21. Algeria the first in algerian history; results FIS 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, Algeria - Centre de Recherche sur l Information Scientifique Technique http://faculty.winthrop.edu/haynese/mlas/algeria.html

Algeria Algeria joined the League of Arab States in 1962. Nature and Structure of Government: Capital: Algiers Type: Republic Long Form of Name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France) Administrative Regions: 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989 National Holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) Legal System: Socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Executive Branch: President, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

22. The Rest Of Africa - ALGERIA Algeria has access to the Mediterranean Sea. algerian history spans thousands of years, some of it under the rule of foreign powers namely the Roman Empire, http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/town&c/africa/algeria.htm

ALGERIA 3 July 1962 The Algerian revolution ends Situated north of the Sahara desert. Algeria shares a common border with Libya, Tunisia, Niger, Mali, and Morocco. Algeria has access to the Mediterranean Sea. Algerian history spans thousands of years, some of it under the rule of foreign powers namely the Roman Empire, Byzantine, Germanic vandal societies and the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Sometime around 8 A.D., when Algeria was part of the Ottoman Empire, the indigenous Berber population converted to Islam. Then in 1830 the crumbling Ottoman rule gave way when the French monarchy invaded and occupied Algeria. In 1834 France annexed this country just across the Mediterranean Ocean. In 1848, in a move unprecedented amongst French colonial possessions, it was made another French department (or province) different from most colonies. In the 1950s, Front De Liberation Nationale (FNL) led a guerrilla war against French rule which ended victoriously in 1962. Algeria became an independent republic after 132 years of French rule, and an exodus of one million French settlers occurred. Since independence Algeria has experienced political and economic crisis, attended by the spread of militant Islam and the start of a low intensity civil war between the government and the Front Islamique du Salut (FIS), which won the annulled election of 1992. Links http://www.nationbynation.com/Algeria/History1.html ?

23. African Writers Index His work provides a fascinating, moving picture of algerian history beginning with a trilogy Algerie which covered the period from 19391942. http://www.geocities.com/africanwriters/Countries/AuthorsAlgeria.html

African Writers Index: Algeria English, French, Bilingual, Pour commander ce best-seller, controverse de Benjamin Sehene Cliquez sur la banniere Home Countries Algeria Countries: Algeria Latest Books! Click Here Jean Amrouche Taos Amrouche Abdelhamid Benhedougga ... Malika Mokeddem Jean Amrouche (1907-1962) is one of the pioneers of Algerian literature in French. He was born into a Catholic family in the Kabyle mountains. At a certain point the family was forced to emigrate to Tunisia where he was educated and began his career. As a high school teacher in Tunis, Albert Memmi was one of his students. During the Algerian Civil War he saw it as his duty to explain the French to Algerians and Algerians to France. He published his first book or poetry, Cendres in 1934. This, and his second volume, Ätoile secr*te are marked by themes of mysticism and exile. Amrouche was also concerned with the preservation of his Amazigh (Berber) cultural heritage. He collected songs from the Amazigh region of Kabylie in his 1939 book Chants berb*res de Kabylie Books by Jean Amrouche in French Top of Form African Literature Index African Writers Index ... E-mail us!

24. University Of Portsmouth | Members A key aspect of this book is the impact of the past in algerian history. 1991 French resistance and the Algerian War , History Today, vol. http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/faculties/facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences

you are here: home departments faculties faculty of humanities and social sciences ... a to z document.write(""); faculties departments courses MPhil/PhD programmes research centres ... ma courses members research groups discipline areas newsletter humanities admissions centre ... open days Print this page members Dr. Martin Evans Position: Reader in Contemporary History Faculty: Humanities and Social Sciences Department: School of Languages and Area Studies Type: Academic Contact Information Email: martin.evans@port.ac.uk Address: School of Languages and Area Studies Park Building King Henry 1 Street Portsmouth PO1 2DZ Hampshire UK Website: Resume Qualifications BA (Sussex), PhD (Sussex) Research Groups Francophone Nation and Identity Discipline Areas Area Studies Cultural Studies History International Relations ... Media Studies Part 2: Research CV Current Research Projects I am presently finished a co-authored monograph (with John Phillips) on contemporary Algeria to be published in 2005 by Yale University Press. A key aspect of this book is the impact of the past in Algerian history. Authored Books France and Algeria: The Undeclared War , Oxford University Press, Oxford (monography).

25. Inteligx For the first time in algerian history soldiers were allowed to vote in ballot booths in their home region, so preventing the army from exerting undue http://www.inteligx.com/show_report_html.asp?reportId=13

26. Tharwa Project - Difference Is Wealth - Tharwa Review Of Developments In Algeria algerian history wich defines the curriculums and Algerian textbooks. Algerian children approach the history of their country through an araboislamist http://www.tharwaproject.com/index.php?option=com_keywords&task=view&id=2641&Ite

27. Assia Djebar, L'amour, La Fantasia She revises traditional algerian historywriting by de-centering the French Djebar provides this special light, a deeper gaze on algerian history, http://www.ziane-online.com/assia_djebar/amour_fantasia.htm

Assia Djebar L'amour, la fantasia On the occasion of the publication of L'amour, la fantasia (1985), the first translation in Slovene of a novel by Assia Djebar, the publishing house Mladinska knjiga and City of Women present the work of the Algerian author, film-director and academic. Besides a presentation of the book we will screen her film La Nouba, des femmes du Mont Chenoua (1978) at Slovenska kinoteka. Assia Djebar's works include: La Soif, 1957; Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde, 1962; Poems pour L'Algerie heureuse, 1967; Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartements 1980 (Women of Algiers in Their Apartments, 1992); La Zerda ou les chants de l'oubli, film dir. in 1982; Ombre Sultan, 1987 (A Sister to Scheherazade); Loin de Medine, 1991 (Far from Madina, 1994); Vaste est la prison: roman, 1995. Assia Djebar, distinguished professor and director of the Center for French and Francophone Studies at Louisiana State University, has received numerous honours and awards, including: the Medal for Francophony of the Académie Française and the Literature Prize for "Best novel by a woman" at the Frankfurt Book Fair for Ombre sultane. Last year she won the prestigious Peace Prize at the world's biggest book-fair in Frankfurt: "With a sense of commitment to the diverse roots of her culture, Assia Djebar has made an important contribution to a new self-confidence among women in the Arab world." For a more comprehensive biography, which also places Djebar's work within the context of Maghreb and francophone literature we refer to the detailed essay (by the translator, Suzana Koncut-Verdellis) published in the Slovene translation of the novel L'amour, la fantasia.

28. Writers From Algeria His work provides a fascinating, moving picture of algerian history beginning with a trilogy Algérie which covered the period from 19391942. http://www.nitle.org/~mtoler/algeria_writers.htm

Maghrebi Studies Group Brought to you in Association with Some significant figures in Algerian Literature are: Jean Amrouche Taos Amrouche Mouloud Mammeri Abdelhamid Benhedougga ... Malika Mokeddem Jean Amrouche (1907-1962) is one of the pioneers of Algerian literature in French. He was born into a Catholic family in the Kabyle mountains. At a certain point the family was forced to emigrate to Tunisia where he was educated and began his career. As a high school teacher in Tunis, Albert Memmi was one of his students. During the Algerian Civil War he saw it as his duty to explain the French to Algerians and Algerians to France. He published his first book or poetry, Cendres in 1934. This, and his second volume, are marked by themes of mysticism and exile. Amrouche was also concerned with the preservation of his Amazigh (Berber) cultural heritage. He collected songs from the Amazigh region of Kabylie in his 1939 book Books by Jean Amrouche in French Marguerite Taos Amrouch eBorn in 1913, Marguerite-Taos is the younger sister of Jean Amrouche. Like her brother, she was concerned with preserving the cultural heritage of the Kabylie. In 1966 she published a collection of tales, poems and proverbs called

29. MIT-EJMES that has precedence in the algerian history the arrangement of Beyliks, the figure of “political bandit” in algerian history is the yardstick to http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/issues/200407/br_sandhu.htm

Luis Martinez (tr. Jonathan Derrick) The Algerian Civil War 1990-1998 Reviewed By Amandeep Sandhu Luis Martinez finds, his repeated denials to the contrary, the roots of the Algerian Civil War in one source—a war-oriented worldview. In this worldview, the contending parties of Algerians, according to Martinez, find violence to be a means for accumulation of wealth and prestige. Martinez represents the conflict through rational choice lenses where contending actors—the military and guerilla groups—use violence to further their own wealth and prestige. In the introductory chapter, Martinez takes issue with the oft-cited explanation of the “black decade”—one that holds responsible the social and economic crisis resulting from the downturn in the oil market in the 1980s for the civil war—and of demographic transition. Martinez views the Algerian crisis not as a crisis of the state, but in fact as an economic and political resource that was used by the military. In the first part of the book, chapters two to four, Martinez traces the lineage of the conflict from its beginning in 1991 to its descent into a civil war by 1993. While conventional accounts have held the Islamic bloc of votes as mainly responsible for the rise of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Martinez shows that the rise of the FIS cannot be explained solely by the centrality of cultural factors. Contrary to the conventional explanations, Martinez shows that four groups were responsible for the rise of the FIS: 1) petty traders; 2) military entrepreneurs; 3) the ‘hittiste’ (literally those who prop up the wall—meaning unemployed) and 4) devoted Muslim activists. The FIS’ banning led to a revolutionary situation, which worsened into a full-blown war in response to the increasing state repression. The initial diffidence of the MIA guerillas was replaced by the rise of more assertive groups—the GIA and the MEI.

30. Memory And Desire Her novel decolonises on two levels it reappropriates algerian history and presents the ravages of colonialism from the point of view of its victims; http://www.arabworldbooks.com/Readers/articles/Memory.html

Memory and desire Home Authors' Home Bookstore Readers' Club ... Links Arab World Books In the Media Services Contact Us Search our Site Ferial Ghazoul Al-ahram Weekly The Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature, awarded annually by the American University in Cairo Press for the best recent novel in Arabic went in 1998 to the Algerian writer Ahlam Mosteghanemi for her novel Dhakirat Al-Jasad (Memory in the Flesh). Ferial J Ghazoul examines the literary virtuosity of this Algerian writer Dhakirat Al-Jasad (Memory in the Flesh), published simultaneously in Algeria and Lebanon in 1993, and presently in its tenth printing, is the first novel written by an Algerian woman in Arabic. Its author, Ahlam Mosteghanemi, received her BA in Arabic literature from the University of Algiers in 1973, and was awarded a doctorate in sociology from the Sorbonne in 1982. Her doctorate dissertation was published in Paris in 1985, under the title Algérie: Femmes et écriture (Algeria: Women and Writing), and introduced by Jacques Berque. Ahlam Mosteghanemi has also published other literary works, including two volumes of poetry entitled 'Ala Marfa' Al-Ayyam (On the Haven of Days) and Al-Kitaba fi Lahzat 'Uriyy (Unveiled Instant of Writing); and more recently a novel entitled Fawdat Al-Hawas (Anarchy of Senses). Dhakirat Al-Jasad (Memory in the Flesh), is dedicated to the author's militant father and to the Francophone Algerian poet and novelist, Malek Haddad (1927-78), a literary father of sorts to Mosteghanemi, who decided after the independence of Algeria in 1962 not to write in a foreign language any more, and ended up not writing at all. As Ahlam Mosteghanemi points out in her dedication, Haddad passed away a loving martyr of the Arabic language as the white page reduced him to silence. But his verbal traces in Dhakirat Al-Jasad, whether in the name of the protagonist which is borrowed from the last novel of Haddad or in allusions and intertextual references, marked in bold font, attest to the literary kinship between the two writers. The author points out to her readers from the very first page her filiation and affiliation.

31. EXile - Issue #163 - Book Review - Fairytales For The Scared Stupid - By John Do I was expecting Carr to deal with recent algerian history specifically In fact, as a recent eXile article showed, the history of Algeria shows that http://www.exile.ru/2003-April-06/book_review.html

Moscow-based alternative newspaper Search the eXile All Issues This Issue This Author This Column Advanced Search... Email thousands of beautiful Russian Ladies! Home Archive Club Guide Restaurant Guide ... Next (36) Fairytales for the Scared Stupid By John Dolan ( dolan at exile ru Browse Author (103) Previous (42) Next (59) The Lessons of Terror By Caleb Carr Random House 2002 I can smell what a book's going to be like in one quick sniff. It's no great boast; anyone can do it, given time. All it takes is an aversion to people and a convenient public library in which to cringe. And time, years and years in a reading trance. Mongols know horses; Dyaks know blowguns; stereo salesmen know bad classic rock; and I know books. From the second I spotted The Lessons of Terror sitting smugly on the shelf of a Kuznetskii Most bookstore, I knew exactly what it would be like. I knew it would be a facile, opportunistic and untenable definitional/moral argument against "terrorism." And I knew it would enrage me. All the signs were there on the cover. The cover photo: that famous image of the WTC's steel mesh standing like corporate sculpture in the ruins; the title, "The Lessons of Terror," a clear warning that there'd be a glib moral lesson scooped from quick, shallow dips in a few familiar historical periods. Worst of all was the subtitle: "A History of Warfare against Civilians Why It Has Always Failed, and Why It Will Fail Again."

32. Africa Book Centre Ltd History A collection of articles which offer an analysis of algerian history since the riots of October 1988 until the elections of May 2002. http://www.africabookcentre.com/acatalog/History_Algeria.html

Quick search Online Catalogue BROWSE BY COUNTRY AND REGION Algeria History 2004 2001 1991 Paperback 2000 Paperback 2004 1999 1859 Paperback 2002 Hardback 2002 Hardback 2002 Paperback 2003 Hardback 1977 2002 Paperback 2002 Hardback 2001 hardback Online Catalogue BROWSE BY COUNTRY AND REGION Algeria History

33. Country Studies Algeria Social Studies Algeria A good overview of Algeria, history, government, statistics and more. And the story continues in this good overview of algerian history. http://www.archaeolink.com/country_studies_algeria.htm

Algeria People History Culture Home Afghanistan Social Studies Albania Social Studies Algeria Social Studies ... Vietnam Social Studies You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations Algeria Tourism Please Note: If you sometimes get an error message when clicking on a large text link, don't give up. Try the URL link instead. There are times when the large text link doesn't "take" for some reason, thus the built-in redundancy. Thank you. Go to Algeria Capital City Algiers City Profile Algeria An excellent tool for anthropological and historical research. "Handbook Series sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Army between 1986 and 1998. Each study offers a comprehensive description and analysis of the country or region's historical setting, geography, society, economy, political system, and foreign policy." - From Library of Congress - http://countrystudies.us/algeria/

34. Algeria France And The Mediterranean Countries - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, In 1983 Benjedid was the first Algerian leader to be invited to France on an official tour, have persisted throughout independent algerian history. http://www.photius.com/countries/algeria/government/algeria_government_france_an

Country Ranks INDEX for Algeria History ... Feedback Algeria France and the Mediterranean Countries http://www.photius.com/countries/algeria/government/algeria_government_france_and_the_medit~7894.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Algeria Government Despite ambiguous sentiment in Algeria concerning its former colonial power, France has maintained a historically favored position in Algerian foreign relations. Algeria experienced a high level of dependency on France in the first years after the revolution and a conflicting desire to be free of that dependency. The preestablished trade links, the lack of experienced Algerian government officials, and the military presence provided for in the Evian Accords ending the War of Independence ensured the continuance of French influence. France supplied much-needed financial assistance, a steady supply of essential imports, and technical personnel. One source of steady agitation has been the issue of Algerian emigration to France. French policies toward Algerian immigrants have been inconsistent, and French popular sentiment has generally been unfavorable toward its Arab population. The French government has vacillated between sweeping commitments to "codevelopment," involving extensive social networks for emigrant Algerian laborers, and support of strict regulations concerning work and study permits, random searches for legal papers, and expeditious deportation without appeal in the event of irregularities. North African communities in France remain relatively isolated, and chronic problems persist for Algerians trying to obtain housing, education, and employment. A number of racially motivated incidents occur each year between North African emigrants and French police and citizens.

35. Welcome To Heinemann Shopping Cart Search Advanced Search Browse This book analyzes works of Assia Djebar and Leïla Sebbar in context of postcolonial theory and Frenchalgerian history, literature and visual arts. http://www.heinemann.com/shared/general/gn_search.asp?cat_id=106&range=r-w&domai

36. Brookings Institution Press, Between Ballots And Bullets, Algeria's Transition F Still, it cannot simply be concluded that Algeria s recent history was entirely This approach will result in a complex view of algerian history, http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815773013/html/108.html

Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism William B. Quandt Go to chapter: Go to Page: Active Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-x Table of Contents, pp. xi-xiv 1 Introduction, pp. 1-12 Part One: Political History, pp. 13-14 2 The Legacy of Colonialism and Rev..., pp. 15-29 3 Pressures for Change, pp. 30-41 4 The Politics of Liberalization, pp. 42-61 5 Reversion or Interlude?, pp. 62-80 Part Two: Political Analysis, pp. 81-82 6 Analyzing Algeria's Political Dev..., pp. 83-90 7 Cultural Perspectives, pp. 91-107 8 Social and Economic Perspectives, pp. 108-123 9 Political Perspectives: Instituti..., pp. 124-145 10 A Democratic Algeria?, pp. 146-164 Bibliography, pp. 165-172 Notes, pp. 173-192 Index, pp. 193-200 THIS PAGE You may be interested in these Related Titles Use this chapter's phrases to Build a Search Go to chapter: Active Table of Contents Active Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-x Table of Contents, pp. xi-xiv 1 Introduction, pp. 1-12 Part One: Political History, pp. 13-14 2 The Legacy of Colonialism and Rev..., pp. 15-29 3 Pressures for Change, pp. 30-41

37. Algeria Then And Now | Was De Gaulle Pushed? | Economist.com But does such a history explain Algeria s present torment not just a bloody An overview of algerian history is available from the Library of Congress. http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=759553

38. Algiers - Art History Online Reference And Guide algerian history) at the hands of the French army and the Algerian Front de libération nationale or FLN, Algeria finally gained its independence, http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Algiers

39. The Washington Times - Algeria French invasion of 1830 shaped modern algerian history. 31.gif (22949 bytes) From the earliest days, man has left his traces in Algeria. http://www.internationalspecialreports.com/archives/99/algeria/3.html

A Special International Report Prepared by The Washington Times Advertising Department - Published on July 2, 1999 Home Page Advertisers Sonatrach, An International Petroleum Group Council of Privitisation Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development CNEP ... Sonatrach, Partnership the strategic choice A Special International Report Prepared by The Washington Times Advertising Department Written by: Rod Craig Propject Director: Hala Nasreddine Photography by: Rod Craig For more information, call The Washington Times International Advertising Department at (202) 636-3035 (202) 635-0103 fax e-mail: natlad@wt.infi.net History French invasion of 1830 shaped modern Algerian history F rom the earliest days, man has left his traces in Algeria. In one vast country can be found prehistoric fossils, cave paintings, traces of the Phoenicians, Roman ruins - remnants from the Ottomans, the Spanish, the Arabs, and the French. All have left mementos of a history perhaps unparalleled in Northern Africa. In the Seventh Century, an Arab invasion brought Islam to the country and forced the Berbers to adopt an Arab culture.

40. France And Algeria - A History Of Decolonization And Transformation - By Phillip France and Algeria. A History of Decolonization and Transformation A major contribution to understanding the tragic drama of algerian history, http://www.upf.com/Fall2000/naylor.html

France and Algeria A History of Decolonization and Transformation by Phillip C. Naylor Order this Book now Features Search UPF home ... Contact us Phillip Naylor describes the extraordinary bilateral relationship between France and Algeria, countries whichafter 132 years of colonialism and a brutal war of independencehave attempted to fashion a new relationship based on "mutual respect." Beginning with a review of the colonial period up to 1958, Naylor examines the various dramas that have distinguished bilateral relations since independence: the Evian Accords of March 1962, the substitution of cooperation for colonialism, the nationalization of the hydrocarbons sector in 1971, and the Fitna, Algeria’s violent "trial" of itself as a nation during the '90s. Recognizing many contradictions and complexities in the period of "postcolonial decolonization," Naylor melds philosophy, economics, sociology, political science, and literary criticism into his historical narrative. Readers will find an impressive range of subject matter and methodologies brought to bear on the evolving relations of power, perception, and identity between the two states. In the voluminous literature covering France’s relationship with Algeria, the bilateral postcolonial history has been marginalized, if not neglected. Naylor offers a widely and deeply researched account of this period, and of the exceptional relationship between France and Algeria as the former continues to ascribe strategic importance to Algeria while the latter struggles to transform and escape the residual influence of its colonial past.

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