41. HISTORY 425 THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY The Ferocious Engine of Democracy A history of the american Presidency (two general COURSE OUTLINE. The american Presidency Historical Antecedents http://www.kings.edu/hbfedric/presidential.html

King's College Department of History HISTORY 425 THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY MR. HOWARD B. FEDRICK SPRING 2000 OVERVIEW and OBJECTIVES of the COURSE THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY In this course we will attempt an analysis of the significant developments in the evolution of the Presidency using a study of the administrations of a select group of American Presidents. Emphasis will be on an examination of the leadership roles each exercised in shaping the character of the office as well as a focus on the primary political, economic, and cultural forces of the respective historical periods. Washington, Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln and the major twentieth century Presidents will be the primary subjects of the course; however, they will not be the only subjects of our study. While the primary character of the course will be historical it will be necessary and desirable to use the tools of the political scientist to achieve our objectives as well. And - to be sure - we will maintain an interest and study of the current Presidential election campaign. COURSE REQUIREMENTS TEXTBOOK Michael P. Riccards.

42. Biography Of George Washington Biography of George Washington, the first President of the United States. Events Traditions. Africanamerican history Month presidents Day http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gw1.html

Tours Garden Tours Tour in Person Tour On-Line Presidents ... Kids Quiz White House Art Eisenhower Executive Office Building Facts Life in the White House ... State of the Union Resources Historical Association Presidential Libraries Military Air Force One Camp David Marine One Home ... George Washington George Washington On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. "As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent," he wrote James Madison, "it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles." Born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family, he learned the morals, manners, and body of knowledge requisite for an 18th century Virginia gentleman. He pursued two intertwined interests: military arts and western expansion. At 16 he helped survey Shenandoah lands for Thomas, Lord Fairfax. Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian War. The next year, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, he escaped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses were shot from under him. President Bush Biography Vice President Cheney Biography Laura Bush Biography Lynne Cheney Biography From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, he devoted himself to a busy and happy life. But like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions.

43. Links To General American Political History Britannica s covered the american Presidential Elections. While a commercial history site, USA history links information on the Presidentsto Election http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Quad/6460/AH0/pol.html

General American Political History Constitutionalism Presidency Diplomacy Congress: Senate Congress: House of Representatives Supreme Court National Symbols Political Biography Constitutionalism . Eighteenth century constitutionalism is predicated upon the mistrust of unchecked power. Many of the contemporary arguments on this matter are listed at xxx. See also, the titles available at LibertyOnline See the online American Government Sites and the Government Resources listed at The Great American Website Return to to top of the page for the index to General American Political History , or to General American History , or to Lause's Links Presidency . There are is also ample information online on the Presidents of the United States , including university pieces on the U. S. Presidents and on Dead Presidents , as well as articles from Grolier Online American Presidency . The White House maintains its own account of the The Presidents of the United States with Presidential Links Biographies of the First Ladies and Presidents of the United States The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill also lists available . Britannica's covered the American Presidential Elections . While a commercial history site

44. History Resources The National Park Service, The history Channel, and The american Architectural Sites are listed in such categories as general, World, and US history, http://www.educationindex.com/history/

History Resources A B C D E F ... H I J K L M N ... P Q R S T U ... W X Y Z 1492: An Ongoing Voyage This site features information on Columbus's historic voyage from the Library of Congress archives. Not much on graphics, but a lot of good information here. SM An Abridged History of the USA This book, published online, covers a period of 207 years of U.S. History. It starts with the ratification of the Constitution and ends with the 1996 Presidential Campaign. It has some pictures and links to other sites which provide supporting/additional information. Very interesting! Academy of Achievement The Academy of Achievement brings you pictures and stories of "legendary achievers" of the 20th century in areas such as arts, public service, sports, and science. It’s a diverse and interesting group. There’s also a section where you can hear achievers tell how important qualities such as passion and vision have been to them. (Slow, but there is a low bandwidth version.) The Age of King Charles V (1338-1380) The Bibliotheque Nationale de France presents this large site containing historical information of the King Charles V period. It's organized well, with access to many documents, manuscripts, and works of art. Available in English and French.

45. Presidents Of The United States Education, College and Universities attended by the american presidents. Inauguration and Oath of office, Photographs, history, and other information http://www.presidentsusa.net/

Presidents of the United States The most comprehensive site on the Internet for presidential resources. The alphabetized subject headings below are linked to most of the sites on the web that have information about the Presidents of the United States. Search this site powered by FreeFind For a list of all the US Presidents and links to a specific President click here. Presidents Poster Academic Study Centers Centers devoted to research and study of the Presidency as an institution, the policies of past and future administrations, and analysis of issues faced by US Presidents. Assassinations, Attempts, and Security Measures Resources about the four US Presidents who were assassinated: Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy in addition to information about the attempted assassinations of: Andrew Jackson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. Also, information about White House security and the Secret Service. Biographies Biographies from the official White House web site, online encyclopedias, other web sites about the American Presidents, as well as complete books you can read online. Birth and Death Information Information about the birth and death of each President including date and location as well as information on how to visit the birthplace and gravesite.

46. President George Washington: Health & Medical History Medical history of President George Washington. Enumerates the ancestors and descendants of american presidents up through Ronald Reagan. Morens DM. http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g01.htm

Doctor Zebra Presidential health List of Presidents Text Version The Health and Medical History of President George Washington "Washington died exceedingly hard." [ President #1. Timeline: Maladies multiple serious infections malaria smallpox ... Resources Maladies and Conditions Top multiple serious infections Although Washington was physically strong, he was not the indominatable human force that popular history paints. He was often sick, particularly with infections. These were serious infections, many of them life-threatening. The table below is an overview [ ]. The rest of this page has details about each illness. Age Year Disease diphtheria [ 17 1749 malaria 19 1751 smallpox 19 1751 tuberculosis 30 1752 malaria 33 1755 dysentery (+) 35 1757 dysentery (*) 35 1757 tuberculosis (*) 39 1761 malaria (**) 39 1761 dysentery (**) Age Year Disease 47 1779 quinsy 52 1784 malaria 57 1789 carbuncle 58 1790 pneumonia 59 1791 carbuncle 66 1798 malaria 67 1799 epiglottitis[?]

47. President Dwight Eisenhower: Health & Medical History Medical history of President Dwight Eisenhower. general Eisenhower s melanoma . Journal of the american Academy of Dermatology. 1981;4631632. Pubmed. http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g34.htm

Doctor Zebra Presidential health List of Presidents Text Version The Health and Medical History of President Dwight Eisenhower President #34. Timeline: Maladies appendectomy "melanoma" chimney, then quit ... Resources Maladies and Conditions Top appendectomy Appendectomy was performed in 1923 after several episodes of right lower quadrant pain beginning a year earlier. Histopathologic examination showed "chronic catarrhal appendicitis" [ ]. Over the years, dense adhesions would develop between the omentum and the appendectomy scar [ "melanoma" In August or September 1944, Eisenhower had a superficial blackish nodule removed from his trunk because it was thought to be a malignant melanoma. Kay Summersby's book mentions an incident involving an "infected cyst," which was the cover story for the operation. The lesion proved to be a seborrheic keratosis, but Eisenhower appears never to have been told this. chimney, then quit In March 1949, Eisenhower's friend and personal physician, Howard Snyder, told Ike he would have to cut down his smoking from four packs of cigarettes per day to one pack: [

48. History, Arts And Culture For Citizens On FirstGov.gov general US history. american Memory Project Early Efforts to Publicize the Presidential history. First Ladies Political Role and Public Image http://www.firstgov.gov/Citizen/Topics/History.shtml

Skip to Main Content Skip to Government Search Skip to Bottom Nav Skip to Top Nav Bar-Right Aligned ... Skip to Museums Search Government Websites Advanced Search Search Tips Home About Us ... more Also of Interest... Home Citizens Topics History, Arts and Culture History, Arts and Culture On This Page Art and Architecture Culture and Ethnic Groups History Libraries ... Museums In Focus Vote to Name the Baby Panda Help the National Zoo name the giant panda cub. You could win a trip to the Zoo. Featured Sites Facts About the U.S. Flag National Archives Smithsonian Institution Today in History Get It Done Online! Art Museum Online Ask a Librarian Cultural and Historical Tools Historical Collections Online ... White House Online Tours Art and Architecture Art and History from the U.S. Senate Built in America Grants and Assistance for the Arts Kids' Arts Websites ... Back to Top Culture and Ethnic Groups General Culture American Folklife American Social and Cultural History Cultural Resources from the Natural Resources Conservation Service Facts About the U.S. Flag ... Back to Top African American History and Culture African American Documentary Resources African American Resources from the Smithsonian African Burial Ground and Memorial Black History Month Audio Stories ... Martin Luther King, Jr.

49. BBC - H2g2 - Ulysses S Grant - Union General And American President Ulysses S Grant Union general and american President though not great, president, and one of the best generals in the history of the country. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3310417

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index Sunday 18th September 2005 Text only Guide ID: A3310417 (Edited) Edited Guide Entry SEARCH h2g2 Advanced Search New visitors: Returning members: BBC Homepage The Guide to Life The Universe and Everything 3. Everything Historical Figures 3. Everything ... The American Civil War Created: 14th December 2004 Ulysses S Grant - Union General and American President Front Page What is h2g2? Who's Online Write an Entry ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Ulysses S Grant was one of the few truly competent Union Generals in the American Civil War, and a President of the USA. He was remembered as a good, though not great, president, and one of the best generals in the history of the country. One of the few presidents to be better known for his affairs before office than in it, Grant at one point had the title as the overall commander of Union forces in the Civil War. He was well known for his love for whisky , and his unshaven appearance, but he was a master strategist and a very intelligent man. He is also known for rising from being a common man at the beginning of the war to the highest levels of the Union army by the end. Early Life Grant was born as Hiram Ulysses Grant on 27 April, 1822 in Point Pleasant

50. The Authentic History Center: American Presidential History Timeline: 1869 To 19 american Presidential history Timeline 1869 to 1901 At 31, Garfield became a brigadier general, two years later a major general of volunteers. http://www.authentichistory.com/images/postcivilwar/pcw_timeline/presidential.ht

American Presidential History Timeline: 1869 to 1901 The Ulysses S. Grant Administration (Republican, 1869-1877) 1868 election map 1872 election map Late in the administration of Andrew Johnson, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant quarreled with the President and aligned himself with the Radical Republicans. He was, as the symbol of Union victory during the Civil War, their logical candidate for President in 1868. When he was elected, the American people hoped for an end to turmoil. Grant provided neither vigor nor reform. Looking to Congress for direction, he seemed bewildered. One visitor to the White House noted "a puzzled pathos, as of a man with a problem before him of which he does not understand the terms." In his 1869 inaugural address , Grant spoke of ensuring the right to vote regardless of "race, color or previous condition of servitude." He worked hard his first year in office to get the Fifteenth Amendment passed. But his political inexperience began to show almost immediately. Grant was deeply haunted by the failures of his early life and he was loyal out of all proportion to anyone who had ever been nice to him. As a result, he appointed his friends to office and soon his administration was racked with incompetence and corruption.

51. The American Revolution - The Making Of America And Her Independence, The Comple The Complete history of The american Revolution Revolutionary War Hero Brigadier general Casimir Pulaski Day October 2004 http://www.americanrevolution.com/

Americans.net African Americans American Indians Historical Documents ... U.S. Constitution Search this site: Home Site Map The First Phase The Outbreak ... Bill of Rights American Revolution 1775-1783: The Complete History of The American Revolution We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal... that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. The struggle by which the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic seaboard of North America won independence from Great Britain and became the United States. It is also called the American War of Independence. The "shot heard round the world" fired at Lexington on April 19, 1775 began the war for American Independence. It ended eight and a half years later September 3, 1783 with the Treaty of Paris The Thirteen Colonies The term used for the colonies of British North America that joined together in the American Revolution against the mother country, adopted the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and became the United States. They were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. They are also called the Thirteen Original States.

52. Today In History: February 22 Each day an event from american history is illustrated by digitized items from the Library of Portraits of the presidents and First Ladies, 1789Present http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb22.html

@import url(../css/am15_global_ss.css); @import url(ss/tih1_ss.css); Search all collections Today in History The Library of Congress American Memory Home Today in History: February 22 sources archives yesterday HAPPY BIRTHDAY! George Washington , First President of the United States, lithograph after a portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1828. Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present George Washington , the first president of the United States, was born on February 22 before Washington's and after Lincoln's birthday. How do we really know when George Washington was born? Tobias Lear, Washington's secretary and close friend, gave the world a clue. Lear lived with George and Martha Washington at Mt. Vernon , and he helped the Revolutionary War general organize his papers. On February 14, 1790 , Lear wrote that the President's "birth day" was on the 11th of February Old Style , referring to the Julian Calendar. Washington was born 20 years prior to the 1752 introduction of the Gregorian Calendar (intended to more accurately reflect a solar year). When the Julian Calendar was "corrected" to the Gregorian Calendar, February 11th became February 22nd. Tobias Lear to Clement Biddle , February 14, 1790.

53. TIA-American Presidency Exhibit A new show at the National Museum of american history shows visitors the history of After the war, general Washington became the first president of the http://www.manythings.org/voa/00/001204tia_t.htm

Date: 12/4/2000 THIS IS AMERICA #1043 - The American Presidency Exhibit By Jerilyn Watson VOICE ONE: The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D-C is inviting the public to learn more about America's presidents. A new show at the National Museum of American History shows visitors the history of the presidency. I'm Shirley Griffith. VOICE TWO: And I'm Steve Ember. The exhibit called "The American Presidency" is our report today on the VOA Special English program, THIS IS AMERICA. ((INSTEAD OF THEME, "HAIL TO THE CHIEF")) VOICE ONE: Thousands of people are visiting a new permanent exhibit at the National Museum of American History. The exhibit tells about the forty-two American presidents. The show brings together more than nine-hundred presidential letters, papers, pictures and other objects. It is called "The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden." The name means that serving as president is a powerful and wonderful experience. But it also means that a president faces serious responsibilities and risks. Many objects in the museum show demonstrate this. A large sign on the front of the museum tells what the thirty-third American president thought about his job. Harry S Truman was president during the last days of World War Two and immediately afterward. He said, "Being a president is like riding a tiger." VOICE TWO: Visitors can see a small, moveable desk that belonged to Thomas Jefferson. He became the third president of the United States in Eighteen-Oh-One. Years earlier, he used the desk to write America's Declaration of Independence from England. That happened in Seventeen-Seventy-Six.

54. UMKC Libs: Guide To American Presidency general Interest. The american Presidency A celebration of the history of the nation s highest office. A Grolier Encyclopedic Multimedia page devoted to the http://www.umkc.edu/lib/instruction/MNLsubjguides/american-presidency.htm

Text Version University of Missouri-Kansas City Miller Nichols Library UMKC MERLIN Catalog Site Map Search Site ... Just for You Library Guide to American Presidency: Selected Resources Library of Congress Subject Headings Presidential Studies Collection Microfilm U.S. Government Publications Reference Titles ... Chronological List of U.S. Presidents with Selected Web sites “At any given moment, the powers and duties of the office of the president of the United States are entrusted fully to the person who occupies the office.  It is  an institution, an enduring and evolving office that is deeply embedded in an interactive network of other institutions and offices: Congress, the Supreme Court, the departments and agencies of the bureaucracy, the news media, interest groups, political parties, the American people, and the people and governments of the nations of the world.” Guide to the Presidency , 3rd ed., pp. xvii) Library of Congress Subject Headings Among the search strategies for finding information on the Presidency or a particular President is to search by subject headings. Listed below are selected subject headings you might use in your search. The MERLIN Library Catalog and the MOBIUS Union Catalog contain thousands of books, videos, journals and government publications on the United States Presidency. Start here to begin your journey.

55. Gateway To African-American Black History And African American Black History Mon having been managing general partner of the Texas Rangers before beginning his President Bush Proclaims National African american history Month http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/blackhis/

WASHINGTON FILE Archive ISSUES IN DEPTH African American History Month Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Day Black History Stamps RELATED ISSUES Civil Rights in the U.S. Brown v. Board March on Washington PRODUCTS eJournal: Toward One America Publications RESOURCES Links Organizations PBS Timeline Online Reading ... Museums SPECIAL FEATURE A student walks across the campus of Langston University, Oklahoma's Historically Black College. (AP/WWP Photo) National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week September 11-17 President's Proclamation White House Initiative Education Secretary Spellings Remarks at HBCU Conference National Center for Education Statistics Report, 2004 ... Bush Proclaims National Historically Black Colleges Week Praising the nation’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) for their high standards of excellence, for preparing rising generations for success and for helping to fulfill the nation’s commitment to equal education, President Bush proclaimed September 11-17 as National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week, 2005. “By upholding high standards of excellence and providing equal educational opportunities to all Americans, these valued institutions help ensure that all our citizens can realize their full potential and look forward to a prosperous and hopeful future,” Bush said in a September 9 presidential proclamation.

56. General Wesley Clark For President - Official Campaign Web Site A Short history of the Draft Clark Movement. The presidential draft is a This was a remarkable period in american politics, as general Clark recognized. http://clark04.com/drafthistory/

Wes Clark Stands Up for Voting Rights Read the story JOIN THE MOVEMENT Welcome Letter Take Action Now! Clark '04 Meetup E-mail Updates ... Contribute! MEET THE GENERAL About Wesley Clark Career Highlights History of the Draft Photo Gallery ... Internships A Short History of the Draft Clark Movement The presidential draft is a tradition as old as America itself. In 1789, George Washington became our first president after his fellow citizens called him back from his retirement at Mount Vernon. In 1952, General Dwight D. Eisenhower accepted a presidential draft and was elected our 34th president. Today, Wes Clark has answered a new, powerful call to service. The Draft Clark movement got off the ground on April 10, 2003, when a pair of friends launched a website designed to enlist other Americans in the effort to draft General Clark. From that small nucleus, the draft grew into an enormous grassroots movement that appealed to Wes Clark's sense of duty, honor, and country. In the first days of summer, General Clark traveled the country, met with ordinary Americans in small towns and big cities, and spoke out strongly and consistently on the problems facing the United States. As he described his vision of a stronger, more prosperous America and a safer, more peaceful world, the draft movement attracted tens of thousands of Americans. The movement drew them into politics not only with new technology but with an old idea: concerned citizens can change America with their ideas and their voices. As weeks passed, the draft movement gathered in public places and private homes, organized through the Internet, greeted General Clark at his appearances across the country, pledged support to his potential campaign, and assembled state and local teams that were ready to go to work as soon as the General declared his candidacy. Meanwhile, draft leaders opened offices in New Hampshire, Little Rock, New York, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles.

57. Women's History On The Web Includes a detailed history of the american woman suffrage movement, legislation, speeches by President Clinton, Attorney general Janet Reno, http://search.eb.com/women/ind_womenweb.html

General Women's History Resources National Women's History Project Nonprofit educational organization dedicated to gender equity and American women's history. Covers education, National Women's History Month activities and history, and various projects. Provides ideas for "bringing attention to women's history in [the] community" for organizations, teachers, librarians, parents, and companies; a women's history quiz; catalog request information; and details about Women's History Network membership and newsletter. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America Radcliffe College Information about the use of the library and its history, collections, special programs and events, and publications. Includes detailed descriptions of the archival collections and instructions for accessing the catalog. Sophia Smith Collection Smith College Archive of women's history materials. Includes detailed descriptions of the collections, subject guides, a calendar of events and exhibits, researcher and visitor information, and a list of related links. Celebrating Women's History Gale Publishing History and activities to commemorate women's history month. Provides a timeline of world women's history, a short quiz, a collection of biographies highlighting achievements in American women's history, and a list of relevant publications available for purchase.

58. America's Presidents - GovSpot Feature Learn about american presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush at GovSpot.com. Presidential history. POTUS presidents of the United States http://www.govspot.com/features/president.htm

Back to Home Executive Branch Judicial Branch Legislative Branch ... Link to Site State Government Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Government News GOVERNMENT Government News Political News Government Reports Columnists Op-Ed Pages Talk Shows Headlines HEADLINESPOT Today's Top Stories Search the News News By City News By State News by Country Education News Health News Political News Sports News Weather Much More... StartSpot Network BookSpot.com CinemaSpot.com EmploymentSpot.com GenealogySpot.com GovSpot.com HeadlineSpot.com HomeworkSpot.com LibrarySpot.com MuseumSpot.com TripSpot.com The presidents of the United States are some of the most revered (or reviled) men in the nation. They've led our country through wars and economic recessions. Some presidents have inspired us to work for our country, while others have engrossed us with their scandals. Here we've rounded up the chief resources on chief executives: Presidential History POTUS - Presidents of the United States Select a president and hop to background information, election results, cabinet members, notable events and more.

59. Oxford University Press: The Power Of The American Presidency: Michael A. Genove US general Catalog Politics Political Theory american Political The bright spots and blemishes of presidential history, the Lincolns and the http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/PoliticalTheory/AmericanP

60. Little-Known U.S. Document - The Early America Review, Summer 1997 Handy, Robert, T., A history of the Churches in US and Canada, New York Oxford Hayes, Judith, All those Christian presidents, The american http://earlyamerica.com/review/summer97/secular.html

Little-Known U.S. Document Signed by President Adams Proclaims America's Government Is Secular by Jim Walker Some people today assert that the United States government came from Christian foundations. They argue that our political system represents a Christian ideal form of government and that Jefferson, Madison, et al, had simply expressed Christian values while framing the Constitution. If this proved true, then we should have a wealth of evidence to support it, yet just the opposite proves the case. Although, indeed, many of America's colonial statesmen practiced Christianity, our most influential Founding Fathers broke away from traditional religious thinking. The ideas of the Great Enlightenment that began in Europe had begun to sever the chains of monarchical theocracy. These heretical European ideas spread throughout early America. Instead of relying on faith, people began to use reason and science as their guide. The humanistic philosophical writers of the Enlightenment, such as Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire, had greatly influenced our Founding Fathers and Isaac Newton's mechanical and mathematical foundations served as a grounding post for their scientific reasoning. A few Christian fundamentalists attempt to convince us to return to the Christianity of early America, yet according to the historian, Robert T. Handy, "No more than 10 percent probably less of Americans in 1800 were members of congregations."

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