21. Antarctic Exploration We are actively searching for Old Antarctic Explorers (OAE) who are interested in sharing their experiences of the time they spent in antarctica. http://205.174.118.254/nspt/explore/explore.htm

ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION Sign at the Geographic Pole We are actively searching for Old Antarctic Explorers (OAE) who are interested in sharing their experiences of the time they spent in Antarctica. If you are an OAE or know of one who is willing to write about the time spent in Antarctica, please write Katie Wallet at: kwallet@pen.k12.va.us . Contributions are welcome. Getting to the Pole SOUTH POLE TRAVEL GUIDE by Christopher R. Bero, Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica Amundsen-Scott Station, 1995-1996 A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH POLE EXPLORATION by Nancy and Michael Amundsen-Scott Station, 1995-1996 A HISTORY OF SOUTH POLE EXPLORATION by Dr. Robert Lutes, Physician Amundsen-Scott Station, 1993-1994 This collection of stories are ones you don't find this in the history books! FROM HIGH HEELS TO MUKLUKS by Edith "Jackie" Ronne (Mrs. Finn Ronne) Member of the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1946-48 REFLECTIONS ON A VISIT TO ANTARCTICA IN 1956-1957 by Robert N. Barger, Ph.D. FIRST ENCOUNTER 1963 by Don Epperson, CDR, USNR, Retired

22. Antarctica - Introduction Personal recollections, a history of early Antarctic exploration, and pictures of the wildlife and organisms that live in the Antarctic. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/8947/index.html

Many of the images herein have a larger and better quality version behind the thumbnail. You may use the icons at the head and foot of these pages to navigate the site. Use this icon to navigate to an earlier page in the collection, it is not a BACK button, you can use your browser for that This icon takes you through the pages where I show you an Antarctic year using photographs I took during my stay on Signy Island. To return to this home page from anywhere on the site, just press this icon. Some fauna not presented on the Antarctic year pages, including some microscopic animals from the mosses. If your interest is in the early exploration of the Antarctic, then this icon might help you find what you seek. The right arrow will take you on a tour through my pages. There are three reasons why I embarked upon creating this set of Antarctic Pages: :- ( I couldn't find Scott During the creation of my Family History Home Pages I wanted to add a link in my TimeLine to Robert Falcon Scott's final expedition - but I failed to find one. The situation over the past 18 months has totally transformed. A search in any half decent search engine (try http://www.google.com

23. Antarctica Fact File - The Heroic Age Of Antarcic Exploration The Heroic age of Antarctic exploration, Amundsen, Mawson, Scott and Shackleton. http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica fact file/History/The_heroic_age_of_Ant

Antarctica Photography Pictures Antarctica Cruise Facts ... Site Map Antarctica History - The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 1900 -1922 Great things are done when men and mountains meet; They are not done by jostling in the street William Blake Key expeditions Robert Scott: Discovery South Pole The journey to the pole Pictures Ernest Shackleton: Nimrod Endurance Roald Amundsen Fram pictures Douglas Mawson Ebooks: South - Shackleton The South Pole - Amundsen Antarctic Expeditions crew lists and biographies History The Heroic Age Antarctic history timeline Antarctic ... of the explorers Sir Ernest Shackleton At the beginning of the 20th century, Antarctic exploration was the space exploration of the day. Antarctica was (and still is) a distant place visited by few, largely unknown and only recently brought to public awareness. Photographs were rare, moving pictures even more so and radio was in its infancy. Exploration of this "Terra Incognita" was at the limit of possibilities, at the limits of logistical support, of physical endurance and technological capability. Unlike space exploration however

24. Antarctica History, A Time Line Of The Exploration Of Antarctica antarctica history, Timeline of key events in the , exploration and discovery. http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica fact file/History/exploration and histo

Antarctica Photography Pictures Antarctica Cruise Facts ... Site Map Antarctica History - Exploration Time Line Key expeditions Robert Scott: Discovery South Pole The journey to the pole Pictures Ernest Shackleton: Nimrod Endurance Roald Amundsen Fram pictures Douglas Mawson Ebooks: South - Shackleton The South Pole - Amundsen Antarctic Expeditions crew lists and biographies History The Heroic Age Antarctic history timeline Antarctic ... of the explorers A brief history of the exploration of Antarctica What else was happening in the world? Other stuff 350 B.C. It was the ancient Greeks who first came up with the idea of Antarctica. They knew about the Arctic - named Arktos - The Bear, from the constellation the great bear and decided that in order to balance the world, there should be a similar cold Southern landmass that was the same but the opposite "Ant - Arktos" - opposite The Bear. They never actually went there, it was just a lucky guess! In January

25. Antarctica: History Of Exploration scientific and technological advances were applied to further antarctic exploration. The first airplane flight in antarctica (Nov. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0856635.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Ramadan Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Antarctica History of Exploration Early Expeditions Cook . He did not see the continent as he circumnavigated the world, but he was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle. British and U.S. seal hunters followed him to South Georgia, an island in the S Atlantic. In 1819 the British mariner William Smith discovered the South Shetland Islands. Returning in 1820, he and James Bransfield of the British navy explored and roughly mapped the Shetlands and part of the shore of the Antarctic Peninsula. Searching for rookeries, sealers explored the coastal and offshore regions of the Antarctic Peninsula. Most notable were the British captains James Weddell, George Powell, and Robert Fildes and the Americans Nathaniel B. Palmer, Benjamin Pendleton, Robert Johnson, and John Davis. Davis made the first landing on the antarctic continent (Feb. 7, 1821) at Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. First to spend the winter in Antarctica, on King George Island in 1821, were 11 men from the wrecked British vessel Lord Mellville.

26. Antarctic Treaty Documents - Exploration Systematic scientific exploration of antarctica only began around the turn During the early period of Antarctic exploration and exploitation the issue http://www.polarlaw.org/Exploration.htm

Home Nature Exploration History Framework Treaty Links Captain James Cook History of Antarctic Exploration By Jack A. Bobo Terra Australis Incognita The intention of the Voyage has in every respect been fully Answered, the Southern Hemisphere sufficiently explored and a final end put to the searching after a Southern Continent, which has at times ingrossed the attention of some of the Maritime Powers for near two Centuries past and the Geographers of all ages. That there may be a Continent or large tract of land near the Poles, I will not deny, on the contrary I am of the opinion there is... Journals of Captain James Cook, 21 February 1775 The early history of Antarctica is filled with controversy and competition. Indeed, the controversy began early with the question of the continent's discovery. In 1820 the American captain, Nathaniel Palmer, claimed to have sighted the Antarctic continent. The Soviet Union disputed the primacy of this claim, asserting that the Russian, Thaddeus von Bellinghausen, deserved that distinction. Neither actually stepped foot on the continent. And then there is Mr. Edward Bransfield of the Royal Navy who has an equally colorable claim to the title... Alan Gurney summarizes the controversy in his book "Below the Convergence Voyages Toward Antarctica1699-1839": "The Palmer adherents claim the honor for him. And are then gently reminded that Bransfield in the Williams sighted the Antarctic Peninsula ten months before their claims for the young sealer... The Russians counter with a checkmate move and claim the game won with Bellinghausen's sighting of the Finibul Ice Shelf a few days before Branfield's sighting of Trinity Land."

27. Antarctic History And Exploration One of the greatest stories in Antarctic exploration is that of the race to the South Pole. This site tells some stories of early Antarctic exploration http://www.geophys.washington.edu/People/Students/ginny/antarctica/lesson3ss.htm

Lesson 3: History of Antarctic Exploration Race to the Bottom of the Earth Robert Falcon Scott Scott and his party also reached the Pole, only a month later and was devastated to see the Norwegian flag flying at the bottom of the world. In his diary, Scott said of the discovery "This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have labored to, without the reward of priority". The image to the left illustrates Scott's devastation. His team retreated and yet were held by bad weather long enough for all of them to parish from lack of supplies. The irony is that they were located only 15 miles from their food depot. The remaining members of Scott's team who were awaiting their return back at the hut journeyed out next summer to find and retrieve the bodies of their friends. Scott's failure to reach the pole on time and return safely was due to his lack of knowledge of cold weather work. Had he been more prepared for his trip, it may have proved fruitful for him. Captain Shackleton and the Plight of Endurance Antarctic Historical Links Antarctic Heritage Trust Begun in 1987, the trust ensures that Antarctic history is preserved through historic sites and artifacts

28. Antarctic Exploration - Chronology Quark Expeditions is the polar cruise expert specialising in comfortable but adventurous expedition cruises to antarctica and the Arctic. http://www.quarkexpeditions.com/antarctica/exploration.shtml

About Antarctica Voyages Preparation Exploration Conservation The Environment Wildlife Expedition Logs ... Further Reading Voyage was an unforgettable experience - thanks. Excellent crew and outstanding catering on board - highly recommendable. DL ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION - CHRONOLOGY Christopher Columbus discovered the New World when trying to reach the Spice Islands of the East Indies. Dutchman, Dirk Gerritsz reported seeing snow-covered mountains some 500 kilometers from South America after being blown off course while rounding Cape Horn. These were undoubtedly the South Shetland Islands. Unbeknown to Cook, he circumnavigated the Antarctic continent. During this voyage he discovered the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia Island, but it was his reports of huge populations of fur seals which led directly to the next era of exploration in the Antarctic. From bases in New Zealand, American, European and Russian sealers discovered and started exploiting the fur seals of the Antipodes Islands. Sealers discovered the Auckland Islands, where fur seal colonies were wiped out within a few years.

29. Modules Study of Place, Antarctic exploration A History of Mapmaking Preassessment. Investigations. How can we explore antarctica? How much sea ice? http://www.studyofplace.com/Modules/Module.cfm?ModuleId=1

30. Antarctic Exploration: 1. How Can We Explore Antarctica? - Getting Your Bearings In the early 20th century, antarctica was largely uncharted. For Shackleton to explore antarctica, he had to go there himself, prepared for extreme http://www.studyofplace.com/Activities/Activity.cfm?ActivityId=1

31. ANTARCTICA - Exploration To Restoration Wilkes set out for the Pacific and antarctica with six ships on 18 August This was the Astrolabe, captained by the French explorer Dumont d Urville. http://www.cleanupantarctica.com/ex_pages/who_wilk.html

Charles Wilkes Country of origin: United States of America Born: Died: Ship: Vincennes Second ship: Peacock; Porpoise; Relief; Flying Fish; Sea Gull Interesting facts Wilkes set out for the Pacific and Antarctica with six ships on 18 August 1838 on the United States Exploring Expedition (USEE). Wilkes was not popular with his crew. He was considered too strict and the crew felt he drove them too hard. He decided to split his six ships once they had all reached Tierra del Fuego on the South American coast. Not long afterward, the

32. ANTARCTICA - Exploration To Restoration D Urville had never intended to explore in the Antarctic, as his real area of interest was the Pacific. But his official instructions from the King were to http://www.cleanupantarctica.com/la_pages/dumont.html

Country of origin: France Born: Died: Ship: Astrolabe Second ship: Interesting facts Dumont d'Urville thought of Captain Cook as a hero. He hoped to achieve similar feats of exploration as Cook did and circumnavigate the world three times. Why sail south? D'Urville had never intended to explore in the Antarctic, as his real area of interest was the Pacific. But his official instructions from the King were to explore towards the Pole "as far as the polar ice permits." Dumont d'Urville realised that carrying out this demand would make him a hero and bring glory to France. A dangerous quest During the 1837-1840 voyage of Dumont d'Urville, many lives were lost. At least 19 officers, petty officers and seamen died of scurvy or dysentery and the boats resembled floating hospitals.

33. Antarctica: History Of Exploration exploration of antarctica) (Geographical). Coast Guard assignment to antarctica brought history alive.(Knight Ridder Newspapers) (Knight Ridder/Tribune News http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856635.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 18, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Antarctica History of Exploration Early Expeditions Cook . He did not see the continent as he circumnavigated the world, but he was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle. British and U.S. seal hunters followed him to South Georgia, an island in the S Atlantic.

34. Antarctic Exploration Timeline - 1900-1929 Home History of Antarctic exploration 19001929 antarctica History of exploration. Antarctic Explorers. Online. http//www.south-pole.com http://ku-prism.org/polarscientist/timeline/antexplorersearly1900.html

Polar Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements Home Polar Science Present Design K-12 Polar Lessons Concern Use K-12 Polar Resources PRISM Publications PRISM Team Only Antarctic Explorers Timeline Antarctic Expeditions of the Early 1900s Year Leader Outcomes Remarks Mapped part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Discovered Crown Prince Gustaf canals, Scott Bay, Larsen Ice Shelf, fossils on Seymour. Overwintering in Hope Bay and on Paulet. Sweden (Ship: Antarctic Drygalski Discovered Kaiser Wihelm II Land. Explored Heard Island and Kerguelen station. German (Ship: ); Second vessel to overwinter intentionally in pack ice. Scott Discovered King Edward VII Land. Established a station at Hut Point. Extensive land exploration across the plateau. Overwintered 2 years. England (Ship: Discovery Colbeck Relief expedition for Scott England (Ship: Morning Bruce Discovered Coats Land and Caird Coast. First oceanographical exploration of Weddell Sea. Established station on Laurie for meteorological study.

35. Channel 4 Television - To The ENDS Of The EARTH Antarctic exploration antarctica Facts Travel Tips Resources The Antarctic continent is sighted, but there are three contenders for the honour of http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/E/ends/shackleton6.html

TV Listings Text Only Site A-Z FourDocs ... GAMES The camp on Elephant Island Shackleton on Elephant Island Taking stores from the Endurance Launching the James Caird The men of the James Caird Under orders from the Admiralty to find the 'southern land' and take possession for George III, Captain James Cook on Resolution is the first 'modern' adventurer to cross the Antarctic Circle, although he doesn't see the continent itself. However, he says: 'I make bold to declare that the world will derive no benefit from it.' Alerted by Cook's findings on marine life, British and American sealers start decimating the Antarctic seal population. The Antarctic continent is sighted, but there are three contenders for the honour of who saw it first: Russian admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen, who circumnavigates it and visits nearby islands; Nathanial Palmer, an American sealing captain; and Edward Bransfield, a British naval officer. Both Palmer and Bransfield map sections of the Antarctic peninsula. A year later, John Davis, captain of the sealer Huron , is alleged to have landed on the peninsula - the first person to do so. In 1823, British naval captain James Weddell penetrates further south by ship than anyone before.

36. History Of Antarctic Exploration- From The Super-continent To Shackleton's Rescu The race was on in the early part of the 19th century to discover antarctica, it was thought to exist as explorers had already explored the North Pole and http://www.oceanexplorer.net/antarctic-maps/antarctic-history.htm

Antarctic History "I am very impressed with your unusual range of maps" Justin K. Louis. US Department of State Map Library Antarctic History History of antarctic exploration Antarctic history has been formed by the race in the early part of the 19th century to discover Antarctica, it was thought to exist as explorers had already explored the North Pole and assumed that there must be a south pole too, although no one set foot on the continent until at least 1821. Later that century the race continued to make it to the South Pole, including the efforts of the famous explorers Shackelton and Scott. The result of the influx of explorers from seven nations are that these seven all laid claims to slices of the continent. In 1959 a treaty was signed by the claimant nations to agree to freeze or shelve their claims indefinitely. Its also stated within the treaty that Antarctica be used for peaceful purposes only, all scientific information must also be shared and it is also not to be used for the disposal of Nuclear materials. Antarctic Geography Antarctica used to be part of the super-continent called Godwana, which was made up of present day South America, Africa, India and Australia. After Godwana began to break up and, as it did so, continents, subcontinents and islands were formed.

37. Past Exploration Of Antarctica Display a teachermade Timeline of Antarctic exploration that includes some or all of the following events. Discuss some of the major events with students. http://www.yourexpedition.com/education_site/lessons/past_exp_of_antarct.html

Education Past Exploration of Antarctica Integration: Grade Levels: Time: 1-2 class periods Materials: Objectives: Students will: 1. Explain the purpose of a timeline. 2. Describe early exploration of Antarctica. 3. Create a timeline of their lives. Lesson: 1. Tell students that there were no people living in Antarctica when people starting sailing there from other countries. a. For hundreds of thousands of years, maybe longer, no one was on Antarctica. 2. Tell students that in the 1800s many people started sailing to Antarctica and began exploring. a. Ask students what it means to explore. Explore means to look around and discover new things. 3. Tell students that once one person started exploring, people from everywhere wanted to do the same thing. a. Compare this to a game or a toy that everyone has to have because their friends do.

38. Past Explorers Of Antarctica Past exploration of antarctica. Integration Health (Mental/Emotional Health Display a teachermade Timeline of Antarctic exploration that includes some http://www.yourexpedition.com/bae_archive/pages/ed_site/lessons/past_exp_of_anta

o Past Exploration of Antarctica Integration: Grade Levels: Time: 1-2 class periods Materials: Objectives: Students will: 1. Explain the purpose of a timeline. 2. Describe early exploration of Antarctica. 3. Create a timeline of their lives. Lesson: 1. Tell students that there were no people living in Antarctica when people starting sailing there from other countries. a. For hundreds of thousands of years, maybe longer, no one was on Antarctica. 2. Tell students that in the 1800s many people started sailing to Antarctica and began exploring. a. Ask students what it means to explore. Explore means to look around and discover new things. 3. Tell students that once one person started exploring, people from everywhere wanted to do the same thing. a. Compare this to a game or a toy that everyone has to have because their friends do.

39. Adventure Associates | Antarctica | Ross Sea Region | The Great Antarctic Explor The Expedition Staff may speak of the Russian Antarctic explorer, Admiral Thaddeus In accounts of Antarctic exploration the exploits of lesser known http://www.adventureassociates.com/antarctica/ross/explorers/itinerary.html

Home Antarctica Arctic Latin America ... Environmental Policy 25 days ANTARCTICA The Great Antarctic Explorers Search for the Far South - Lyttelton, New Zealand to Hobart, Tasmania Intro Itinerary MAP Vessel Booking Icebreaker Expeditions: Emperors of Antarctica Wonders of the Ross Sea The Great Antarctic Explorers Ice-Class Expeditions: Commonwealth Bay Ross Sea Exploration Mawson's Antarctica Related Information A day Onboard Day 1 Lyttelton, New Zealand * Day 2 At sea Watch for whales, dolphins and seabirds from the ample open air decks of the icebreaker. Resident specialists assist you to identify the wildlife that may momentarily join the expedition. Day 3 Enderby Island Day 4 Campbell Island Day 5-6 At sea The Expedition Staff may speak of the Russian Antarctic explorer, Admiral Thaddeus von Bellingshausen today. Sailing under the patronage of Czar Alexander I, the Admiral became the second man to cross the Antarctic Circle, exactly 186 years ago, and leader of the first expedition to sight the Antarctic continent. Day 7 Ice Edge Day 8 Cape Hallet Day 9 Campbell Glacier, Terra Nova Bay, Cape Russell

40. Antarctica Cruise: Great Explorers Itinerary & Rates This is an unusual and utterly fascinating expedition, focusing on the historic huts and celebrated sites from the Heroic Age of early Antarctic exploration http://www.travelvantage.com/ant_cr_explorers.html

ANTARCTICA CRUISE: THE GREAT EXPLORERS Ernest Shackleton and Robert Falcon Scott CRUAQEXLS - 26 days / 25 nights ICEBREAKER: KAPITAN KHLEBNIKOV Departure Day: February 6 - March 2, 2005 KHLEBNIKOV INFORMATION KHLEBNIKOV CABIN LAYOUT Our journey will also take us beyond the history of the Far South to enormous penguin rookeries, the other-worldly Dry Valleys, internationally-renowned research stations such as the United States McMurdo and New Zealand's Scott Base, and many other sites of natural and scientific interest. Daily Itinerary Day 1 Auckland, New Zealand Auckland is the staging point for our Great Explorers expedition. Overnight at the centrally located Carlton Hotel or similar. Day 2 Lyttelton, New Zealand * In November 1901, Scott and Shackleton, aboard specially built Discovery, sailed into Lyttelton harbor to make final preparations for their exploration of Antarctica's Ross Sea region. You and your companions fly from Auckland to Christchurch (the flight is not included in the voyage price), where you are transferred from the airport to that same port to board the icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov. Day 3 At sea Watch for whales, dolphins and seabirds from the ample openair decks of the icebreaker. Resident specialists assist you to identify the wildlife that may momentarily join the expedition.

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