81. Armed Conflict Report 2000 - Angola The angolan government stated its willingness to cede increased autonomy, For the angolan government, Cabinda is an integral part of angola . http://www.ploughshares.ca/CONTENT/ACR/ACR00/ACR00-AngolaCabinda.html

82. Angola Angola Menu Abbreviations Acronyms List Of Sources According to the Angolan government, as many as 340000 people remained In September 2004, the Angolan government announced plans to close all IDP camps http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewSingleEnv/Ang

www.idpproject.org Angola Angola menu List of sources Maps New government plans could compromise voluntary nature of return process Close to four million internally displaced people have returned in Angola following the ceasefire agreement of April 2002 between the governing MPLA and the UNITA, which marked the end of 27 years of civil war. According to the UN only between 40,000 and 60,000 people can still be considered internally displaced, whereas the government’s estimate goes as high as 340.000. Most of the internally displaced people (IDPs) have returned spontaneously without any assistance from the government or humanitarian organisations. Up to 70 per cent of the IDPs have returned to areas which do not comply with the "Norms on the Resettlement and Return of Displaced Populations" adopted by the government in 2002. There have been reports of govern-ment authorities forcing people to return to their place of origin, and recent plans to close all the IDP centres and return all remaining IDPs before the end of the year could compromise the voluntary nature of the return process. Background and causes of displacement According to the Angolan government, as many as 340,000 people remained internally displaced as of September 2004. However, the UN operates with a much lower estimate of 40,000-60,000 people, stating that most IDPs have integrated in their host communities (Correspondence with OCHA, 22 September 2004; RNA, 2 September 2004).

83. ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Angola: Human Rights Constitute Government's Pr Source government of angola. Date 28 May 2005. Print Print Email Email Saveto My ReliefWeb Save. angola Human rights constitute government s priority http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-6CVBNW?OpenDocument

84. Angola - Government And Politics AFTER THIRTEEN YEARS of guerrilla warfare, angola finally escaped from Portuguese When an effort to form a coalition government comprising three http://countrystudies.us/angola/93.htm

Government and Politics Angola Table of Contents Among the first actions taken by the MPLA-PT was its conversion into a vanguard party to lead in the transformation to socialism. Throughout the 1980s, the MPLA-PT faced the daunting task of mobilizing the nation's peasants, most of whom were concerned with basic survival, subsistence farming, and avoiding the destruction of the ongoing civil war. Only a small minority of Angolans were party members, but even this group was torn by internal disputes. Factional divisions were drawn primarily along racial and ideological lines, but under dos Santos influence within the MPLAPT gradually shifted from mestiço to black African leadership and from party ideologues to relative political moderates. Mass organizations were affiliated with the party in accordance with Marxist-Leninist dogma. In the face of continued insurgent warfare and deteriorating living standards, however, many social leaders chafed at party discipline and bureaucratic controls. Dos Santos worked to build party loyalty and to respond to these tensions, primarily by attempting to improve the material rewards of Marxist-Leninist state building. His greatest obstacle, however, was the destabilizing effect of UNITA and its South African sponsors; Angola's role as a victim of South Africa's destructive regional policies was central to its international image during the 1980s.

85. Angola - Government And Politics - BACKGROUND government and Politics BACKGROUND. angola Table of Contents. Political unitsin southwestern Africa evolved into complex structures long before the http://countrystudies.us/angola/94.htm

Government and Politics - BACKGROUND Angola Table of Contents Political units in southwestern Africa evolved into complex structures long before the arrival of the first Portuguese traveler, Diogo C o, in 1483. The Bantu-speaking and Khoisan- speaking hunters the Portuguese encountered were descendants of those who had peopled most of the region for centuries. Pastoral and agricultural villages and kingdoms had also arisen in the northern and central plateaus. One of the largest of these, the Kongo Kingdom, provided the earliest resistance to Portuguese domination. The Bakongo (people of Kongo) and their southern neighbors, the Mbundu, used the advantage of their large population and centralized organization to exploit their weaker neighbors for the European slave trade. To facilitate nineteenth-century policies emphasizing the extraction of mineral and agricultural resources, colonial officials reorganized villages and designed transportation routes to expedite marketing these resources. Colonial policy also encouraged interracial marriage but discouraged education among Africans, and the resulting racially and culturally stratified population included people of mixed ancestry ( mestiços ), educated Angolans (

86. History Of Angola On April 4, 2002, the Angolan government and UNITA signed the Luena Memorandumof Understanding (MOU), which formalized the de facto ceasefire that http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/angola.html

History of Angola Site Links Home Search this Site History Posters Africa ... Privacy Policy In 1482, when the Portuguese first landed in what is now northern Angola, they encountered the Kingdom of the Congo, which stretched from modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. Mbanza Congo, the capital, had a population of 50,000 people. South of this kingdom were various important states, of which the Kingdom of Ndongo, ruled by the ngola (king), was most significant. Modern Angola derives its name from the king of Ndongo. The Portuguese gradually took control of the coastal strip throughout the 16th century by a series of treaties and wars. The Dutch occupied Luanda from 1641-48, providing a boost for anti-Portuguese states. In 1648, Brazilian-based Portuguese forces re-took Luanda and initiated a process of military conquest of the Congo and Ndongo states that ended with Portuguese victory in 1671. Full Portuguese administrative control of the interior did not occur until the beginning of the 20th century. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), formed in 1974, rejects the Alvor Accords that included Cabinda as part of Angolan territory at independence. Since 1975, FLEC has engaged in low-level guerilla attacks against government targets and has periodically kidnapped foreigners in an effort to press for an independent Cabindan state. Leadership struggles within FLEC have led to its breakup into various splinter factions, two of which continue the movement's armed insurgency. The international community has rejected the notion of Cabindan independence. The Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) launched a major offensive against FLEC in November 2002. While the offensive was moderately successful, at least one of the FLEC factions retains a guerilla capability. Periodic, separate negotiations between the leadership of the two armed FLEC factions and the Angolan Government have failed to produce a settlement to the conflict.

87. War Resumes In Angola In the past six months, the Angolan government has attempted to isolate The Angolan government recently accused Zambia of allowing its territory to be http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/geo-cn.htm

BACK TO MAIN ONLINE BOOKSTORE HOW TO ORDER War resumes in Angola Some four years after the UN successfully brokered a peace plan to end the bitter civil war in Angola, the conflict has re-ignited. George Koomson explains the background to this distressing development. FOUR years after the United Nations brokered a deal to end civil war in Angola, the war has resumed in earnest. Declaring the peace deal officially dead, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan told the Security Council after the new outbreak of fighting that 'the events of the last few months have clearly proved that, for all intents and purposes, the peace process has collapsed.' The restart of the war comes after months of mounting tension caused by repeated accord violations and skirmishes. UN sources admit that the peace process had been stalled for months now. Most diplomats blame Dr Jonas Savimbi and his rebel movement UNITA (the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), for refusing to hand over rebel-held territory to government control. They say that instead, Savimbi opted for rearming his forces in violation of the peace accord signed between UNITA and the government in Lusaka, Zambia in November 1994.

88. ANGOLA Make AIDS A Priority Angolan Government Warned LUANDA, Dec. 3 (AIA/GIN) Doctors and non governmental organizations have warnedthe Angolan government not to ignore AIDS as the rapidly escalating http://www.aegis.com/news/ips/1996/IP961201.html

ANGOLA: Make AIDS A Priority Angolan Government Warned InterPress News Service (IPS) - Tuesday, 3 December 1996 Santos Virgilio LUANDA, Dec. 3 (AIA/GIN) Doctors and non governmental organizations have warned the Angolan government not to ignore AIDS as the rapidly escalating epidemic is headed for catastrophic proportions. Dr. Marques Gomes, an epidemiologist with the National Programme for the fight against AIDS (PNLS), has accused the government of apathy regarding the disease. "There is absolutely no support from the government and I have never seen nor heard of any fund or budget from the Ministry of Health for the fight against AIDS." He says any project undertaken by PNLS is funded by donors, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Swedish International Development Authority, European Commission and OXFAM. His sentiments are echoed by the executive director of the Angolan Association for the Fight Against AIDS (AALSIDA), Antonio Coelho, who has called on the government to urgently create a national commission on AIDS. He warns that, if the prevailing conditions and attitudes towards the disease continue, there will be two or three cases of AIDS in each family in the next five years. "It is vital to involve leaders and public figures in the fight. We have been independent since 1975 and people have been talking about AIDS for the last 10 years, but we have never seen the president or the prime minister speaking about the disease or participating in a forum on AIDS people at the top are not setting any examples," he says.

89. Freedom In The World 1998-99: Angola It is inconceivable that any Angolan government would allow more than limitedautonomy to an area in which oil exports bring approximately $700 million to http://www.freedomhouse.org/survey99/country/angola.html

Angola Polity: Presidential-legislative Economy: Statist Population: PPP: Life Expectancy: Ethnic Groups: Ovimbundu (37 percent), Kimbundu (25 percent), Bakongo (13 percent), mestico (2 percent), European (1 percent), other (22 percent) Capital: Luanda Political Rights: Civil Liberties: Status: Not Free Overview Increased oil production from offshore wells off the northern enclave of Cabinda, where a separatist movement continued to wage a bush war, provides 90 percent of the country's exports. Most Angolans remain desperately poor, however, because government revenues only feed the ongoing war. In August, the government reportedly reached an agreement to trade diamonds to Russia for weapons. Angola achieved independence in November 1975 after 14 years of anti-colonial bush war and five centuries of Portuguese presence. The country immediately became a cockpit for a surrogate Cold War struggle, however, and 15 more years of fighting followed. During this time, Angola's ethnic-based rivals were armed by East and West, with Cuban and South African involvement on opposing sides. Massive covert American aid bolstered UNITA's fortunes, but produced no clear victor. The United Nations became deeply involved in the Angola peace process only with the Cold War's end. U.N.-supervised elections in September 1992 were described by international observers as generally free and fair despite many irregularities, but failed to end the long-running war. When MPLA leader Jose Eduardo dos Santos nearly won a majority in the first round of voting, UNITA leader and presidential candidate Savimbi rejected his defeat and resumed the guerrilla war.

90. SARPN - Angola The government of angola has passed unusually good legislation to The governmentof angola cannot afford to let its people down, Takirambudde said. http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001152/index.php

Home Contact SARPN Site map Site search ... Document search Country analysis > Angola Last update: 2005-09-15 Coming home: return and reintegration in Angola Angola: Displaced Still Suffering Three Years after Civil War, Little Progress for Returnees Angola: Deslocados Ainda Sofrem Três Anos após o fim da Guerra Civil, o Progresso ainda é pouco para os Retornados Human Rights Watch 17 March 2005 Printer friendly version < 1min (4 pages) Share with a friend View full report: http://hrw.org/reports/2005/angola0305/ English Portuguese (New York, March 17, 2005) - Three years after the end of Angola's brutal civil war, the Angolan government is failing to care for the country's huge population of returning displaced persons, Human Rights Watch said in a new report released today. Hundreds of thousands of recently returned refugees, internally displaced persons and former combatants face daunting challenges in reintegrating into Angolan society, with little government assistance. Families return to devastated communities and settle on land that is heavily mined. In some parts of the country, Angolan authorities harass, extort and sexually abuse returnees without identity cards. The 39-page report,"Coming Home: Return and Reintegration in Angola," documents how most families have returned to locations that still lack minimal social services, such as health care and education, let alone employment. Elderly and disabled persons, widows and female-headed households experience the worst shortfalls in government assistance, particularly in rural areas.

91. BBC NEWS | Africa | IMF: Angola's 'missing Millions' The angolan government has denied the accusations. angola has often been The angolan government has in the past been accused of widescale corruption. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2338669.stm

NEWS SPORT WEATHER WORLD SERVICE ... A-Z INDEX SEARCH You are in: Africa News Front Page Africa Americas ... Programmes SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Text Only ... Help LANGUAGES EDITIONS Change to UK Friday, 18 October, 2002, 10:18 GMT 11:18 UK IMF: Angola's 'missing millions' The sum is three times the amount paid in aid By Justin Pearce BBC correspondent in Luanda An internal report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has found that nearly $1bn disappeared from Angolan Government finances last year. The sum is far greater than the value of humanitarian assistance sent to the country this year and the report adds that over the past five years a total of over $4bn are unaccounted for. Frequent dialogue with the authorities and significant technical assistance in recent years has yielded little progress in the key areas of governance and fiscal transparency. IMF report The Angolan Government has denied the accusations Angola has often been accused of corruption in the past, but this is the first time that financial mismanagement on such a scale has been reported by an institution with the status of the IMF. The International Monetary Fund's stark assessment of the Angolan government's finances are revealed in a report circulated earlier this year within the IMF, and obtained recently by the BBC.

92. Angola: Life Over Debt Campaign : AFSC The Angolan government has the major responsibility to open up its books. But suchdeals would not be possible without the complicity of two other parties http://www.afsc.org/africa-debt/angola.htm

Toward a New Africa Toward a New Africa Home Learn About Africa Get Involved News Archive ... economic justice resources and programs. Download this as a PDF document. Home Issues Africa ... Life Over Debt Campaign Email this page Angola and Debt The Oil-War Nexus Even without war, an economy based on oil is a potential curse, with easy money, few jobs, and a boom-and-bust mentality promoted by fluctuating prices. Corruption and concentration of wealth is common, from Texas to Nigeria. Angola is no exception. But decades of war added extra burdens. South African and insurgent strategy successfully newspaper article alleged that 20 Angolan leaders have fortunes exceeding $100 million each, while 39 more have fortunes over $50 million each. Changing Course and civil society, and (2) strengthen internal Angolan capacity to demand accountablity from their own leaders. Who Owes Whom: A Balance Sheet* War and Debt Who is liable for this damage, and who should make reparations in the form of investment in rebuilding Angola and healing the wounds of its people? Trying to parcel out responsibility in terms of exact dollar figures is an impossible exercise. But surely the external parties who decisively intervened for war have an obligation to help repair the damages.

93. Angola's Returnees: The Future Of International Recovery Operations - Council On The Angolan government s 2003 budget of $6 billion will not suffice to coverfully the The capacity of the Angolan government must be strengthened, http://www.cfr.org/pub5670/cfr/angolas_returnees_the_future_of_international_rec

@import url(/css/main.css); Why does this page look this way? It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that allows you to view our content but may not work with every feature of our site. If you are using an older browser, please upgrade for the best experience. Welcome to CFR. Skip to section navigation Skip to content Home FAQs ... Advanced Search Navigation By Region By Issue By Publication Type The Think Tank ... transcripts Text Size Print Email a Link Transcript February 13, 2003 [Note: A transcript of this meeting is unavailable. The discussion is summarized below.] What we know: The social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants will be crucial for the future security of Angola. In 2001, the number of ex-combatants was estimated at 65,000; however, on April 4, 2002, the estimate was increased to 85,000. Today, the count stands at 105,000 ex-combatants, accompanied by 200,000 family members. In December 2002, 36 ex-UNITA camps existed. Since then, three camps have closed. The demobilization of ex-combatants is being conducted by the government of Angola, in partnership with international donors like the World Bank, which has created a multi-donor fund for a demobilization and reintegration. Whether the government will have sufficient capacity to undertake this responsibility is unknown, and the government is seeking international assistance to undertake this work. Another potentially destabilizing issue is the existence of an armed civilian population. During twenty-seven years of civil war, civilians procured arms to defend themselves. It is estimated that today at least one-third of the civilian population possesses weapons. Disarmament of the population will be a crucial indicator of a stable future.

94. Jonas Savimbi, Angola Rebel Leader, Is Dead A statement by the angolan government on the death of Jonas Savimbi is reproducedbelow. The government of the Republic of angola would like to inform the http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/SavimbiKilled.html

If you were using a Java-enabled browser, you would see a clipstream banner instead of this paragraph. NIGERIA MASTERWEB @ http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/ Nigeria Masterweb News Report Jonas Savimbi, Angola Rebel Leader, is Dead (Saturday, February 23, 2002) By Chief Charles O. Okereke, Nigeria Masterweb "The Government of the Republic of Angola would like to inform the national and international public of the death of Jonas Malheiro Savimbi, who was leading the armed groups responsible for the destruction of national property and the death of countless innocent civilians throughout the country. The Government of the Republic of Angola appeals to those who voluntarily or involuntarily had associated themselves with these terrorist actions to reconsider their options and reintegrate themselves into Angolan society so as to contribute to the consolidation of democracy and national reconciliation. In due time and according to the signals it receives from those who are still armed, the Government will issue a communiqué that will include a detailed program to ensure the final cessation of all hostilities in Angola. The Government reiterates its intention to fully implement the Lusaka Protocol and considers also that all political parties are necessary for the democratization of Angola.

95. The United Church Observer > Archives: April 2004 > World > Angola: Will Peace H The pastor says the angolan government, civil society and the internationalcommunity all share responsibility for ensuring that angola does not slip back http://www.ucobserver.org/archives/apr04_world.htm

To Current Issue To Article Archives APRIL 2004 WORLD Angola: Will peace hold this time? By Gary Kenny “It’s not just the absence of war,” says Rev. Luis Nguimbi, his brow furrowed. “Peace means so much more than that.” Nguimbi, the general secretary of the Christian Council of Churches in Angola (CICA), a United Church partner, is worried. He says not enough is being done to instil confidence in war-weary Angolans that peace is truly at hand. Angolans “need to see, touch and taste progress,” he says. Almost two years have passed since the signing of the Luanda Agreement, which ended 26 years of civil war. The conflict, which followed a long war of national liberation against the colonial Portuguese, pitted the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), a communist regime, against the insurgent national Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). If Angolans are reluctant to take peace at face value, they came by their doubts honestly. Angola has failed three times to consolidate successive peace processes. “We must not fail this time,” a pastor in Angola’s Evangelical Congregational Church tells me. “The country has been at war for too long and our people can’t take it anymore.”

96. Refugees International: Articles: Angola: New Efforts To Build Local Capacity Donors and the government of angola should not wait for a conclusive end of The government of angola sharply increase its investment in recovery and http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/662/

Search: Home About Us Donate Where We Work ... Contact Us Angola: New Efforts To Build Local Capacity More than a quarter century of civil war has devastated Angola and impoverished a potentially wealthy country. For years international donors have concentrated on responding to humanitarian emergencies, while the government of Angola concentrated on using its oil revenues to fight the war and to reward its political cronies. But now, amid signs that the war is slowing down, both the Angolan government and international donors are beginning to turn from emergency relief to sustained development. This welcome change deserves increased support from the government of Angola and from the international community. Two failed peace attempts and continuing combat between the government of President Dos Santos and the UNITA rebels, led by Jonas Savimbi, make it easy to be cynical about peace in Angola. A Foreign Analyst says that "peace will only come to Angola when the widow of President DOS Santos attends Savimbi''s funeral." Although the UNITA rebels continue to launch guerilla attacks, they are losing momentum. The Angolan Army is getting stronger and taking back more territory. A government amnesty program is prompting more rebels to abandon UNITA. The change in balance of power is allowing people to dream that fighting will end, allowing millions of displaced people to return home to rebuild their lives, their farms and their villages.

97. Refugees International: Articles: Angola: Oil Revenue To Feed The Displaced Although the angolan government now ostensibly controls 90 percent of the country, Together with the government of angola, increase health, http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/664/

Search: Home About Us Donate Where We Work ... Contact Us Angola: Oil Revenue To Feed The Displaced 01-11-01 One-quarter of Angola's 12 million people have become displaced within their own country since 1992. Forced to flee their homes at the hands of the Angolan armed forces (FAA) or the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) rebel forces, they are subject to the ravages of landmines, hunger and ongoing insecurity. Only 392,753 of these internally displaced people (IDPs) have entered camps or transit centers; and water, sanitation and health conditions at these sites are dismal. One out of every three children dies before the age of five. Angola is still one of the world's worst humanitarian emergencies. Paradoxically, Angola's oil wealth is immense. The U.S. imports 50% of the oil produced in Angola, about 150,000 barrels per day in 1999. However, Angolan citizens are more often the victims than the beneficiaries of this wealth, as oil revenue has financed the war. Of the more than 2.6 million Angolans displaced in 1998 and 1999, 1.1 million receive humanitarian assistance, to which the government contributed $50 million in 1999. Under these circumstances, "donor fatigue" is understandable. This year the international community has challenged the Angolan government to turn its attention to the needs of its people. No longer willing to support general food distribution to Angolans living under inhumane conditions in transit camps, UN agencies and donor countries seek viable options that will end dependence on foreign aid and move IDPs towards self-reliance. In the 2001 UN Consolidated Appeal donors have agreed to provide targeted food assistance to the most vulnerable populations and begin resettling Angolans to secure areas, where people will begin to rebuild their lives. However, this new approach will require a greater investment in civil society, as well as diligent UN and government coordination, ongoing monitoring and evaluation to ensure that protection and assistance needs are met within the framework of smaller, more numerous and more targeted projects.

98. Global Witness: Angola: Transparency Move Welcome But Serious Questions Remain angola transparency move welcome but serious questions remain 13/05/2004.Today, the angolan government will reportedly formally disclose, for the first http://www.globalwitness.org/press_releases/display2.php?id=238

99. Global Witness: Angola’s Denials Do Not Stand Up angola’s denials do not stand up 18/04/2002 Much of the angolan government’sresponse is inaccurate, and focuses its efforts to discredit the validity http://www.globalwitness.org/press_releases/display2.php?id=123

100. Angola Diamond Mining And War Today, the government of angola is working on assimilating the remaining The angolan government mining corporation, Endiama, faces additional setbacks. http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/ANGOLA.HTM

CASE NUMBER: 32 CASE MNEMONIC: ZANGOLA CASE DESCRIPTION: Angola Diamond Mining and War Draft Author: Lloyd R. Lewis III (June 14, 1997) I. Identification 1. Abstract: MPLA President Dos Santos UNITA Leader Dr. Jonas Savimbi 2. Description: The MPLA controlled most of Angola by the mid 1980s and declared itself the legitimate government. The FNLA under Holden Roberto was no longer a significant military force. The continuing struggle for the control of Angola remained solely between the MPLA (under Jose dos Santos) and the UNITA (under Dr. Jonas Savimbi). The Angolan civil war soon became a continuation of the Cold War in Africa with the MPLA aided by the Soviets and Cuba; and the UNITA, backed by neighboring South Africa and the United States. The United States along with South Africa wanted to remove the strong Cuban military presence from the region. South Africa's CIA, "the Bureauof State Security" (BOSS) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) provided such services as arms, ammunition, mercenaries, as well as intelligence to Jonas Savimbi's UNITA forces (Laidi 67). International Peace Efforts The Angola issue was responsible for Namibia's 1990 independence. Namibia,a colony of South Africa, was used primarily as a military and strategic support base of operations against the MPLA in neighboring Angola. Negotiations by South Africa, Angola, Cuba, and the United States involved a combination of demands including the removal of Cuban military forces from Angola andthe removal of South African Defense Forces from Namibia (Dept. Of State3). In the second phase of the negotiations, the MPLA government and UNITA concluded the Bicese Accord on May 31, 1991 (Anstee 10). The Bicese Accord called for a cease-fire, the formation of a new, unified national army, and the holding of Angola's first multi-party elections for a new President and National Assembly (Anstee 11-12).

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