141. India's Salt Lake Cities Recent digs in the ancient town that was Dholavira are revealing a civilization vastly ahead of its time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970901/asia.archaeology.html

SEPTEMBER 1, 1997 VOL. 150 NO. 9 ARCHAEOLOGY India's Salt Lake Cities Recent digs in the ancient town that was Dholavira are revealing a civilization vastly ahead of its time BY NISID HAJARI In the dry season, the salt marshes of the Rann of Kutch in the western Indian state of Gujarat shrivel into a vast, featureless plainthe earth flaky and riven by cracks like a giant jigsaw puzzle. The glint of what looks like snow interrupts the blankness of the desert: here long, rectangular pans collect sheets of still water, which is evaporated to produce salt. Often a lone caretaker will man the diesel pump. His skin will have been burned brown by the sun except for his bare feet and lower calves, turned whiteas if he were wearing socksfrom the high salinity of the landscape. Locals say that when such workers die and are cremated, that part of the body will not burn. The Rann did not always present so harsh a picture. Some 5,000 years ago it boasted a city created by a highly centralized and technologically evolved civilization, later to be named Harappa, that spread across an area larger than western Europe, dwarfing its Bronze Age contemporaries in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This well-planned, thriving city was Dholavira, an oasis carved by its first residents out of the Rann's wastes on Khadir Bet, a low plateau surrounded by water during monsoon rains. Recent digging by Indian archaeologists at the site has uncovered an extensive and remarkably sophisticated water supply system that included finely chiseled reservoirs, wells and rainwater tanks. A third of the city's 50 hectares was devoted to the collection and distribution of fresh water. "In its heyday," says R.S. Bisht, director of excavations at the Archaeological Survey of India (asi), "the whole of Dholavira may have looked like a lake city."

142. Menu Separate, detailed, easyto-read timelines for Egyptian history, writing, mummification, and pyramid building; from the British Museum. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/time/explore/main.html

This section uses frames

143. Hammered Coins And Antiquities For Sale ancient coins, medieval coins (especially hammered coinage) and artifacts for sale http://www.time-line.co.uk

17th Century Tokens 18th Century Tokens Adopted Emperors Coins for sale Anarchy and Crisis Coins for sale [Part 1]

144. Ancient Nubia Explores the history and culture of ancient Nubia which existed in time along with the Egyptian Kingdom. Studies include Bronze Age Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush. http://library.thinkquest.org/22845/

Welcome to Ancient Nubia! This web site explores an ancient civilization that existed along with the Egyptian Kingdom. You will learn that the Nubian civilization had it's own distinct culture, and even ruled over Egypt for a short period. Start exploring Ancient Nubia! To learn more about browsing this site, please visit the site exploration zone.

145. Ancient China To Modern time Lines A chronological history of China begining in 2205 BCE ancient Chinatime Line in table form Traditional Dynastic Chronology based on http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/AncientChina.html

Ancient China to Modern Times How to do Research using the Navigation Aids: 1. By clicking on the Hotlinks, you will be taken directly to the exact location where the Topic is located on the page. 2. When you click on a site located under a topic, another browser window will open automatically for you on top of this page. With your mouse, pull that window down below the Topic you are researching. Every time you now click on a site, the material will appear in this window. This will allow you to quickly and easily read the material and go through each site listed without losing this page. Remember to cite the "web sites and their authors" given below as your information "sources" in your paper or presentation for citation/bibliographic purposes. To jump directly to the Dynasty or Era of your choice, click on the name below. Alternately known names are also given: Xia or Hsia Dynasty 2000 - 1500 B.C. Shang 1700 - 1027 B.C. Western Zhou, Chou 1027 - 771 B.C Eastern Zhou, Chou Period: Spring and Autumn period 770 - 476 B.C. ... People's Republic of China A.D. 1949- Hotlinks: Table of Contents: Accomplishments by Dynasty Ancient Bandit Kings Ancient Architecture Astrology ... People's Republic of China A.D. 1949-

146. Rome: History Explores the history of ancient Rome, from the time of the Etruscans to the fall of the Empire. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/HISTORY.HTM

Richard Hooker Roman History The Land and People The Etruscans The Roman Kingdom The Roman Republic The Conquest of Italy The Punic Wars The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires The Republican Crisis Julius Caesar Augustus Imperial Rome, 14-180 AD The Calamitious Century. 180-284 AD The Late Empire Cicero Epictetus Anthology of Roman Readings Gallery Historical Atlas A Glossary of Roman Culture and Concepts Internet Resources on Ancient Rome About "ROME" ©1996, Richard Hooker For information contact: Richard Hines Updated 6-6-1999

147. Web-Based Projects - University Of Richmond Geography, government, agriculture, architecture, music, art, religion, sports, and roles of men, women, and children. http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/as/education/projects/webunits/greecerome

Web-Based Projects WebQuests - A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented activity in which most or all of the information used by learners is drawn from the Web. This model was developed in 1995 at San Diego State University by Bernie Dodge with Tom March . The WebQuests on this page have been written and designed by students preparing to become teachers. They were created in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a course entitled Integrating Technology Across the Curriculum . After reviewing these projects, please feel free to send your questions, comments and/or suggestions to their instructors, Kimberlye Joyce, M.Ed. and Patricia Stohr-Hunt, Ph.D. Take a quick tour of new and revised WebQuests by clicking on the titles below. A comprehensive listing of all projects can be found in the table that follows the new projects. In the comprehensive listing, all new and recently revised WebQuests are denoted with astericks. WebQuests without working links are currently under revision. Quick Tour of Projects NEW PROJECTS REVISED PROJECTS Elementary Art in Central Park Crack the Magic Code Excellent Explorers It's a Math World ... Mass Hysteria!

148. PERSEPOLIS AND ANCIENT IRAN - AERIAL SURVEYS Contains aerial photographs of excavations in progress in 1936, of sites under consideration at that time, and of other areas of Iran that were archaeologically unknown in 1936. http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/PA/IRAN/PAAI/PAAI_Surveys.html

PERSEPOLIS AND ANCIENT IRAN Aerial Survey Flights THUMBNAIL IMAGE INDEX In 1935, when Mary-Helen Schmidt presented her husband, Professor Erich F. Schmidt, then field director of the Persepolis, Rayy, and Luristan expeditions, with an airplane for the purpose of aerial survey, she could not have made a more important and valuable contribution to archaeology. There had been pioneer work in aerial photography in the past, but this was the first time that a thorough and well-planned aerial survey exploration was to be undertaken on such a large scale. It was not until 7 August, 1935, when permission was finally granted, that the Aerial Survey Expedition under the directorship of Erich Schmidt could begin its work. Commenting on the many months of waiting and preparation, Schmidt writes: "There is no need to speak of our personal feelings, then and afterwards. Enough to say that happy satisfaction of accomplishment accompanied the immeasurable broadening of the scope of our work." The airplane, christened Friend of Iran, was flown by Lewin B. Barringer in 1935-36 and William G. Benn in 1937. Frederick Lillich was its mechanic and technical assistant. The photography was done by Erich Schmidt and his assistant Boris Dubensky. The aerial photographic operations were divided into three parts: (1) flights over excavations already in progress, such as Persepolis and Rayy; (2) aerial documentation and mapping of sites under consideration; and (3) reconnaissance and exploration flights over archaeologically unknown areas of Iran.

149. Studying The Archaeology Of Performance Among The Ancient Maya The project currently focuses on performance among the ancient Maya, with comparisons to other cultures and time periods increasingly included. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/ioa/backdirt/fall01/julia.html

Fall/Winter 01 Studying the Archaeology of Performance among the Ancient Maya by Julia L. J. Sanchez Research project presents unique challenges but can provide a vivid, active view of the human past The author joins a marimba band in Antigua, Guatemala I have studied ancient Maya monumental art for the last eight years, Although the research is difficult, all efforts are rewarded with a vivid, active view of the human past. Performance is a significant part of social activity and ritual. Imagine the amount of time you spend listening to music, participating in or attending dances, enjoying literature, or participating in feasts. Such activities are integrated into every other aspect of life; yet, we know very little about performances in the past. Some of the research questions are: How are performances incorporated into ritual, politics, economy, ideology, social organization, and everyday life? How are performances used for political goals? How do performances define social groups? Who is involved in performances? With no model to follow and few previous studies to use as examples, the intellectual challenges are irresistible. Instruments have been found at ancient Maya sites, including ceramic drums, ceramic flutes and ocarinas, conch shells, turtle carapaces that were hit with deer antlers, and rattles. Decorative elements from costumes and ornaments are frequently preserved. Architectural settings for performances still exist. Brilliantly painted murals and pottery provide examples of how these elements were used, yet they also tease us with reminders that we are missing a multitude of wooden instruments, textiles, feathers, as well as the sounds that were a part of the performances.

150. Web Page Title Here The Upper and Middle valley of Serchio river, between Apuane Alps and Northern Appennines has been known for a long time because of the great number of Final Epigravettian and Mesolithic sites, but only recently the archaeological researches performed by Paolo Notini allowed us to recognize two Neolithic sites in Pieve Fosciana commune that have been excavated in 19951997. http://web.unife.it/progetti/notes/eprime.htm

FIRST ANCIENT NEOLITHIC FINDINGS IN GARFAGNANA Northern Tuscany, Italy The Upper and Middle valley of Serchio river, between Apuane Alps and Northern Appennines has been known for a long time because of the great number of Final Epigravettian and Mesolithic (Sauveterrian and Castelnovian) sites, but only recently the archaeological researches performed by Paolo Notini allowed us to recognize two Neolithic sites in Pieve Fosciana commune (LU) that have been excavated in 1995-1997. The first one is located in the site of Pian di Cerreto, the other one at Muraccio site and they are around two Km. far away from each other, at the top of an ancient river terrace; both of them have been heavily disturbed by ancient agricultural practices. The only structure left in Pian di Cerreto is an oblong cavity, around 40 cm. deep, dug in the yellowish sands and silts of the top of the terrace. The bottom of the cavity was of light reddish colour because of the fire action and the infilling was formed by a brownish soil very rich in charcoal fragments; stones were scanty and represented by river pebbles and sharp-edged sandstone blocks brought intentionally to the site. The artifacts found comprehended some sandstone grindstones, some coarse pottery atypical fragments and a rich lithic industry in jasper, formed by several cores

151. Polynesian Mythology Index Recorded history by Sir George Grey (1854) as told to him by chiefs and priests living at that time. http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/grey/

Sacred Texts Pacific AS FURNISHED BY THEIR PRIESTS AND CHIEFS by SIR GEORGE GREY Title Page Preface Contents The Children of Heaven and Earth ... Appendix: On the Native Songs of New Zealand

152. History Of Iran: Identity Of Croatians In Ancient Iran Translate this page First contacts between old-time Slavs and Croats of ancient Iran Research workshave been conducted on the relationship between the language spoken by the http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/identity_croatians_ancient_iran.php

Home History Iran's Guide Podium Identity of Croatians in Ancient Iran o date, 120 Croat and non-Croat university professors and several academics have compiled 249 research works of which many have been printed in various publications and thereby have proven that Croats are of Iranian origin. There are many real evidences about the identity of ancient Croats which all dismiss the theory that Croats are of Slav origin. Although research works on the Iranian origin of the Croats could not be publicized due to the censorship that was widely practiced at the time of the former regime in Yugoslavia, however, the available documented evidences reveal that the initiator of the effort on research about the Iranian origin of the Croats lived two centuries ago. In his thesis in 1797, the researcher made a study on the Iranian origin of the Croats and reached the conclusion that the present day Croats migrated from the western part of ancient Iran. Following the formation of Yugoslavia in 1918, the bigot Slavs known as the "wolves" collected the original copies of the research work and destroyed them in an attempt to conceal the truth about the Iranian origin of the Croats. To date, only some part of the research work that has been quoted in a report prepared by the academy of sciences of former Yugoslavia in 1938 is available. One of the articles has quoted some police reports that the then government in former Yugoslavia mounted pressures on Iranologists within the period 1918 to 1990. The article further proves that upon official instructions by the then government, Croats had to be considered as the middle ages Slavs. For this same reason, all the research works conducted over the origin of the Croats were considered as criminal acts and thus prohibited for a period of 70 years. All the research papers compiled by Iranologists were confiscated as documents against state interests and the researchers were imprisoned or sent to detention camps. Even four researchers were killed by the Yugoslav secret police for making investigations over the issue.

153. Ancient America Time Line ancient America time Line. Mesoamerica. Andean Region. PaleoIndian 30000-8000BCE - stone age , -highly mobile hunting and gathering groups in pursuit of http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist127/timeline.html

Ancient America Time Line Mesoamerica Andean Region Paleo-Indian 30,000-8,000 BCE -"stone age" -highly mobile hunting and gathering groups in pursuit of large game Paleo-Indian 30,000-8000 BCE Archaic 8000-2000 BCE -disappearance of large game leads to switch to small game, gathering, fishing, and beginnings of agriculture and village life Preceramic 8000-2000 BCE Formative or Pre-classic 2000-200 BCE -improvements in agriculture, culture, and social structures Valdivia (3500-1700 BCE) -early ceramics -fertility figurines Initial Period 2000-800 BCE Olmec (2000-400 BCE) -monolithic stone heads -developments in art, ceramics, weavings -feline cult Early Horizon 800-200 BCE -ideological expansion Classic 200 BCE - 1000 CE -emergence of cities, social stratification -flowering of material culture Maya (300-900 CE) -high developments in astrology, calendrics, math, writing -architecture (city on high, large platform) Paracas (200 BCE - 600 CE) Nazca (200 BCE - 600 CE) -Nazca lines Moche (200 BCE - 600 CE) -pottery with realistic painting Early Intermediate Period 200 BCE - 600 CE -regional diversity -large urban center -Pyramids of the Sun and Moon (theocratic) Huari (600-800 CE) Tiwanaku (600-1000 CE) -monolithic stone architecture Middle Horizon 600-1000 CE -commercial expansion Post-classic 1000-1492 CE -Urban, stratified, militarized, imperialistic

154. Ancient Civilizations ancient civilizations of the middleeast. The time frame year to year.The cultures list of culures. As a traveler, you seek one thing knowledge. http://library.thinkquest.org/2840/

Picture yourself as a traveler. You are an explorer who goes to the Middle-East to gain an understanding of the cultures which exsit there. The time frame: year to year. The cultures: list of culures. As a traveler, you seek one thing: knowledge. You hope this knowledge will be benificial to you, but you are unsure of what you will encounter. The Traveler is an explorer. The traveler seeks material and non-material goods. The merchant, the scholar and the princess are all travelers. Each traveler, however, has different goals and intentions. You must choose to be one of the travelers. You will be treated differently depending on which traveler you choose to be. The Time is the period in which a certain civilization exsisted. Technology changes with the times. You may not be able to do something in one time period that you are able to do in another. Beliefs can also be different in each time frame. Certain beliefs may lead a civilization to base its religion or laws around those beliefs. The Civilzation is ancient Greece. You will travel to the city of Athens and other legendary areas of Greece. But beware, many wars are raging in Greece and around the country. Make sure you are

155. Gurdjieff Legacy A receivertransmitter of the ancient and sacred teaching of understanding and conscience rediscovered and reformulated for our time by G. I. Gurdjieff. http://www.gurdjieff-legacy.org/

Welcome The Gurdjieff Journal Bookstore Articles Sayings ... Contact Us The intention of Gurdjieff Legacy is to receive and transmit the teaching of The Fourth Way of G.I. Gurdjieff through AreteTelos Society The Gurdjieff Journal books videos and music "The present period of culture is, in the whole process of perfecting humanity, an empty and abortive interval." Meetings with Remarkable Men GEORGE IVANOVITCH GURDJIEFF ) a seminal spiritual figure, introduced to the West an ancient yet unknown esoteric teaching of development and awakening, one that taught how to creatively use the diverse impressions of ordinary life to come to real life. Humanity, Gurdjieff realized, had entered a precarious new period in its evolution. The world would be destroyed, Gurdjieff warned, unless the 'wisdom' of the East and the 'energy' of the West were harnessed and used harmoniously. To effect this Harnelmiatznel , Gurdjieff gave the necessary shock: he introduced to the West a unique and powerful esoteric teaching of self-transformation. Gurdjieff called it The Fourth Way An original teaching , The Fourth Way is neither a mixture of spiritual lines nor a modern eclectic concoction. It is, as Gurdjieff declared, "completely self-supporting and

156. Egypt: Tour Egypt Monthly: Party Time In Ancient Egypt Egypt Party time in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians loved a good timeand entertainment, music food and drink were a major part of their lives. http://www.touregypt.net/magazine/mag08012001/magf1a.htm

Volume II, Number 8 August 1st, 2001 Types of Travel to Egypt by Jimmy Dunn Neil Bush Family Visits El Gouna by Hazel Heyer Party Time in Ancient Egypt by Ilene Springer Camel Trekking in the Sinai by Joyce Carta Nuweiba by Jimmy Dunn Egyptian Hajj Painting by Sonny Stengle Where Have All the Pharaohs Gone by Anita Stratos Marvelous Melokiyah by Mary Kay Radnich Exploring Isis by Catherine C. Harris Never Mind, Just Crossing the Moon by Arnvid Aakre Editor's Commentary By Jimmy Dunn Ancient Beauty Secrets By Judith Illes Book Reviews Various Editors Hotel Reviews Kid's Corner By Margo Wayman Cooking with Tour Egypt By Mary K Radnich The Month in Review By John Applegate Egyptian Exhibitions By Staff Egyptian View-Point By Adel Murad Nightlife Various Editors Egypt On Screen By Carolyn Patricia Scott Restaurant Reviews Various Editors Shopping Around Various Editors Web Reviews By Siri Bezdicek Prior Issues July 1st, 2001

157. Olympics Rome city guide, Italy time Out TravelThe Eternal City’s ancient monuments and spectacular galleries – for time OutRome is the essential reference for visitors to the Eternal City, http://www.fhw.gr/olympics/ancient/

Foundation of the Hellenic World Credits This site is based on the old site "Olympics Through Time" which was awarded by:

158. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The School Of Armagh The School of Armagh seems to have been the oldest, and down to the time of the AngloNorman invasion continued to be one of the most celebrated, of the ancient schools of Ireland. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01734a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... A > The School of Armagh A B C D ... Z The School of Armagh The School of Armagh seems to have been the oldest, and down to the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion continued to be one of the most celebrated, of the ancient schools of Ireland. It dates, so far as we can judge, from the very foundation of the See of Armagh, for it has always been regarded as one of the primary duties of a bishop to make due provision for the education of his clergy, and as far as possible under his own immediate supervision. St. Patrick was certainly not the man to neglect this important duty. When the foreign clergy of various grades who had accompanied the apostle to Ireland had been all assigned to the care of the first churches which he had founded in Meath and Connaught, it became necessary to train native youth for the service of the Church. For this purpose Patrick established a kind of peripatetic school. That is to say, when he found a likely subject for the ministry, especially amongst the youthful bards or brehons, he took him into his own missionary train, wrote a catechism of Christian doctrine for him, and then handed him over to one of his clerics to be instructed in the

159. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hebron An ancient royal city of Chanaan, famous in biblical history, especially at the time of the patriarchs and under David. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... H > Hebron A B C D ... Z Hebron An ancient royal city of Chanaan, famous in biblical history, especially at the time of the patriarchs and under David. During the Middle Ages BIBLICAL EPOCH Hebron is one of the earliest towns mentioned in history. According to the Bible (Num., xiii, 23) it was founded seven years before Zoan or Tanis, the most ancient town in Lower Egypt, which means that it existed from the first half of the third millennium B. C. Josephus (Bel. Jud., IV, ix, 7) says that in his time the town was already 2300 years old. It was originally called Kiriat Arba, or Kiriat- ha-Arba (D. V. Cariath-Arbe, Gen., xxiii, 2, xxxv, 27; Jos., xiv, 15, xv, 13, 54, xx, 7, xxi, 11; Judges, i, 10; II Esd., xi, 25) from the name of Arba, "the greatest among the Enacims" (Jos., xiv, 15). The Vulgate, taking the common name ha-adam in this last expression, i. e. the man, for the proper name Adam, translates as follows: "Adam the greatest among the Enacim was laid there"; whence it should not be inferred, as was the case with some ancient authors, that Hebron contains the tomb of the first man. The explanation of the name Kiriat-Arba by the Bible shows all others to be merely fanciful. Such, for instance, is that of St. Jerome (De locis et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum, s. v. Arbac, P. L., XXIII, 862; Ep. xlvi, P. L., XXII, 491; Ep. cviii, P. L. XXII, 886; Quest. in Gen., P. L., XXIII, 978) and of some Jewish commentators who take the word Arba to mean "four", and Kiriat-Arba to be the "town of the four", i. e. the four patriarchs buried in the cave of Machpelah: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to whom must be added, according to various opinions, either Adam, Caleb, Esau, or Joseph. According to de Saulcy (Voyage en Terre Sainte, I, 152) the name means "the town of the four quarters"; while it suits the modern town, this is not at all true of the ancient one. The Bible, however, insists over and over again on the true origin of the name: "Cariath-Arbe the father of Enac, which is Hebron" (Jos., xv, 13; xxi, 11). The name Hebron is also very ancient. It appears under the form

160. Ancient Olympics Mixed Naked Sports, Pagan Partying This has been lost in the mist of time. The ancient Greeks had many mythologicalreasons for why they were held, but no one knows for sure. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/08/0809_040809_nakedolympics.html

Site Index Subscribe Shop Search Top 15 Most Popular Stories NEWS Front Page Environment Health Offbeat ... Video in the News SPECIAL SERIES The Genographic Project Pulse of the Planet National Geographic Channel RESOURCES (What's this?) Contact Us Front Page Ancient Olympics Mixed Naked Sports, Pagan Partying Stefan Lovgren for National Geographic News Updated August 13, 2004 This year the Olympic Games return to their birthplace in Greece. But much has changed since the first games were held there almost three millennia ago. National Geographic News spoke with Tony Perrottet, author of The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games, to hear what the first Olympics were really like. The Olympic Games were held every four years from 776 B.C. to A.D. 394, making them the longest-running recurring event in antiquity. What was the secret of the games' longevity? It was the sheer spectacle of it. Sports [were] one part of a grand, all-consuming extravaganza. It was first and foremost a religious event, held on the most sacred spot in the ancient world. It had this incredible aura of tradition and sanctity. Today's Olympics is a vast, secular event, but it doesn't have the religious element of the ancient Olympics, where sacrifices and rituals would take up as much time as the sports. And there were all these peripheral things that came with the festival: the artistic happenings, new writers, new painters, new sculptors. There were fire-eaters, palm readers, and prostitutes.

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