41. "Algeria: Stronghold Of The Pouvoir" (May 2001) The civilian leaders of the algerian government have taken some measures to respond to public concerns, but appear to have been checked by the pouvoir http://www.meib.org/articles/0105_me1.htm

Jointly published by the United States Committee for a Free Lebanon and the Middle East Forum Vol. 3 No. 5 Table of Contents MEIB Main Page May 2001 Algeria: Stronghold of the Pouvoir by Blanca Madani Blanca Madani is the founder and president of the World Algeria Action Coalition (WAAC) , a representative to the United Nations for the Amazigh under the Tazzla Institute for Cultural Diversity, an active member of the Amazigh Cultural Association of America (ACAA) and a co-editor of its publication, The Amazigh Voice O utbreaks of violence between Algerian Islamists and state security forces have come to define Algeria's image internationally in much the same way that sectarian violence came to personify Lebanon in the eyes of most outsiders during the 1980's. That which is expected and routine rarely makes headlines in the New York Times . It was perhaps for this reason that the massacre of scores of Algerian demonstrators in late April and early May was not widely reported in the Western press. However, the demonstrators were not Islamists, but inhabitants of Kabylia, a strongly secular, predominantly Amazigh (Berber) region of Algeria. And the violent altercations were anything but routine. While the killing of 19-year-old Guermouh Massinissa on April 22 by the gendarmerie was hardly an unusual occurrence, the ten days of riots in which at least 60 Kabyle youths were killed, and the sheer magnitude of popular resistance to authority now taking place in the region are anything but commonplace in Algeria, or for that matter, in the Middle East.

42. Algeria: Democracy & Liberalization, May-June 1998 That is the view of the government and people of Algeria. Does the algerian government have a formal law which allows its citizens to access Algerian http://ppm.goinfo.com/Action/ppmeditorial.nsf/0/c3206681f05677ab8625663d005cb475

43. Algeria - France And The Mediterranean Countries The preestablished trade links, the lack of experienced algerian government officials, and the military presence provided for in the Evian Accords ending http://countrystudies.us/algeria/153.htm

France and the Mediterranean Countries Algeria Table of Contents Despite ambiguous sentiment in Algeria concerning its former colonial power, France has maintained a historically favored position in Algerian foreign relations. Algeria experienced a high level of dependency on France in the first years after the revolution and a conflicting desire to be free of that dependency. The preestablished trade links, the lack of experienced Algerian government officials, and the military presence provided for in the Evian Accords ending the War of Independence ensured the continuance of French influence. France supplied much-needed financial assistance, a steady supply of essential imports, and technical personnel. One source of steady agitation has been the issue of Algerian emigration to France. French policies toward Algerian immigrants have been inconsistent, and French popular sentiment has generally been unfavorable toward its Arab population. The French government has vacillated between sweeping commitments to "codevelopment," involving extensive social networks for emigrant Algerian laborers, and support of strict regulations concerning work and study permits, random searches for legal papers, and expeditious deportation without appeal in the event of irregularities. North African communities in France remain relatively isolated, and chronic problems persist for Algerians trying to obtain housing, education, and employment. A number of racially motivated incidents occur each year between North African emigrants and French police and citizens.

44. AllRefer.com - Algeria - Introduction | Algerian Information Resource While undergoing these domestic difficulties, the algerian government Thus, in late 1994 the algerian government was challenged on a number of fronts. http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/algeria/algeria10.html

You are here allRefer Reference Algeria History ... Algeria Algeria INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Administrative Divisions of Algeris, 1993 Insert: Detail of Wilayat, 1993 ALGERIA IN OCTOBER 1994 was in a state bordering on civil war. The military in late January 1994 had named General Lamine Zeroual, previously minister of defense, as president. He was to rule in coordination with the High Security Council (Haut Conseil de Sûreté) because the High Council of State (Haut Conseil d'ÉtatHCÉ), created two years previously, had been abolished. In April armed forces leaders removed Prime Minister Redha Malek from his post after an incumbency of only eight months, replacing him with Mokdad Sifi, an engineer technocrat who had served as minister of equipment. Efforts to achieve a workable compromise with the major Islamic activist group, the Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du SalutFIS), appeared unsuccessful. Martial law, imposed in February 1992, continued. To understand the forces behind recent events, one must look at the factors that have shaped Algeria's history. The indigenous peoples of the region of North Africa that today constitutes Algeria comprise an ethnic group known as the Berbers. In the mid-1990s, the Berbers represented only about 20 percent of Algeria's population. In A.D. 642, following conquests by the Romans, the Vandals, and the Byzantines, the region came under the influence of Islam and the Arabs. Hence, the vast majority of the population, about 80 percent, are Arabs. Islam and arabization, therefore, have profoundly influenced the area.

45. AllRefer.com - Algeria - France And The Mediterranean Countries | Algerian Infor the lack of experienced algerian government officials, and the military presence provided for Algeria TABLE OF CONTENTS Government and Politics http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/algeria/algeria161.html

You are here allRefer Reference Algeria History ... Algeria Algeria France and the Mediterranean Countries Despite ambiguous sentiment in Algeria concerning its former colonial power, France has maintained a historically favored position in Algerian foreign relations. Algeria experienced a high level of dependency on France in the first years after the revolution and a conflicting desire to be free of that dependency. The preestablished trade links, the lack of experienced Algerian government officials, and the military presence provided for in the Evian Accords ending the War of Independence ensured the continuance of French influence. France supplied much-needed financial assistance, a steady supply of essential imports, and technical personnel. One source of steady agitation has been the issue of Algerian emigration to France. French policies toward Algerian immigrants have been inconsistent, and French popular sentiment has generally been unfavorable toward its Arab population. The French government has vacillated between sweeping commitments to "codevelopment," involving extensive social networks for emigrant Algerian laborers, and support of strict regulations concerning work and study permits, random searches for legal papers, and expeditious deportation without appeal in the event of irregularities. North African communities in France remain relatively isolated, and chronic problems persist for Algerians trying to obtain housing, education, and employment. A number of racially motivated incidents occur each year between North African emigrants and French police and citizens.

46. Algeria - Islamic Opposition the algerian government had controlled its practice since independence through the questioning the legitimacy of the Marxist algerian government, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-472.html

Country Listing Algeria Table of Contents Algeria Islamic Opposition By the early 1980s, the Islamist movement provided a greater rallying point for opposition elements than did secular leftists. Although Islam was identified with the nationalist struggle against the French, the Algerian government had controlled its practice since independence through the Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Superior Islamic Council. The council maintained "official" mosques and paid the salaries of imams (religious leaders). Beginning in 1979, however, concurrent with the religious revolution that toppled the government of Iran, large numbers of young people began to congregate at mosques that operated beyond the control of the authorities. At prayer meetings, imams not paid by the government preached in favor of a more egalitarian society, against the arrogance of the rich, and for an end to corrupt practices in government, business, and religion. In a pattern of escalating violence during the early 1980s, religious extremists became increasingly active, assaulting women in Western-style dress, questioning the legitimacy of the "Marxist" Algerian government, and calling for an Islamic republic that would use the Quran as its constitution. After a brutal confrontation between Marxist and Islamist demonstrators at the University of Algiers in November 1982, the authorities rounded up and prosecuted for subversion students, imams, and intellectuals linked with the Algerian Islamic Movement headed by Mustapha Bouyali. Bouyali himself remained at large, forming a guerrilla band that was involved in a number of clashes with security forces. He was killed in early 1987, and his group was disbanded.

47. Algeria - HEALTH AND WELFARE Medical training has been a priority for the algerian government since The algerian government has made major efforts to train women as nurses and http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-380.html

Country Listing Algeria Table of Contents Algeria HEALTH AND WELFARE Health At independence the Algerian health care system was skeletal, consisting of one physician per 33,000 people (or an estimated 300 doctors in all) and one trained paramedic per 40,000. The approach at the time was primarily curative rather than preventive. Since then the country has made tremendous progress in health care. From 1975 onward, a new system of almost free national health care was introduced. Hospitalization, medicines, and outpatient care were free to all. In 1984 the government formally adopted a plan to transform the health sector from a curative system to a preventive one more suited to the needs of a young population. Rather than investing in expensive hospitals, the government emphasized health centers and clinics, together with immunization programs. The results were impressive: whereas the infant mortality rate was 154 per 1,000 live births in 1965, it had fallen to sixty-seven per 1,000 live births by 1990. By 1991 Algeria had about 23,000 physicians, or one for every 1,200 inhabitants, and one nurse per 330 people. About 90 percent of the population had access to medical care, and only in remote rural areas did people have difficulty reaching health care services. Algeria also had 2,720 basic health units, 1,650 health centers, thirteen university hospitals, 178 general hospitals, and eighteen specialized hospitals. Overall, there was one hospital bed for every 380 people. The average occupancy rate of hospitals was 55 percent, while the average length of stay was six days.

48. CNN - Islamic Terrorists Slaughter Algerian Villagers - August 29, 1997 The FIS wants to overthrow the secular algerian government and install one based on its interpretation of Koranic law. That would mean requiring women to http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/29/algeria.new/

What's on CNN Islamic terrorists slaughter Algerian villagers Government vows fierce reprisal In this story: Death toll ranges from 98 to 400 Attacks occurred in Triangle of Death Young women kidnapped for 'temporary marriage' Government vows to eradicate terrorists August 29, 1997 Web posted at: 3:56 p.m. EDT (1956 GMT) ALGIERS, Algeria (CNN) Scores and perhaps hundreds of Algerian villagers were slaughtered overnight by attackers believed to be Islamic fundamentalist terrorists. The attacks, in which men, women and children had their throats slit and were sometimes decapitated and burned, is the worst in five years of ongoing violence in Algeria. The government, which seldom comments on such attacks and often minimizes the death toll, said 98 were killed and 120 were wounded. But hospital workers and witnesses said at least 200 people, and perhaps as many as 400, had died. "The victims, in the majority, are women and children, including tiny babies," the government said in a rare statement. "Those killed were mostly slain by knives, some by bullets and others burnt in fires in their homes. "In the face of this outbreak of attacks against isolated populations, measures have just been decided to reinforce the protection of inhabited sites in the countryside," the government said its statement, which was read on state radio.

49. Al Jadid Magazine The algerian government has abandoned its journalists and intellectuals for a long time, but with new privatization policies, they have dropped even further http://www.aljadid.com/features/0424chalala.html

Volume 4, No. 24 (Summer 1998) Al Jadid Magazine P.O. Box 24DD2, Los Angeles, CA 90024-0208, Tel: (310) 470-6984, Fax (310) 470-6985 E-Mail aljadid@jovanet.com About Al Jadid Subscribe CURRENT ISSUE ... Home Many Causes Underlie Assassinations of Algerian Journalists and Intellectuals Why Death of a Nation's Conscience Has Met With Cold Indifference By Elie Chalala "I know that they pursue me and will kill me. It is a matter of time; I will be killed in a month or two or less... but I prefer to die for my ideas than on a bed of illness or aging." So said Lounes Matoub, the Algerian singer and poet, only days before his assassination. Lounes' name can be added to a long list of Algerian intellectuals and artists, 70 of them journalists, killed in a "swords against the pens" campaign. Civil wars in the Middle East claim lives. That is nothing new: more than 150,000 died in the Lebanese Civil War. Nor is it unusual for major political figures, like Algeria's President Mohammad Boudiaf, assassinated in 1992, to fall victim to violence. What has struck many observers in the recent Algerian scenario is that unlike other regional civil wars, from Lebanon to today's Sudan, one finds unprecedented targeting of intellectuals and journalists. What then accounts for this apparent ambivalence toward the plight of Algerian intellectuals and journalists? Studies, press reports, and published interviews with those concerned point to four factors: historical precedents for targeting intellectuals; linguistic duality that has diminished readership and precluded the emergence of broad-based literature; pseudo-religious justification that does not discriminate between those who wield gun and pen; and a lack of government commitment to protecting the intellectual and journalistic community.

50. Debt Of Algeria: Earlier This Year The Algerian Government Approved A $1.8bn Pac ALGERIAN DEBT, News update on the country debt situation, by EastWest Debt. http://www.eastwest.be/news-oct-2003/algeria.html

Despite its vast oil and gas resources, Algeria is burdened with $30 billion in foreign debt and a high unemployment rate. East West Debt, your partner in solving defaulted trade and bank debt East-West Debt news, update october 2003: ALGERIA We are pleased to present another issue of East-West Debt news update on the debt situation in the world. International events influence the solutions for solving overdue trade and bank debts. East-West Debt can offer our readers attractive financial solutions for solving non-performing trade and bank debts ... ... thanks to the expertise of our international network of experts. East-West Debt is an international financial company specialised in the recovery of overdue debt. To be successful to our clients, we give the highest priority to attractive creativity, quality and integrity for solving overdue debts in high risk countries. East-West Debt offers financial solutions to multi-nationals, banks, governments, and insurance companies in solving overdue debts in high-risk countries in: Africa

51. AISI National ICT Profiles In 1998 the algerian government opened the market and 18 ISPs have been licensed. Telecommunications costs are financed by the algerian government. http://www2.sn.apc.org/africa/countdet.CFM?countries__ISO_Code=DZ

52. Algeria The algerian government prosecuted numerous cases of persons charged with committing The algerian government rules with only limited popular legitimacy, http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/hpages/terror/algeria.htm

ALGERIA The internal security situation in Algeria has improved since 1994, but the incidence of domestic terrorism, which is among the world's worst, remained high. At least 60,000 Algerians-Islamic militants, civilians and security personnel have been killed since the insurgency of 1992 Government security forces made substantial progress against the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS)-the reported military wing of the Islamic Salvation Front-that primarily attacks government related targets. The government was less successful against the Armed Islamic Group (GIA), the most radical of the insurgent groups, which continued terrorist operations against a broad spectrum of Algerian civilian targets in 1996, including women, children and journalists. The GIA continued to target foreigners in 1996 and killed at least nine, a sharp decline from the 31 foreigners the group killed in 1995. The total number of foreigners killed by the GIA since 1992 exceeds 110. Most were "soft" targets, including a former Bulgarian attachŽ, who was found beheaded in a forest in mid-November. Although no claims were made for his murder, Algiers blamed the GIA for his death. In August the GIA claimed responsibility for the murder of the French Bishop of Oran, who was killed by a bomb placed outside his residence. Earlier in 1996 the GIA kidnapped and later beheaded seven French monks from their monastery near Medea. The GIA issued a communique claiming that the monks had been killed because Paris had refused to negotiate with the insurgent group. Algerian extremists are suspected in an explosion in a Paris subway on 3 December that killed four and wounded more than 80. The bomb used in that attack was similar to those used by the GIA in its bombing campaign in France in 1995.

53. FrontPage Magazine.com :: The Algerian Connection By Thomas Joscelyn The GSPC lauded the kidnapping and accused the algerian government of aiding the apostate Iraqi government and the crusader alliance their battle against http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=19034

54. Weekly News Throughout the whole of the conflict, the algerian government has heavily The algerian government continues to refuse visits by the UN Working Group on http://www.idpproject.org/weekly_news/2000/weekly_news_dec3.htm

Your browser does not support script Weekly News Archives Archives 2001 Archives 2000 December 19 , 2000 New country profile on Algeria Senior Network's mission in Burundi Afghan IDPs face food shortages HRW on refugees and IDPs ... next New country profile on Algeria We've just released the country profile on Algeria. Find below the Profile summary. Follow this link for access to the full country profile. [It should be noted that very little information about internal displacement in Algeria is currently available. Problems of access continue to hinder the work of national and international human rights and humanitarian organizations. The objective of the present summary is, therefore, to highlight the on-going situation of generalized violence in Algeria and to encourage governments, organizations and individuals to look more closely at the question of internal displacement in the Algerian context.] Seized by political turmoil for the last eight years, Algeria stands today as the most violent country in the Middle East and North Africa (HRW 2000). Over the last decade, hundreds of thousands of Algerians have been forced to flee armed attacks, massacres and large-scale human rights abuses. The precise number of Algerians displaced by the political violence is impossible to assess given the "information void" that has pervaded the conflict in Algeria since its onset. This said, some estimates have been published. U.S. Committee for Refugees noted in its World Refugee Survey 2000 that hundreds of thousands of Algerians were thought to have fled to Europe by the end of 1999; another 100,000 to 200,000 were believed to be displaced within the country (USCR 2000, p. 62).

55. Algeria Situated on the north coast of Africa, Algeria is the second largest country of the continent. The algerian government controls the nation s economy. http://www.blacknet.co.uk/homeland/algeria.htm

Algeria Situated on the north coast of Africa, Algeria is the second largest country of the continent. It covers more than 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 square kilometers), about four fifths of which is in the Sahara Desert. The country's Mediterranean coastline extends about 620 miles (1,000 kilometers). Algeria is bordered by Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco. Eighty percent of Algeria's inhabitants live in the agricultural lands and cities of the north, called the Tell. An independent republic since it won freedom from France in 1962, Algeria has links to Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and to southern Africa via the Sahara. History, language, and the Muslim religion make the country a part of the Arab world. Northern Algeria is divided into five distinctive physical regions. Three are in the far north: the arable coastal strip, the plains just to the south, and the Tell Atlas Mountains running east and west along the plains. Farther south, the High Plateaus form another east-west barrier. The fifth region is the Saharan Atlas Mountains, which extend into the desert. The region of the Tell Atlas Mountains is geologically young and unstable, and earthquakes are common. It has a Mediterranean climate, with warm, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Rainfall averages 28 inches (71 centimeters); mean temperatures range from 50° F (10° C) in January to 80° F (27° C) in July. Hot, dry winds from the Sahara intensify summer drought, which may severely damage crops.

56. Terrorism: Q & A | Armed Islamic Group (Algeria, Islamists) and, according to the Algerian regime, from the Iranian and Sudanese governments. How has the algerian government fought terrorist groups? http://cfrterrorism.org/groups/gia_print.html

Armed Islamic Group Algeria, Islamists What is the Armed Islamic Group? How was the GIA formed? What does the GIA want? Whom does the GIA target? Does the GIA have ties to al-Qaeda? Does the GIA target Americans? The GIA has not targeted Americans in Algeria. But some Algerian terrorists who have tried to attack the United States may be linked to the GIA. In December 1999, Ahmed Ressam, an Algerian living in Montreal, was arrested at the U.S.-Canadian border with a carload of explosives; he was later convicted of plotting a millennium-eve attack on Los Angeles International Airport. Ressam has since led authorities to alleged co-conspirators in Canada and the United States. Who are the members of the GIA? Experts say the GIA recruits young Algerian men suffering from economic despair and political alienation. In Algeria, 70 percent of the population is under 30 years of age, and per capita income has dropped 50 percent from its peak in 1986. Unemployment, which hovers around 30 percent for the general population, spikes to 75 percent among men aged 16 to 24. Who is the leader of the GIA?

57. Algerian Rebels Turn Guns On Armed Islamic Group fight against the algerian government in return for amnesty for its fighters. when the algerian governmentfearing the victory of the FIS in the http://www.ict.org.il/spotlight/det.cfm?id=273

58. 40 People Dead In Latest Algerian Massacre That was the year that the algerian government, fearing the victory of the FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) in the 92 general elections, declared the election http://www.ict.org.il/spotlight/det.cfm?id=74

59. OSAC - Algiers, Algeria: 2005 Crime And Safety Report are provided by the algerian government (not an option for tourists, to these groups and reports by official algerian government sources in 2004 http://www.ds-osac.org/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=28081&print

60. OSAC - Profiled Group Details - Salafist Group For Preaching And Combat (GSPC) The GSPC continues to conduct operations aimed at algerian government and In October, the algerian government took custody of Abderazak alPara, http://www.ds-osac.org/Groups/group.cfm?contentID=1297

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