1. Ancient Coral Reefs Ancient Coral Reefs. Corals appeared about 475 million years ago as a result of the association of jellyfishlike animals and single-celled plants http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Hodges, L. T. - Fossil Binding In Modern And Ancient Reefs FOSSIL BINDING IN MODERN AND ANCIENT REEFS Journal of Paleontology 6011471158. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Our Hoosier State Beneath Us Paleontology Corals Reef Builders Thus geologists study ancient reefs just as they have studied corals for more than a century. Our Hoosier State Beneath Us Paleontology http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Reefgroup Munich-Stuttgart Homepage Reefgroup MunichStuttgart from the Institute of Paleontology and Historical Geology, University of Munich, and the Institute of Geology and http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. EPA Water Wetlands, Oceans, Watersheds Oceans, Coasts, And Jurassic Reef Park Information on ancient coral reefs from the Institute for Paleontology and Historical Geology, Munich, Germany http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. The Software Studio /Science/Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Pa Smith, P.L. Ammonite paleontology and biostratigraphy, University of British Columbia. Stanley, G. - Paleontology of modern and ancient reefs http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. 1Up Science Links Directory Earth Sciences Paleontology P.L. Ammonite paleontology and biostratigraphy, University of British Columbia. Stanley, G. Paleontology of modern and ancient reefs http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Webeverything.co.uk Top Science Earth Sciences Paleontology J. Mass extinction, paleoecology, invertebrate paleontology, University of South Florida. Stanley, G. Paleontology of modern and ancient reefs http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Science - Earth Sciences - Paleontology Science Earth Sciences - Paleontology http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. ScienceDaily Browse Topics Stanley, G. Paleontology of modern and ancient reefs, University of Montana. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Roth, A. A. --- Fossil Reefs And Time ancient fossil reefs found within Earth s sedimentary rocks are considered to bea challenge to Journal of paleontology 6011471158. Hoffman P. 1973. http://www.grisda.org/origins/22086.htm

FOSSIL REEFS AND TIME Ariel A. Roth Geoscience Research Institute Origins WHAT THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT Ancient fossil reefs found within Earth's sedimentary rocks are considered to be a challenge to the biblical concept of creation. Their presence is regarded as favoring models which propose that life developed gradually over many millions of years. The problem for the biblical model is that an abundance of time is required to grow a reef and the hundreds of fossil reefs found would require so much time to develop that they cannot be accommodated into the biblical time framework of a recent creation a few thousand years ago. Do these fossil reefs really negate the biblical account of beginnings? There are alternative interpretations that do not require long ages. For instance, these "reefs" may not be real reefs. There are serious questions about the authenticity of many fossil reefs, because they differ significantly from present reefs. Another possibility is that some fossil reefs could have been formed between the time of creation and the flood described in the Bible, and were subsequently buried by that world-wide catastrophe. Both alternatives seem plausible. INTRODUCTION Pilots of ships spend considerable time worrying about rocky structures called reefs which lie at or just below the surface of the ocean. These reefs are especially common in warm tropical seas, where coral, algae and associated organisms slowly build these insidious structures which have caused many a ship to founder. Reefs, sometimes called coral reefs, come in many sizes and shapes and represent some of our most complex marine ecological systems.

12. Paleontology, Miscellaneous - Part Of Kuban's Paleo Place PaleoChat A real-time chat room devoted to paleontology, Compares modernand ancient reefs. reefs - The Reef Group at the University of Stuttgart, http://paleo.cc/kpaleo/palemisc.htm

Miscellaneous Fossil-Related Web Sites Part of Kuban's Kuban's Paleo Place Glen J. Kuban E-mail paleo@ix.netcom.com P.O. Box 33232, North Royalton, OH 44133 ArchNet-Archaeology Resources Sea-monster of Shark? by Glen Kuban - Addresses claims that a modern "plesiosaur" carcass was netted off the coast of New Zealand in 1977. Enquiring minds want to know. Ben Roesch's Cryptozoology Page - Devoted to the search for unconfirmed animals, including living dinosaurs. Ben is perhaps the world's most knowledgeable teenage cryptozoologist. PaleoChat - A real-time chat room devoted to Paleontology, Paleoanthropology, and Evolutionary Biology. Computational Paleontology - Devoted to the application of mathematical models, simulations, and computer graphics in paleontology. Geologic artifact tours Morphometrics at SUNY Stony Brook The Jurassic Reef Park - By Reinhold Leinfelder, Stuttgart, Gernamy. Compares modern and Ancient reefs. Reefs - The Reef Group at the University of Stuttgart, Germany.

13. Reefs reefs Geology 3124 Invertebrate paleontology. Discussion Notes ancient reefsoften have been preserved as almost pure calcium carbonate rocks. http://pls.atu.edu/physci/geology/people/baker/geol3124/reefs_htm.htm

11.  Reefs Geology 3124: Invertebrate Paleontology Discussion Notes A. Introduction to Reefs Reefs in the biological sense are organic buildup from the ocean floor. Sometimes the term "reef" has been used to describe any projection from the ocean floor. When the oil tanker, the Exxon Valdez, ran aground in the later 1980's and polluted the Alaskan coastline, the media reported that the tanker had hit a "reef". It hit a gravely bedrock protuberance from the bottom of Prince William Sound (bay). So, you may see the term "reef" used in different ways in your future as a geologist, but usually, in geological literature, "reef" means an organic reef. Reefs are known from Cambrian time to the present. They are important geologically and important features to be recognized for a number of reasons including: - Reefs ar usually composed of animal groups that are a blend of environmentally tolerant and intolerant animals. The animals intolerant of environmental fluctuation "limit" the reef, in terms of its location.

14. Introduction To Cnidarians Introduction to Cnidarians Geology 3124 Invertebrate paleontology ancient reefsare significant traps for petroleum; so reefs can be important http://pls.atu.edu/physci/geology/people/baker/geol3124/introcnidaria_htm.htm

8.  Introduction to Cnidarians Geology 3124: Invertebrate Paleontology Discussion Notes A. Introduction Phylum Cnidaria includes familiar animals such as jellyfish, sea fans, sea anemones, and corals. Many Cnidarians have few preservable hard parts; however, corals have calcified hard parts and are commonly found as fossils. Geologically the corals are a very important group for several reasons: - Cnidarians require shallow, clear, warm, normal marine, usually offshore setting - so they are excellent environmental indicators for ancient sedimentary rock-forming environments. Corals are also important indicators for "health" of the marine environment in modern oceanographic ecology studies. Corals have such narrow tolerances that they begin to "die off" very quickly after being exposed to toxic contaminants from land, sediment runoff from development on land, warming from El Nino types of events, and human sewage pollution. - As a modern ecological feature, coral reefs provide a protective habitat for many other organisms and provided the same kind of protective habitat for ancient marine communities.

15. Paul Copper - Department Of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University paleontology in Germany Reinhold Leinfelder research group on reefs, Munich The history and sedimentology of ancient reef systems. http://laurentian.ca/geology/FACULTY/copper.html

Department of Earth Sciences Laurentian University DES Home Directory MERC ... Contact Us Department About us Mission Statement Directory Academic Faculty ... Student Information Academic Undergraduate Graduate Alumni Awards ... Library Events Upcoming Academic Events Brown Bag Seminars Photo Gallery SEG Chapter ... Earth Science Club Paul Copper Professor Emeritus Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada B.A., M.A. (Saskatchewan), Ph.D.(London), D.I.C. PARRC (Paleozoic Reef Research Centre) Department of Earth Sciences Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Telephone: (705)675-1151 ext 2267 Fax: (705) 673-6508 Email: pcopper@laurentian.ca Research Interests Paleoecology of early and middle Paleozoic benthic marine communities shelly and reefal); paleoecology, evolution and functional morphology of atrypoid brachiopods (Ordovician-Devonian); mass extinction events especially in tropical reef settings; global climate change and reef distribution. Global mass extinctions The global carbon cycle through the last half billion years Paleozoic Reef Research Centre (PARRC) PARRC consists of the following researchers interested in mid-Paleozoic reefs and reefal settings, especially from Anticosti, Banks Island Ontario:

16. Laurentian University Faculty Publications: !!First Last!!, Dept. Of Earth Scien Journal of paleontology, 68 (3) 451460. Copper, P. (1994). reefs under ancient reef ecosystem expansion and collapse. Coral reefs, 13 3-11. http://laurentian.ca/GRAD_STUDY/FACPUBLICATIONS/EARTHSCIENCES/pcopper.html

COPPER, Paul Phone: (705) 675-1151, ext. 2267 Fax: (705) 675-4898 E-Mail: pcopper@nickel.laurentian.ca Visit our PARRC [Paleozoic Reef Research Centre] website. Books / Livres Copper, P. (2004). Silurian (late Llandovery-Ludlow) atrypid brachiopods from Gotland, Sweden and the Welsh Borderlands, Great Britain, NRC Press, 215pp. 29 plates, 97 text-figs. Copper, P. (2004). Silurian (late Llandovery-Ludlow) atrypid brachiopods from Gotland, Sweden and the Welsh Borderlands, Great Britain . NRC Press, 215p. 29 plates, 97 text-figs. Available through website: www.monographs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Copper, P. and Jin, J.S., eds. (1996). Brachiopods . Rotterdam, NE: Balkema Press, 373p. Chapters in Books / Chapitres de livres Harper, D.A.T., Cocks, L.R.M., Popov, L.E., Sheehan, P.E., Bassett, M.G., Copper, P., Holmer, L., Jin, J.S., Rong J.Y. (2004). "Brachiopod radiations." In The great Ordovician biodiversification event Copper, P. & Scotese, C. (2003). "Megareefs in Mid-Devonian supergreenhouse climates." In Extreme depositional environments: mega end members in geologic time Copper, P. (2002). "Reef development at the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction boundary," In

17. Paleontology Links Information about ancient coral reefs. http//www.geocities.com/christiandarki/fish . Strange Science The Rocky Road to Modern paleontology and Biology http://homepage.smc.edu/robinson_richard/paleontologylinks.htm

LINKS TO PALEONTOLOGY Return to Geology Central Return to Geology Links http://www.paleoportal.org University of California Museum of Paleontology. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie Site featuring early Terrestrial Ecosystems http://www.palaeo.de/edu/JRP Information about ancient coral reefs http://www.geocities.com/christiandarki/fish.htm Virtual museum exhibit of ancient fish from the Devonian period http://www.itis-molinari.mi.it/geo.html Global Paleomagnetic Database - paleomagnetic analysis, paleolatitude and declination plots http://www.trilobites.info Learn about Trilobites! http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html North American Fossil Mammals Systematic Data Base.3200 named species, includes clickable maps of fossil locations and trivia. http://flood.nhm.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dino More than 100 dinosaur facts and descriptions http://www.jpinstitute.com Jurassic Park Institute, a science-based and educationally focused program http://www.mpm.edu/reef/intro.html The Virtual Silurian Reef http://www.strangescience.net/

18. Reference - ARCHAEOPTERYX: The Bird That Rocked The World Page 2 for the State Museum of paleontology and Historical Geology in Bavaria, Remnants of ancient reefs, islands and marine lagoons in the limestone have http://www.netpets.com/birds/reference/fun/archaeopteryx2.html

ARCHAEOPTERYX: The Bird That Rocked the World Continued from page 1 A German Treasure Comes To America Six more specimens of Archaeopteryx were found in 1876, 1951, 1956, 1970, 1987 and 1992 - all in the Solnhofen limestone quarries of Germany. The seventh and most recent find will be exhibited at The Field Museum. "When you start giving a fossil numbers, you know how rare it is," says John Flynn, chairman of the Museum's geology department. "Only three of the Archaeopteryx have individual feathers clearly preserved in the stone; the specimen coming to Chicago is one of them." None of the fossils has ever been exhibited outside of Europe. Flynn says the exhibit was made possible through close working relationships between Field Museum curators and their German colleagues. "The international collaborations we have are incredibly strong," says Flynn. "Science tends to transcend political boundaries." Peter Wellnhofer, an expert on Archaeopteryx and pterosaurs (flying reptiles) and curator for the State Museum of Paleontology and Historical Geology in Bavaria, will accompany the Archaeopteryx fossil on its journey to America. he will be in Chicago for the duration of the exhibit and will give a public talk about the prehistoric bird at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, October 18 at The Field Museum.

19. The Silurian paleontology The Silurian Period was one of the shorter periods of the site uses these reefs as a vehicle for students to learn about the ancient past. http://www.paleoportal.org/time_space/period.php?period_id=14

20. New York including paleontological projects on ancient reefs in Alaska, Russia, Division of paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History The http://www.paleoportal.org/time_space/state.php?name=New York

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