21. Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) is a type of arthritis that affects the Some of these disorders, such as JAS, are autoimmune related and inherited http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/arthritis/juvank.html

Day Hospital Rheumatology Rheumatologists Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis What is juvenile ankylosing spondylitis? Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) is a type of arthritis that affects the spine and the sites where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached to bone. "Ankylosing" means stiff or rigid, "spondyl" means spine, and "itis" refers to inflammation. The disease causes inflammation of the spine and large joints, resulting in stiffness and pain. The disease may result in erosion at the joint between the spine and the hip bone (the sacroiliac joint), and the formation of bony bridges between vertebrae in the spine, fusing those bones. In addition, bones in the chest may fuse. JAS is considered to be a multifactorial condition. Multifactorial inheritance means that "many factors" are involved in causing a health problem. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental, where a combination of genes from both parents, in addition to unknown environmental factors, produce the trait or condition. Often one gender (either males or females) is affected more frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. Multifactorial traits do recur in families because they are partly caused by genes. A group of genes on chromosome 6 code for HLA antigens play a major role in susceptibility and resistance to disease. Specific HLA antigens influence the development of many common disorders. Some of these disorders, such as JAS, are autoimmune related and inherited in a multifactorial manner. When a child has a specific HLA antigen type associated with the disease, he/she is thought to have an increased chance to develop the disorder. The HLA antigen associated with JAS is called B27. Children with the B27 HLA antigen are thought to have an increased chance (or "genetic susceptibility") to develop JAS; however, it is important to understand that a child without this antigen may also develop JAS. This means HLA antigen testing is not diagnostic or accurate for prediction of the condition. Males are affected with JAS three times more often than females.

22. ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Most doctors think that ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease in whicha person s immunity is so stupid that it attacks and destroys the joints in http://www.drmirkin.com/joints/J103.htm

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (REACTIVE ARTHRITIS OF THE SPINE) Gabe Mirkin, M.D. If your back is stiff and hurts when you move, if it hurts to touch two points at the side of the top of your pelvis where it joins your spine (the sacroiliac joint), and if your back x ray shows signs of this disease, you probably suffer from ankylosing spondylitis. You may also have pain and swelling in your eyes, lungs, and heart valves. Most doctors think that ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease in which a person's immunity is so stupid that it attacks and destroys the joints in his back, rather than just doing its job of protecting a person from infection. They treat you with immune suppressants that may make you feel better, but increase your risk for infections and cancers and shorten your life. Nobody really knows why you have this condition, but the overwhelming evidence is that you inherited your susceptibility from your parents and you got this condition from an infection. When you are infected, your body protects you by making proteins called antibodies and cells called white blood cells that attack and kill the bacteria. Your immunity recognizes each specific germ by the structure of its surface membranes. Ninety percent of people with ankylosing spondylitis have a gene called HLA-B27, which means that their cells have surface membranes that are like the surface membranes on many bacteria, particularly those that grow and live in your intestinal tract. So, if certain bacteria get into your bloodstream, your immunity recognizes these germs by their surface membranes and makes antibodies and cells that attack and kill them. However, if the cells in your body have similar surface membranes, your own immunity can be fooled and think that you are the invading germ and attack and kill your own cells.

23. Caring Medical - Symptoms - Ankylosing Spondylitis CONDITION ankylosing spondylitis. DESCRIPTION ankylosing spondylitis is aprogressive autoimmune disease, which causes inflammation of and arthritic http://www.caringmedical.com/conditions/Ankylosing_Spondylitis.htm

About Us About Caring Medical Find Us Directions From Chicago Airports ... Home Caring Medical 715 Lake Street, Suite 600 Oak Park, Illinois 60301 Phone 708.848.7763 Fax CONDITION: Ankylosing Spondylitis DESCRIPTION: Ankylosing spondylitis is a progressive autoimmune disease, which causes inflammation of and arthritic reactions to the spine and large joints. It involves ankylosing, or hardening, of the ligaments and tendons where they attach to the bone. The disease affects young white males three times more frequently than women. How does ankylosing spondylitis develop? Individuals who gradually overstretch the ligaments of the low back and the pelvis as a result of repeated injuries (athletics, work requiring duties that can cause back injury), can gradually start to experience low back problems in their early 20s and 30s. If the overstretched ligaments are not treated and "tightened", the symptoms may last for months and years. As in all autoimmune disorders, the immune system is fighting against the body's own normal tissues by creating antibodies. In ankylosing spondylitis these antibodies attack the connective tissues. As a result, there is progressive stiffening of the spine due to inflammation in the joints between the vertebrae. In some cases, the vertebrae may grow and fuse together. The inflammation also affects the sacroiliac joints situated on either side of the sacrum. What are the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?

24. Caring Medical - Treatment Of Ankylosing Spondylitis The main allopathic treatment used for most autoimmune conditions is Also,in treating ankylosing spondylitis, natural medicine practioners will often http://www.caringmedical.com/condition_details/Ankylosing_Spondylitis.htm

About Us About Caring Medical Find Us Directions From Chicago Airports ... Home Caring Medical 715 Lake Street, Suite 600 Oak Park, Illinois 60301 Phone 708.848.7763 Fax Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: The Response of Modern Medicine The immune system, which is a complex network of specialized organs, cells and cell products, is continually making antibodies to help rid the body of substances it sees as "non-self," such as bacteria, viruses, infectious agents and even "worn out," damaged or mutant cells. When the immune system identifies an infection or allergen, it produces antibodies against the offending organism or substance so it can be eliminated from the body. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system fails to distinguish between "self" and "nonself," and thus attacks the body's own vital organs, systems, cells and tissues. The list of autoimmune diseases is both long and disturbing. In treating these diseases, modern medical practitioners focus on relieving the symptoms and slowing the progression of the diseases. The main allopathic treatment used for most autoimmune conditions is Prednisone (steroids). This approach, at best, can just slow the progression of the disease. Used long-term, Prednisone can cause a host of problems, including osteoporosis, immune suppression, weight gain, bloating, thin skin, easy bruising and many other troubling side effects. Prednisone is used because it helps control symptoms; but it does not address the etiology of the underlying condition.

25. Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis Detailed information on juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, Some of thesedisorders, such as JAS, are autoimmune related and inherited in a multifactorial http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_arthritis/juvank.cfm

[ Skip Navigation ] Health System Home For Health Answers Healthcare Professionals ... Advanced Search Health System Search Search for Information People UVa Home Health System News Health System Events (all) Health System Publications ... Making a Gift Topics Adolescent Medicine Allergy/Asthma/Immunology Blood Disorders Burns Cancer Common Injuries/Poison Tips Craniofacial Anomalies Dermatology Diabetes/Endo/Metabolism Eye Care Genitourinary/Kidney High-Risk Newborn High-Risk Pregnancy Infectious Diseases Medical Genetics Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Normal Newborns Oral Health Orthopaedics Pediatric Surgery Respiratory Disorders Terminal Illness in Children Transplantation UVa Health Topics A to Z FIND A DOCTOR Pediatric Arthritis Pediatric Rheumatology MAKE AN APPOINTMENT ... CLINICAL TRIALS Search This Site Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis What is juvenile ankylosing spondylitis? Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) is a type of arthritis that affects the spine and the sites where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached to bone. "Ankylosing" means stiff or rigid, "spondyl" means spine, and "itis" refers to inflammation. The disease causes inflammation of the spine and large joints, resulting in stiffness and pain. The disease may result in erosion at the joint between the spine and the hip bone (the sacroiliac joint), and the formation of bony bridges between vertebrae in the spine, fusing those bones. In addition, bones in the chest may fuse. JAS is considered to be a multifactorial condition. Multifactorial inheritance means that "many factors" are involved in causing a health problem. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental, where a combination of genes from both parents, in addition to unknown environmental factors, produce the trait or condition. Often one gender (either males or females) is affected more frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. Multifactorial traits do recur in families because they are partly caused by genes.

26. A Longitudinal Study On An Autoimmune Murine Model Of Ankylosing Spondylitis -- ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of theaxial skeleton, and considered to be a prototype of the http://www.arabmedmag.com/issue-31-07-2005/rheumatology/main01.htm

Published Online First: 7 January 2005. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.029710 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases EXTENDED REPORT A longitudinal study on an autoimmune murine model of ankylosing spondylitis M Czipri C Vermes R M Urban K Mikecz and T T Glant Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Debrecen, Hungary Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Correspondence to: Dr T T Glant Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, Room 708, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Accepted 21 November 2004 ABSTRACT Background: Proteoglycan aggrecan (PG)-induced arthritis (PGIA) is the only systemic autoimmune murine model which affects the axial skeleton, but no studies have been performed characterising

27. FDA Approves Enbrel To Treat Ankylosing Spondylitis FDA Approves Enbrel to Treat ankylosing spondylitis, autoimmune News, frombestselling author and patient advocate Mary Shomon. http://www.thyroid-info.com/autoimmune/enbrelas.htm

The Autoimmune Report, the FREE Monthly News Report, Enter your email address here for a free subscription Or Click Here to Send a "Subscribe" Email Autoimmune News: Index MARY SHOMON'S AUTOIMMUNE NEWS SEPTEMBER 2003 Iherb.com SALE price of $8.00 Order now! SUBSCRIBE TO FREE AUTOIMMUNE NEWSLETTER Or send a "Subscribe Autoimmune" email to news@thyroid-info.com Author: Mary J. Shomon ISBN number: List price: $14.95 (US dollars), $8 at Iherb.com Published by: HarperCollins, HarperResource Buy the Book: At local bookstores everywhere ORDER NOW Phone Orders: Call Iherb.com toll-free at 888-792-0028 Online: Iherb.com Contact Mary Shomon, Author, Editor Visit Mary Shomon's Thyroid-Info.com site for thyroid information If you have a suspected or diagnosed thyroid problem, order Living Well With Hypothyroidism , the bestseller in its 17th printing FDA Approves Enbrel to Treat Ankylosing Spondylitis ( September 2003 July 2003 In July, the FDA approved an application for etanercept (trade-name Enbrel), a genetically engineered protein, for a new indication for treatment of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease affecting primarily the lower back and joints. The product is manufactured by Immunex Corporation, Thousand Oaks, Calif. and marketed by Amgen and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. Etanercept is also licensed for treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. Approximately 350,000 patients in the United States have AS. The disease affects men more often than women. Symptoms of the disease may start in adolescence and are usually present by age 30. Patients often have lower back pain and stiffness, chest pain, joint pain and swelling, and tenderness due to the inflammation. In some patients the disease can cause significant pain and disability for many years.

28. Ankylosing Spondylitis ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, It belongs to theautoimmune family of diseases. The term autoimmune means that the body s http://www.irishhealth.com/?level=4&con=388

29. Ankylosing Spondylitis ECureMe.com ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints of the The underlying cause is thought to involve the autoimmune response (the http://www.ecureme.com/emyhealth/data/Ankylosing_Spondylitis.asp

DisplayAd("468","60"); eCureMe Life : Your Healthy Living. Click Here! Welcome, eCureMe.com Select a Health Topic ADD/ADHD Allergy Alternative Medicine Arthritis Asthma Beyond Dieting Body Aches and Pains Breast Cancer Cancer Awareness Cardio Health Children's Health Colon Cancer Contraception COPD/Emphysema Dental Health Diabetes Elder Care Emergency Room Epilepsy Erectile Dysfunction Eye Care Fertility Fitness Gastrointestinal Health Glands and Hormones Gynecologic Health Hair Loss Headache Healthcare Today Healthy Aging HIV and AIDS Infectious Diseases Kidney Health Leukemia Liver Health Lung Cancer Lymphoma Multiple Sclerosis Men's Health Mental Health Nutrition Osteoporosis Parkinson's Disease Sexual Health Skin Health Sleep Disorders Special Events Stroke Surgeries and Procedures Teen Health Thyroid Health Urologic Health Vascular Disease Women's Health Workplace Health September 18, 2005 eCureMe Life Medical Supplies Calorie Count Physician Search ... Hospital Directory Ankylosing Spondylitis more about Ankylosing Spondylitis Marie-Strumpell disease or rheumatoid spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints of the spine and those connecting to the spine, such as the sacroiliac joint. This is an arthritic condition involving stiffness in joints, with resultant pain and stiffness in the back and hips, and difficulty taking deep breaths, due to rib connection to spine. The underlying cause is thought to involve the autoimmune response (the body's immune system mistakenly attacks these joints). The age of onset is usually late teens or early 20's, with a male predominance.

30. Ankylosing Spondylitis A View On Its Cause And Treatment ankylosing spondylitis is not an autoimmune disease of the sort in which thereare antibodies to our own tissues. It seems more likely that a volume http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~regfjxe/ANK.htm

Back to homepage Ankylosing Spondylitis: A view on its cause and treatment Professor Jonathan Edwards First posted July 2001 under construction Ankylosing spondylitis is a condition which can lead to pain and stiffening in the spine and also to inflammation in joints in the arms and legs. Recognising ankylosing spondylitis often takes time because it may be disregarded either by the person affected or their doctor as simple backache. However, with a detailed story of the person's symptoms and an x-ray of the sacroiliac joints a rheumatologist should be able to make a clear diagnosis. Blood tests are not very useful. The information given below is intended chiefly for people who have been told they have ankylosing spndylitis by their doctor and may want to know more about its cause and treatment. What sort of a condition is ankylosing spondylitis? Although ankylosing spondylitis was at one time thought to be a variant of rheumatoid arthritis it is now clear that the two conditions have little or nothing in common. Ankylosing spondylitis is not an autoimmune disease of the sort in which there are antibodies to our own tissues. It seems more likely that a "volume control" on the way certain cells of the immune system generate inflammation is set too high. It could be seen as due to an overenthusiastic security system within the body. This may have advantages. It may provide better than average protection against "burglars", which for the body means infections. However, it also means that alarms go off in the middle of the night for no good reason. The exact mechanism is not clear, but ought to be in the not too distant future.

31. MHC CLASS I-RELATED DISORDERS The Discovery Of Autoantibodies (Crohn’s disease may be a true autoimmune disorder, being associated with The commonest form is referred to as ankylosing spondylitis in which spinal http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~regfjxe/MHC.htm

MHC CLASS I-RELATED DISORDERS The discovery of autoantibodies confirmed the clinical view that certain rheumatic syndromes, associated with spinal involvement but not with autoantibodies, were based on quite different mechanism from those of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. These syndromes without antibodies came to be known as seronegative spondarthropathies. Several of these syndromes are linked to MHC Class I allotype. The role of Class I in their aetiology remains unclear. However, Class I is now known to regulate inflammatory cell activation thresholds in several ways. It interacts with CD8+ T cells and also with several different groups of Class I receptor on other cytotoxic cells, including natural killer cells and monocytes. The B27 Class I allotype, in particular, when combined with other unknown genetic factors appears to function differently from others and allow inflammation to arise in certain tissues without external injury. A clue to the targeting of the enthesis may come from the spectrum of tissues involved in ankylosing spondylitis (see below). These are all tissues under persistent tension. At these sites cytotoxic cell activity may be modulated by growth factors designed to protect tensile tissues from matrix resorption. Factors such as transforming growth factor beta have a profound effect on cytotoxic cells, including modulation of Class I expression. The link between spondarthropathy and problems in gut, skin and mucosae may relate to trafficking of specific cytotoxic cell subsets through these tissues. However, beyond these general concepts the mechanism of spondarthritis remains a mystery.

32. Causes Of Ankylosing Spondylitis The specific cause of ankylosing spondylitis is unknown, but the disease tendsto run Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that marked by http://bone-muscle.health-cares.net/ankylosing-spondylitis-causes.php

All about ankylosing spondylitis causes of ankylosing spondylitis symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis ... prevention of gout (gouty arthritis) What causes ankylosing spondylitis? The specific cause of ankylosing spondylitis is unknown, but the disease tends to run in families, indicating that genetics plays a role. Ankylosing spondylitis is 10 to 20 times more common in people whose parents or siblings have it. The majority of people with ankylosing spondylitis have a gene called HLA-B27. This gene may make people more susceptible to developing ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis may be triggered by certain types of bacterial or viral infections that activate an immune response that does not shut off after the infection is healed. The immune system then attacks the body's own tissue. A disorder caused by the body's own immune system is called an autoimmune disease. More information on ankylosing spondylitis and other arthritis conditions (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, gout) What is ankylosing spondylitis?

33. Ankylosing Spondylitis ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that marked by http://bone-muscle.health-cares.net/ankylosing-spondylitis.php

All about ankylosing spondylitis causes of ankylosing spondylitis symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis ... prevention of gout (gouty arthritis) What is ankylosing spondylitis? Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints between the vertebrae of the spine, and the joints between the spine and the pelvis. It eventually causes the affected vertebrae to fuse or grow together. Ankylosing spondylitis is one of many forms of inflammatory arthritis, the most common of which is rheumatoid arthritis. The condition primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae of your spine and the joints between your spine and pelvis (sacroiliac joints). However, ankylosing spondylitis may also affect joints in your arms and legs, tendons and ligaments where they attach to your bones, and the joints in your ribs where they attach to your spine. The cause of ankylosing spondilitis is unknown, but genetic factors seem to play a role. The disease starts with intermittent hip and/or lower-back pain that is worse at night, in the morning, or after inactivity. Back pain begins in the sacroiliac joint (between the pelvis and the spine) and may progress to include the lumbosacral spine and the thoracic spine (chest portion of the spine). Pain may be eased by assuming a bent posture. Limited expansion of the chest occurs because of the involvement of the joints between the ribs. The symptoms may worsen, go into remission, or stop at any stage. With progressive disease, deterioration of bone and cartilage can lead to fusion in the spine or peripheral joints, affecting mobility. It can be extremely painful and crippling. The heart, the lungs, and the eyes may also become affected.

34. Humira® (Adalimumab) Improved Symptoms Of Psoriatic Arthritis And Ankylosing Sp Psoriatic arthritis may stem from an autoimmune disorder in which a human protein, HUMIRA IMPROVED SYMPTOMS OF ACTIVE ankylosing spondylitis http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=9492

35. Autoimmune Disorders autoimmune disorders are conditions in which a person s immune system ankylosing spondylitis. Immune system induced degeneration of the joints and soft http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/autoimmune_disorders.jsp

36. Pediatric Arthritis & Other Rheumatic Diseases - Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) is a type of Some of these disorders, such as JAS, are autoimmune related and http://www.chkd.org/Arthritis/Juvank.asp

More Health Information Adolescent Medicine Allergy/Immunology Anesthesiology Arthritis Burns Cardiology Craniofacial Dental Medicine Dermatology Developmental Peds Diabetes Digestive Ear, Nose, Throat Genetics Gastroenterology Growth Hematology High Risk Newborn High Risk Pregnancy Infectious Disease Mental Health Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Normal Newborn Normal Pregnancy Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatric Intensive Care Pediatric Surgery Pediatrics Physical Medicine Plastic Surgery Respiratory/Pulmonology Rheumatology Safety Surgery Terminal Transplant Urology Site Search For a doctor who specializes in this topic, click here. Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis What is juvenile ankylosing spondylitis? Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) is a type of arthritis that affects the spine and the sites where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached to bone. “Ankylosing” means stiff or rigid, “spondyl” means spine, and “itis” refers to inflammation. The disease causes inflammation of the spine and large joints, resulting in stiffness and pain. The disease may result in erosion at the joint between the spine and the hip bone (the sacroiliac joint), and the formation of bony bridges between vertebrae in the spine, fusing those bones. In addition, bones in the chest may fuse. JAS is considered to be a multifactorial condition. Multifactorial inheritance means that “many factors” are involved in causing a health problem. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental, where a combination of genes from both parents, in addition to unknown environmental factors, produce the trait or condition. Often one gender (either males or females) is affected more frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. Multifactorial traits do recur in families because they are partly caused by genes.

37. Entrez PubMed A longitudinal study on an autoimmune murine model of ankylosing spondylitis . OBJECTIVES To follow pathological events in experimental spondylitis, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1

38. Entrez PubMed ankylosing spondylitis an autoimmune disease? Lakomek HJ, Plomann M, Five antibodies associated with ankylosing spondylitis were identified by applying http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1

39. Ocular Manifestations Of Autoimmune Disease - September 15, 2002 - American Fami These autoimmune disorders can have devastating systemic and ocular effects. ankylosing spondylitis, Uveitis. Reiter s syndrome, Conjunctivitis, uveitis http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020915/991.html

Advanced Search AAFP Home Page Journals Vol. 66/No. 6 (September 15, 2002) Ocular Manifestations of Autoimmune Disease SAYJAL J. PATEL, LT, MC, USNR and DIANE C. LUNDY, CAPT, MC, USN Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California A PDF version of this document is available. Download PDF now (8 pages / 279 KB). More information on using PDF files. P atients with autoimmune diseases are frequently encountered by family physicians. It is important to understand not only the systemic effects of these diseases but also their ocular manifestations (Table 1) . Most ocular complications involve the cornea but may also include the conjunctiva, uvea, sclera, retina, and surrounding structures (Figure 1) . The majority of these diseases will ultimately need to be referred to an ophthalmologist. See page 937 for definitions of strength-of-evidence levels contained in this article. Rheumatoid Arthritis Approximately 25 percent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) will have ocular manifestations. These may include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, scleritis, episcleritis, keratitis, peripheral corneal ulceration, and less common entities such as choroiditis, retinal vasculitis, episcleral nodules, retinal detachments, and macular edema. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or dry eye syndrome, is the most common ocular manifestation of RA and has a reported prevalence of 15 to 25 percent.

40. Alan Ebringer: Publications susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis Human Molecular Genetics 9 156315661999 Ebringer A BSE as an autoimmune disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/life_sciences/life_sci/ebringerP.html

Department of Life Sciences Alan Ebringer Publications Selected Publications: 1999 Tiwana H, Wilson C, Alvarez A, Abuknesha R, Bansal S, Ebringer A Cross-reactivity between the rheumatoid arthritis associated motif EQKRAA and structurally related sequences found in Proteus mirabilis Infection and Immunity 1999 Tiwana H, Wilson C, Pirt S J, Cartmell W B, Ebringer A Autoantibodies to brain components and antibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus are present in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Infection and Immunity Ebringer A, Pirt J, Wilson C, Thorpe C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: is it an autoimmune disease due to bacteria showing molecular mimicry with brain antigens? Environmental Health Perspectives 1998 Blankenberg-Sprenkels Sabine, Fielder M, Feltkamp TEW, Tiwana H, Wilson C, Ebringer A Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis and to Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis Journal of Rheumatology Further Publications: Ebringer A Molecular mimicry, mad cows and arthritis Science Spectra 19 46-53 2000 Ebringer A, Tiwana H, Wilson C Is rheumatoid arthritis a form of reactive athritis?

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