antarctic exploration For younger readers An Alien in antarctica Reflections upon Forty Years of exploration and Research on http://encarta.msn.com/readings_761565002/Antarctica.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Go to article Further Reading from Encarta Further Reading offers additional information about your topics. Antarctica Antarctica Arctic and Antarctic Exploration For younger readers Also on Encarta Compare online degrees Train for a better career College life Encarta word of the day Antarctica Alexander, Caroline. The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition. Random House, 1998. One of the greatest survival stories, evoking both the beauty and the terror of Antarctica. Crossley, Louise. Explore Antarctica. Cambridge University Press, 1995. This environmental study provides a foundation for understanding the region and its natural history, from animals to the movement of ice. Gurney, Alan. Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica 1699-1839. Penguin, 1998. A history of early British, American, and Russian expeditions to Antarctica in search of scientific knowledge, national prestige, and profit. Heacox, Kim.

58. Antarctica The heroic age of Antarctic exploration began in the early nineteenth century and continued through the first two decades of this century. http://users.erols.com/jackbobo/Antarctica.htm

Antarctic Treaty Papers "Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only." - Preamble to the Antarctic Treaty This site is maintained as a resource for those conducting research on the law of Antarctica and for all those interested in learning more about the goverance of the Seventh Continent. In addition to the treaties and other documents one expects to find, there is also background information on the natural history of Antarctica, as well as an introduction to the age of exploration and the history of the Antarctic Treaty itself. Send questions, comments and suggestions to JackBobo@erols.com ATCM 1998 New! The latest Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting - ATCM XXII - has its own site. For the latest information on this meeting visit the Tromso site Natural History of Antarctica History of Exploration History of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) ... International Law Links Natural History of Antarctica For an introduction to the white continent and why it needs to be protected by regulations follow this link History of Antarctic Exploration The heroic age of Antarctic exploration began in the early nineteenth century and continued through the first two decades of this century. For a few highlights of this period please follow this

59. Antarctica - History Of The Australian Nation Overview of the Antarctic collections of the State Library of New South Wales. European discovery and Australian exploration of the Antarctic continent, http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/doclifensw/history/antarctica.cfm

Where you are: State Library of NSW About Our collections Documenting Life in New South Wales ... History of the Australian nation this site About Find Services What's on PLS Documenting life in New South Wales Scope Collecting aims Existing collection ... Unique or significant items Antarctica Scope of collection Antarctica encompasses the history of European discovery and Australian exploration of the Antarctic continent, subantarctic islands and the Southern Ocean, particularly the Australian Antarctic Territory. Material is included that relates to the search for the Great South Land through to current research and travel. Collecting aims and intentions The Library aims to collect historic and current material relating to the discovery and exploration of the Great South Land and the establishment of the Australian Antarctic Territory as well as Australian involvement in other Antarctic exploration, with a significant, but not exclusive, emphasis on the activities of New South Wales and its people. Material is collected extensively documenting the activities and experiences of Australians in Antarctica, particularly expeditions, scientific and technological work relating to Australian government initiatives in the Antarctic region and the impact of discoveries and developments in the region on the lives and expectations of Australians. Biographical information and images about men and women who have explored and/or been based in the Australian Antarctic Territory is collected.

60. Virtual Antarctica History: The Heroic Era early years of Antarctic exploration, involving many nationalities. to a close the Heroic or so called Golden Era of Antarctic exploration. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~kpt/terraquest/va/history/ages/heroic.html

The Heroic Era Carstens Borchgrevink The first party to land on the continent beyond the Antarctic Peninsula, was part of a whaling expedition aboard the Antarctic. Led by Norwegian Henrich Bull, they rowed ashore at Cape Adare in January 1895. A dispute later arose as to whether it had been Bull or another member of the party, Carstens Borchgrevink, who had been the first to land. The first great scientific expedition of this era began in 1897, lead by the Belgian, de Gerlache. Among his ship's complement were Roald Amundsen, Dr. Fredrick Cook and Henry Arctowski, all of whom were later to make a name for themselves in polar exploration. Their ship, the Belgica became icebound off the Antarctic Peninsula, and they were forced to spend thirteen months drifting in the pack-ice. This expedition is credited with being the first party to winter in the Antarctic, albeit unintentionally. The privations of this enforced stay were severe; one of the crew died of a heart attack and two more were committed to an asylum on their return. They endured inadequate food supplies, little heating and low morale on a vessel ill-equipped to face the Antarctic winter. Dr. Fredrick Cook, a seasoned Arctic explorer, coped best and took unofficial command of the party. The first expedition deliberately to spend a winter on the continent itself established its base of prefabricated huts at Cape Adare, North Victoria Land in 1899 from the vessel the

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