61. An End To Angola S 27 Years Of War - Security Council - Global According to statements from the Angolan government, the Luena memorandum is tosupplement the 1994 Lusaka Protocol, were the two parties reached a peace http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/angola/2002/0331peace.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum An End to Angola's 27 Years of War Afrol News March 31, 2002 Peace is around the corner in Angola. Angolan Army leaders and officials from the UNITA rebels have signed an agreement to halt the devastating civil war. A nationwide ceasefire will be in effect by Thursday, 4 April, and negotiations between civilian leaders are to start soon in Luanda. Military leaders from the two sides to the conflict had been negotiating for two weeks in the small south-eastern town of Luena. Finally, on Saturday, the Angolan Army and the UNITA military leaders announced they had reached an agreement, aiming at an end to the 27-year-old civil war, which has cost the lives of an estimated 500,000 Angolans and has displaced millions. The negotiations were made possible by UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi's death in battle on 22 February, and the following announcement by the Angolan Army it would cease "all offensive military movements" (13 March). According to statements from the Angolan government, the Luena memorandum is to supplement the 1994 Lusaka Protocol, were the two parties reached a peace agreement that was flawed after UNITA's return to arms when it had lost national elections. The Luena agreement mostly treats technical modalities, in particular what is going to happen with UNITA's armed rebels. The memorandum defines the areas the 50,000 rebel soldiers are to be quartered and their military integration into the national army during demobilisation.

62. Sanctions Against Angola - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council The Angolan government is now seeking to establish a security body to monitor Human rights activists ask the Angolan government to make a formal apology http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/indexang.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum Sanctions in Angola This page looks at sanctions imposed by the Security Council against the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), a group long backed by South Africa (during the apartheid period) and by conservatives in the US Congress. The death of UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi on February 22, 2002 and the collapse of UNITA as an effective fighting force, led to a cease-fire deal by which the government recognized UNITA as a legitimate political movement. In April, a UN Security Council resolution authorized a UN mission in Angola to promote political reconciliation. Finally, in December, the Council lifted the sanctions. The end of the war has unlocked Angola's enormous economic potential. After Nigeria, Angola is the second largest producer of oil in sub-Saharan Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of diamonds. (See also Global Policy Forum's Diamonds in Conflict page.) However, expansion of the oil sector increases government corruption where western interest, especially international oil companies, are complicit, (See also Global Policy Forum's Oil in Conflict page) while about 30 percent of the population requires emergency humanitarian assistance.

63. Human Rights Watch: Africa : Angola The angolan government must stop its military forces from conducting brutal The United Nations and the government of angola are failing to protect the http://hrw.org/doc?t=africa&c=angola

64. Angola: Information On Forcible Military Recruitment By The Angolan Government Did the Angolan government forcibly recruit people (specifically 20 young Information regarding the Angolan government targeting particular ethnic http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/AGO01001.htm

Angola Response to Information Request Number: AGO01001.ZNK Date: 13 October 2000 Subject: Angola: Information on forcible military recruitment by the Angolan government From: INS Resource Information Center, Washington, DC Keywords: Angola / Armed conflict / Armed forces / Internal strife / Military personnel / National defence / Security forces / State terror Query: Did the Angolan government forcibly recruit people (specifically 20 young college students allegedly picked up by military patrols from the street) from the Ovimbundo ethnic group into the military? Response: There is substantial evidence that elements under the control of the Angolan government have engaged in forcible recruitment of young people into the Angolan armed forces. The Angolan government has had conscription since 1993 for all males between the ages of 20 and 45. They are required to serve for two years including training time. According to a study by the United Kingdom Home Office, "There is, so far, no evidence of forced conscription outside existing legislation . . . . The government has, however, begun rounding up young males who have not voluntarily reported for registration and drafting" (UK, Sept. 1999). According to the U.S. Department of State, "The [Angolan] Government's security forces firmly are under civilian leadership. Security forces committed numerous, serious human rights abuses . . . . To enforce mandatory military laws, the military and police conducted forced conscription drives in many of the areas under the control of the government, including Luanda, in which some minors may have been recruited" (U.S. DOS, 25 Feb. 2000).

65. Angola - GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS angola. government AND POLITICS. government MarxistLeninist government basedon 1975 Constitution (later revised) but dominated by Popular Movement for http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-500.html

Country Listing Angola Table of Contents Angola GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Government : Marxist-Leninist government based on 1975 Constitution (later revised) but dominated by Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Workers' Party (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola-Partido de TrabalhoMPLA-PT). Government composed of executive branch led by president, who appointed Council of Ministers and Defense and Security Council. Legislative branch consisted of People's Assembly. As of late 1988, because of inability to hold elections, People's Assembly had been appointed. Justice system composed of Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, people's revolutionary courts, and series of people's courts. Politics : Real power resided with MPLA-PT, whose chairman was president of republic. Political Bureau most important body in party. Central Committee, although subordinate to MPLA-PT party congress, wielded greater influence over party policies. No legal opposition parties, but beginning in 1976 National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola UNITA) waged devastating insurgency from bases in southeast and elsewhere. Foreign Relations : Government relied on Soviet Union and its allies, especially Cuba, for military support. United States and other Western nations played important economic roles. South Africa, which has supported UNITA, most important regional threat. December 1988 regional accords with South Africa and Cubawhich provided for cessation of South African support for UNITA, withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, and independence for Namibiamay change complexion of regional politics and foreign relations.

66. WoYaa!: COUNTRIES/ANGOLA/GOVERNMENT angola Country Updates The angolan government will launch a new currency thisyear due to high inflation. There will be a Kw 500000 (nuovo kwanz http://www.woyaa.com/links/COUNTRIES/ANGOLA/GOVERNMENT/

Web Calendar Forums Classifieds ... LOGIN Looking for something in particular? the entire directory only this category More search options Home COUNTRIES ANGOLA : GOVERNMENT LINKS: Pages: 1 ANGOLA pop ANGOLA Country Updates The Angolan government will launch a new currency this year due to high inflation. There will be a Kw 500,000 (nuovo kwanz http://www.lonelyplanet.com/letters/afr/ang_pc.htm (Added: Hits: 237 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Send this link to a friend! ANGOLA pop Les représentations diplomatiques et consulaires étrangères en France. http://www.expatries.diplomatie.fr/repdipfrview.asp?pays=ANGOLA (Added: Fri Jun 22 2001 Hits: 122 Rating: 1.00 Votes: 1) Rate It Review It Send this link to a friend! Angola at Strategic Road pop Strategic Road - Your strategic watch in Angola - Votre veille strategique en Angola http://www.strategic-road.com/pays/afrique/angola01.htm (Added: Wed Nov 06 2002 Hits: 97 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Send this link to a friend! Angola: Peace Monitor, 01/30/'96 pop Angola: Peace Monitor, 01/30/'96 Angola: Peace Monitor, 01/30/'96 Angola: Peace Monitor, II, 5 Date Distributed (ymd): 960130 Angola Peace Monitor Published by ACTSA ...

67. WorldLII - Categories - Countries - Angola - Government Legal directory and search engine legislation, case-law, journals, law reform,by country and subject. http://www.worldlii.org/links/50696.html

Contributors: DIAL Databases Recent Additions Translate Add a Link ... Angola Find any of these words all of these words this phrase this document title this Boolean query World Law Help Boolean Operators Search: All WorldLII Catalog All WorldLII Databases Law on Google Comissão Constitucional Search Official website of the Constitutional Commission Comissão Nacional das Tecnologias de Informação (CNTI) Search Official website of the National Commission of Information Technology Government Search Includes the profile and structure of the government, the Constitution, recent legislation, the Lusaka Protocol and updates, Agreements between the Government and UNITA-Renovada updating the Protocol and international relations (official website of the Republic of Angola) Governments on the WWW: Angola Search Links to Angola government websites (on Governments on the WWW) Instituto Angolano das Comunicações (INACOM) Search Official website of the Angolan Institute of Communications Ministério da Administração Pública, Emprego e Segurança Social (MAPESS)

68. CABINDA set up a commission that will decide how to approach the government of angola.The government of angola thas claimed that because of the fragmentation, http://www.cabinda.net/

Mambu Ma Nzambi JOBS Wanted Contact us REPUBLIC OF CABINDA Welcome to the Government of Cabinda World Wide Web Service The Federal Regency of Cabinda World Wide Web Services provides public access to information about the Nation of Cabinda, its People, Organizations and general information of the Country. Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues We say no to the nomination of : Filomeno Vieira Dias Appointed Bishop of Cabinda this Angolan born Bishop is a political decision to perpetuate the oppression of the Cabindan People by the MPLA this regime is in power with the complicity of Chevron, Texaco, Halliburton, etc..., we live in misery and humiliation from the USA companies and he criminal MPLA administrations. If this nonsense of the appointment of an Angolan Bishop to oppress further the natural aspirations of freedom of the Cabindan people go ahead we see no other alternative then to declare the presence of the Roman Catholic Church null and voided in the territory and Nation of Cabinda as it no longer represents the aspirations of the People and the Nation of Cabinda, and we call for the Formation either of a Cabindan National Catholica Apostolic Church or the move to the Anglican Church of the faithful.

69. ABC Country Book Of Angola - Government Flag, Map, Economy, Geography, Climate, angola Interactive Factbook GEOGRAPHY, Flag, Map,Geography, People, government,Economy, Transportation, Communications. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/angola_government.html

Index Flag Geography People ... Feedback Angola Note: Civil war has been the norm since independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975; a cease-fire lasted from 31 May 1991 until October 1992 when the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) refused to accept its defeat in internationally monitored elections and fighting resumed throughout much of the countryside. The two sides signed another peace accord on 20 November 1994; the cease-fire is generally holding but most provisions of the accord remain to be implemented. Names: conventional long form: Republic of Angola conventional short form: Angola local long form: Republica de Angola local short form: Angola former: People's Republic of Angola Digraph: AO Type: transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system Capital: Luanda Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

70. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Angola - Government Facts And Figures government and political information for angola. local long form Republicade angola. government type, republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/ao/Angola_government.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Africa Angola (Facts) Angola - Government (Facts) Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Angola conventional short form: Angola local short form: Angola former: People's Republic of Angola local long form: Republica de Angola Government type: republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system Capital: Luanda Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975) Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet been approved Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

71. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Angola - Government And Political Condition angola government and Political Conditions. government AND POLITICALCONDITIONS angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/ao/Angola_government_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Africa Angola (Notes) Angola - Government and Political Conditions (Notes) GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS Angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the MPLA to a nominal multiparty democracy following the 1992 elections, in which President dos Santos won the first-round election with more than 49% of the vote to Jonas Savimbi's 40%;a runoff never took place.The Constitutional Law of 1992 establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The government is based on ordinances, decrees, and decisions issued by a president and his ministers or through legislation produced by the National Assembly and approved by the president. The parliament is generally subordinate to the executive. Few opportunities exist for opposition parties to challenge MPLA dominance. President dos Santos has proposed that general elections be held in 2006.A multi-party constitutional reform process will resume following elections. Angola is governed by a president who isassisted by a prime minister and 30 cabinet ministers, all appointed by the president. Political power is concentrated in the presidency. The executive branch of the government is composed of the president (head of state and government), the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, composed of all government ministers and vice ministers, meets regularly to discuss policy issues. The President, the Council of Ministers, and individual ministers in their areas of competence have the ability to legislate by decree.

72. Angola Peace Monitor II-3, 12/04/ 95 The report points out that the total US government assistance to angola for 1995and 1996 is planned to reach 103859289 US dollars. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_12055.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Angola: Peace Monitor II-3, 12/04/'95 Date Distributed (ymd): 951204 Angola Peace Monitor Volume II, Issue 3, 30 November 1995 Troop confinement begins On the occasion of the first anniversary of the signing of the Lusaka Protocol, the Quartering Area at Vila Nova in Huambo Province received the first 150 UNITA troops. The opening of the first Quartering Area at Vila Nova, on 20 November, was witnessed by the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative, Alioune Blondin Beye, and other members of the Joint Commission. Although the confinement of UNITA troops has fallen seriously behind schedule, it is now hoped that 150 soldiers can be confined daily at the camp, until it reaches a maximum of 5,000. Progress has also been reported from two other Quartering Areas, at Piri in Bengo Province, and N'gage in Uige Province. However, according to the United Nations Humanitarian Assistance Co-ordination Unit (UCAH) in Luanda, there were further delays in the establishment of the Quartering Areas following a security incident near Quibaxe, Bengo Province, on 24 October involving UN and NGO staff. This led to NGOs suspending their activities pending safety assurances from UNITA. Subsequently, UNITA gave a verbal apology to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the UN, Alioune Blondin Beye. The total number of identified Quartering Areas by the end of October was 13, following the creation of further sites at Caiundo and Licua, Kuando Kubango Province. It is also reported that the Government's Rapid Intervention Police have already moved to their barracks, as required under the Lusaka Protocol.

73. Angola Peace Monitor, 01/30/ 96 The angolan government has also come under criticism from the United Nations The government of angola has increased its protests over the continuing use http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_angl13096.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Angola: Peace Monitor, 01/30/'96 Angola: Peace Monitor, II, 5 Date Distributed (ymd): 960130 Angola Peace Monitor Published by ACTSA on behalf of the Angola Emergency Campaign Issue no.5 Volume II, 29 January 1996 UNITA under pressure for action as US envoy waves stick Madeleine Albright, the US ambassador to the United Nations, has sent a clear signal to Angola that US patience is running out over the slow progress towards a peaceful settlement in Angola. Following major government concessions during President dos Santos' visit to Washington in December, UNITA is now under intense US pressure to honour its pledges to quarter its troops. Ms Albright was on a three day visit to the country, beginning on 18 January. During her visit she met with, among others, President dos Santos, Prime Minister Marcolino Moco, and UN Special Representative Alioune Blondin Beye. She also travelled to Bailundo to meet with UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi. The US ambassador received assurances from Savimbi that UNITA would speed up the quartering of its troops (see below). However, in a statement quoted in the London-based journal Southscan, she said "I have to tell you that the international community is running out of patience ... I even fear that, if the promise that was made to me by Mr Savimbi today is not realised, the international community may say: It is enough. A total of $1m is spent daily in this country. So this country's leaders must take advantage of this opportunity."

74. Angola Country Analysis Brief In September 2004, the Angolan government announced its intention to create a In May 2004, Sonangol and the Angolan government extended CABGOC’s current http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/angola.html

Home Country Analysis Briefs Angola Country Analysis Brief PDF version January 2005 Background Oil Natural Gas Electricity ... Links Angola Angola is sub-Saharan Africa Angola a key focus of hydrocarbon exploration in sub-Saharan Africa Information contained in this report is the best available as of December 2004 and is subject to change. GENERAL BACKGROUND Angola is a member of the African Union (AU) , the Southern African Development Community (SADC) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) In 2002, Angola agreed to an International Monetary Fund (IMF) In September 2004, the Angolan government announced its intention to create a reserve fund to hold unanticipated oil income accumulated from higher tax revenue on the increased price of crude. In the same month, the Angolan Central Bank proposed enacting draft legislation that would require oil companies to channel payments through the domestic banking center rather than international banks. Such a measure would boost transaction revenues for the Angolan banking sector and its ability to make domestic loans. Although the legislation has yet to be submitted to parliament, oil companies are opposed to its passage. OIL Nigeria Global Insight has highlighted the importance of a government commitment to using oil revenues specifically for social and economic improvements.

75. ICCAF - Angola - News March 2001 The World Bank and government of angola are supervising the Oil Diagnostic As the Oil Diagnostic progresses, the government of angola should be seizing http://www.web.net/~iccaf/humanrights/angolainfo/oildiagnostic0301.htm

Inter-Church Coalition on Africa Angola The Oil Diagnostic in Angola: An Update March 2001 This very current update is published by Human Rights Watch with careful detail and challenging assumptions of what the players must do if we are to move closer to transparency and then on toward social justice. There is a struggle between the desire of the Angolan Government to get International Loans (IMF) and the desire of the International community to ensure enough control over Angolan finances (currently NOT transparent) that Angola will have to pay existing international debts which are very large. In between there is pressure from the world community on Oil Companies and International banks to assist in bringing Angola onside, while the Angolan government has so much control over companies as they race and pay through the nose for new oil concessions in a very rapidly growing resource development. Civil society pressure for transparency is needed on the Angolan Government, IMF and Big Oil companies. Following is the opening paragraphs, two others and the conclusion

76. Angola Peace Monitor - No.9 Vol.4 The proposals also require that the Angolan government stops all unverified According to diplomatic sources, the Angolan government has taken steps to http://www.actsa.org/Angola/apm/apm0409.html

Issue No.9, Vol.IV. 1 June 1998 United Nations lose grip in Angola There are signs that the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) is struggling to meet its international obligations as military attacks by the rebel movement UNITA increase. The decision by the UN Security Council on 29 April to cut the size of MONUA's troops from 1,045 to 450 by the end of June has reduced the ability of MONUA to verify government allegations of attacks by UNITA, at the same time as military tension has risen in the country. In a last ditch attempt to resurrect the deadlocked peace process the UN Secretary General's Special Representative in Angola, Alioune Blondin Beye, on 19 May threatened to resign unless a new timetable for completing the peace process was met. Meeting on 19 May the Joint Commission, a body made up by representatives of the Angolan government, UNITA, the Troika of Observers (Russia, United States and Portugal) and MONUA, agreed to a plan drawn up by Beye. The plan gave UNITA twelve days to hand over areas still under military occupation. This refers in particular to the UNITA strongholds of Bailundo, Andulo, Nharea and Mungo. The proposals also require that the Angolan government stops all unverified allegations against UNITA, and that the national police cease alleged abuses in areas recently retaken from UNITA.

77. From Military Peace To Social Justice? The Angolan Peace Process Key texts and agreements. Documents relating to the angola peace process – backto full list. angolan government s Peace Plan http://www.c-r.org/accord/ang/accord15/c10.shtml

CR home Accord home Projects Accord series ... Search Key texts and agreements back to full list Angolan Government's Peace Plan Luanda, 13 March 2002 The Government of Unity and National Reconciliation of the Republic of Angola considers that the country is experiencing a unique moment in its history to take joint action leading definitively to the end of the current armed conflict, in which the issues of peace and national reconciliation should be seen in a legal and political framework, respecting the constitution, the legal order and state institutions, and unequivocally accepting the validity of the peace accords and United Nations Security Council resolutions on Angola. In order to achieve peace, the government has set out an agenda that necessarily involves the solution of all military issues resulting from the armed conflict that started after the formation of the Angolan Armed Forces, in accordance with the Bicesse Accords and the Lusaka Protocol With the aim of encouraging and promoting the confidence of the entire Angolan nation in this opportunity for peace that must not be wasted, the government has instructed General Staff headquarters of the Angolan Armed Forces, FAA, to cease all offensive movements as from midnight on 13 March 2002, so as to permit the establishment of on-the-spot contacts between the military commands of FAA and UNITA's military forces.

78. Angola: SAVIMBI IS DEAD The government of the Republic of angola confirms and informs the In 1991Savimbi began negotiations with the angolan government while the civil war http://www.empereur.com/angola.html

Welcome to Africa SAVIMBI IS DEAD Angolan rebel leader Jonas Savimbi fought until the very end, say officers who have been describing their final gun battle with the man who spent most of the last 40 years in armed conflict. Brigadier Wala, who headed the army unit that killed Savimbi, told the Portuguese news agency Lusa he had died like a soldier, "with a gun in his hand". The 67-year-old Unita leader was killed on Friday alongside 21 of his bodyguards on the banks of the Luvuei River in the eastern province of Moxico, he said. Savimbi had not been easy to catch. He had tried to lay false scents with "diversionary manoeuvres such as crossing various rivers, including the Luvuei and the Luonze". The army caught up with him, Brigadier Wala said, after killing two of his most senior officers, Brigadier Mbule and General "Big Joy". The latter's death was a serious setback, as it deprived Savimbi of diversionary troops who had until then concentrated on attracting attention away from their leader. Savimbi was further weakened when he "lost important means of communication" by radio.

79. Angola: APIC Statement In their most recent offensive, Angolan government forces have taken key UNITA But the tendency of the Angolan government to view these expressions as http://www.africaaction.org/docs00/ang0001.htm

Home About Us Archives Africa Policy E-Journal Angola: APIC Statement Programs Baraza Annual Reports Contact Us ... Archives Africa Policy E-Journal by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic by Date and by Topic Africa Policy E-Journal Angola: APIC Statement Date distributed (ymd): 000108 APIC Document +++++++++++++++++++++Document Profile+++++++++++++++++++++ Region: Southern Africa Issue Areas: +security/peace+ Summary Contents: This posting contains a new APIC policy statement on Angola calling for an intensified and multi-track international effort to support peace in Angola. APIC has been engaged with Angolan issues since its founding as the Washington Office on Africa Educational Fund in 1978. Since the Africa Policy Electronic Distribution List began five years ago, we have consistently highlighted Angola, through reposting of the Angola Peace Monitor and other key documents on a regular basis. This new statement is being issued because of our conviction that, as British Minister of State noted in his November speech to the Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA) Annual Conference in London, there is a need for "a rising chorus of Governments, Western and African, of oil companies, of diamond traders and of NGOs all calling for an end to the war, demanding the strict enforcement of sanctions against UNITA and early negotiations for a real peace." Angola will be one of the key test cases this year for the Clinton administration's willingness to take serious action to support peace in Africa.

80. Angola - GOVERNMENT angola government and Politics. AFTER THIRTEEN YEARS of guerrilla warfare, In 1988 angola s government news agency quoted Minister of Foreign http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/angola/GOVERNMENT.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Angola - GOVERNMENT Angola - Government and Politics Among the first actions taken by the MPLA-PT was its conversion into a vanguard party to lead in the transformation to socialism. Throughout the 1980s, the MPLA-PT faced the daunting task of mobilizing the nation's peasants, most of whom were concerned with basic survival, subsistence farming, and avoiding the destruction of the ongoing civil war. Only a small minority of Angolans were party members, but even this group was torn by internal disputes. Factional divisions were drawn primarily along racial and ideological lines, but under dos Santos influence within the MPLAPT gradually shifted from mestiço to black African leadership and from party ideologues to relative political moderates. Mass organizations were affiliated with the party in accordance with Marxist-Leninist dogma. In the face of continued insurgent warfare and deteriorating living standards, however, many social leaders chafed at party discipline and bureaucratic controls. Dos Santos worked to build party loyalty and to respond to these tensions, primarily by attempting to improve the material rewards of Marxist-Leninist state building. His greatest obstacle, however, was the destabilizing effect of UNITA and its South African sponsors; Angola's role as a victim of South Africa's destructive regional policies was central to its international image during the 1980s.

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