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         Afghanistan History:     more books (100)
  1. At Issue in History - The U.S. Attack on Afghanistan (At Issue in History)
  2. Despotism & the Struggle Against Despotism in ""Afghanistan in the Course of History: Estebdad Va Estebdadsetizan, Piramun Afghanistan Dar Masir Tarikh by Sherief Fayez, Latif Nazemi, et all 2003-02
  3. Afghanistan : A History Of Conflict
  4. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban (Unabridged) by Stephen Tanner,
  5. The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901 (Islamic History and Civilization , No 15) (Islamic History and Civilization , No 15) by Jonathan L. Lee, 1996-01-01
  6. Afghanistan (Witness to History) by David Downing, 2004-05
  7. History of the War in Afghanistan by Sir John William Kaye, 2006-09-30
  8. A History of Afghanistan (Kegan Paul Library of Central Asia) by Charles B. McLane, 2007-07-30
  9. Afghanistan: History, Issues, Bibliography
  10. Afghanistan: a Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban.(Book Review): An article from: Military Review by Lester W. Grau, 2005-01-01
  11. History of India and Afghanistan by James Talboys Wheeler, 1987-06
  12. A whirlwind history of Afghanistan: how misguided U.S. policy keeps a country in turmoil.(I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror, 18 Years Inside)(Book ... An article from: National Catholic Reporter by Dennis Coday, 2006-02-10
  13. History Of Afghanistan: From The Earliest Period To The Outbreak Of The War Of 1878 by George Bruce Malleson, 2007-07-25
  14. A short history of Afghanistan by Mohammed Ali, 1970

41. Afghanistan History - Someone You Should Know
afghanistan history, read about the spiritual and political experiences suffered by the oppressed spiritual leader from Afghanistan, Mawlana Faizani.
http://www.faizani.com/author/author.html
@import url("http://www.faizani.com/include/faizani1.css"); @import url("http://www.faizani.com/include/faizani2.css"); About THE AUTHOR Tradition Articles Books Holy Quran ... Site Map SEARCH Select Prominent Afghan Scholars Commentaries About the Author Free Web Seminars Mawlana Faizani - A Gift to Humanity The Powerful Spirit and the Roaring River of His Mind Life Devoted in Search of the Truth ... E-Mail Site to a Friend "Whoever interveneth in a good cause will have the reward thereof..." (4:85 Q) Become a member Your Comments A place to share your thoughts with others... Translate site into... German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, etc.
Please use IE to
navigate this site. BACK TO: home About the Author ABOUT THE AUTHOR Printable Version Mawlana Faizani was born in Herat Afghanistan, (on the twenty-first day of Ramadan) April 17th, 1923. After completing high school in Herat, he graduated from Kabul University in 1941, and then served for eight years as a high school principal in the state of Herat.
After that, due to some spiritual incident he was in solitude for five years pondering and worshipping. During that time, he earned his living from private teaching. His religious learning and teaching includes the following books:

42. MapZones.com : Afghanistan History
Information of Country s History, Civilization, independence, king, rural, war.
http://www.mapzones.com/world/middle_east/afghanistan/historyindex.php
fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201';
Country Info Afghanistan Introduction Afghanistan General Data Afghanistan Maps Afghanistan Culture ... Afghanistan Time and Date Afghanistan History Back to Top Afghanistan's History, internal political development, foreign relations, and very existence as an independent state have largely been determined by its geographic location at the crossroads of Central, West, and South Asia. Over the centuries, waves of migrating peoples passed through the regiondescribed as a "roundabout of the ancient world," by historian Arnold Toynbeeleaving behind a mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. In modern times, as well as in antiquity, large armies of the world passed through Afghanistan, temporarily establishing local control and often dominating Iran and northern India. Although it was the scene of great empires and flourishing trade for over two millennia, Afghanistan did not become a truly independent nation until the twentieth century. The area's miscellaneous groups were not bound into a single political entity until the reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who in 1747 founded the monarchy that governed the nation until 1973. In the nineteenth century, Afghanistan lay between the expanding might of the Russian and British empires. In 1900, Abdur Rahman Khan, looking back on his twenty years of rule and the events of the past century, wondered how his nation, Islam played a key role in the formation of Afghan history as well. Contempt the Mongol invasion of Afghanistan in the early thirteenth century which has been described as resembling "more some brute cataclysm of the blind forces of nature than a phenomenon of human history," even a warrior as formidable as Genghis Khan did not uproot Islamic civilization, and within two generations his heirs had become Muslims.

43. Terrorismfiles.org : Afghanistan History, Terrorismfiles.org
Latest news and information on terrorism, terrorist activities, terrorist organizations, attacks and on Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban.
http://www.terrorismfiles.org/countries/afghanistan_history.html
Terrorism History of terrorism Terrorism in the 20th century Drug trafficking and terrorism ... Weapons of Mass Destruction STATE -SPONSORED TERRORISM
Afghanistan History History

Located just northwest of the modern day India, Afghanistan has long served as the northwestern border and gateway for the Indian civilization. Various Indian emperors have ruled the region over the last 3,000 years and its close relations with the rest of India have been well documented by historians. The Hindukush Mountains in the west and Himalayas in the north and northeast served as the borders for India; Afghanistan was an integral part of the Indian kingdoms at various times during its history. In the fourth century B.C.E., Taxila and Kandahar formed important centers of commerce and education for the empire of Ashoka the Great. In fact, Taxila was one of the first universities to be founded in India. In those days, the entire region of today's Afghanistan and northern Pakistan was called Gandhar, after which an important stream of Indian art painting and sculptures has been named. The area was also an important center for Buddhism in its early days and several ancient statues of Buddha and other artifacts of Buddhism are still found in the region.

44. Afghanistan History, Afghanistan
afghanistan history. Road to Democracy Afghan Elections. For some in Afghanistan, the road to democracy began in the cold and dark, as early as 3 am,
http://creekin.net/k4928-n1-afghanistan-history-afghanistan.html
Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact
Afghanistan History
Afghanistan
Principal Locations
  • Baghlan
    Bamiyan

    Ghazni

    Herat
    ...
    Qunduz

  • Resources
    Afghanistan History
    Road to Democracy: Afghan Elections For some in Afghanistan, the road to democracy began in the cold and dark, as early as 3 a.m., on October 9, 2004, as they awoke and prepared to travel for hours to polling stations. In doing so, they made history: defying threats from the Taliban and casting their votes in the country's first-ever democratic presidential election. ... [ Read More Deputy Secretary Armitage Heralds Reestablishment of Fulbright Program in Afghanistan Read More U.S. First Lady Laura Bush's Trip to Afghanistan The mayor of Kabul participated and our friend Habiba Sarabi, former Minister of Women's Affairs, who is now the first governor in Afghan history. She is the Governor of Bamiyan Province. We also had a member of the Independent Election Commission speak before our Council. We had Woranga Safi. Many of you met Ms. Safi when she was here recently. Ms. Safi is Deputy Director of Secondary Education in the Ministry of Education. We had my counterpart in Afghanistan, Zohra Rasekh, who is Director of Human Rights and Women's Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Mahboba Wahezi, Director of the Afghan Women's Business Council. The Deputy Minister of Administration at the Ministry of Commerce, Zaiuddin Zai, also participated. It was as you could see an impressive lineup of people speaking over the four hours. ... [

    45. Afghanistan: Introduction To Afghanistan: History
    Archeological evidence indicates that, after migrating from the north approximately 50000 years ago, Afghanistan’s earliest settlers lived as hunters in the
    http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/Afghanistan/Directories/Afghanistan_Cultural_
    Home How to use this site Subscription Visiting Arts ... Sitemap Visiting Arts Afghanistan Cultural Profiles Project Cultural Profile You are here: Foreword Introduction to Afghanistan Search Foreword ... Next Introduction to Afghanistan: Introduction Geography and topology History Government ... Festivals and holidays History Afghanistan remained an absolute monarchy until 1922, when a state assembly and legislature were organised and ministers were appointed to a cabinet under the presidency of King Amanullah Khan (1919-1929). Constitutions affording ever-increasing freedoms were written in 1923, 1931 and 1964. However, the more western ideals of Amanullah Khan and his successor Zahir Shah threatened the power of religious leaders, giving rise to armed resistance. In 1973 the monarchy was overthrown and a pro-communist secular administration set up under Mohammed Daoud. This was followed in 1979 by a Russian invasion in support of the beleaguered government. Factional fighting continued after the Russian withdrawal in 1989 and in 1996 a group of Islamic ethnic Pashtun fighters known as the Taliban seized control of Kabul, implementing their own harsh interpretation of Islamic law and conduct.
    PDF version
    Previous Next Date updated: 20 August 2004 Librios Information Management

    46. Afghanistan, Afghanistan History, Afghanistan Economy, Afghanistan Information,
    Afghanistan, afghanistan history, Afghanistan Economy, Afghanistan Information, Afghanistan Directory, About Afghanistan, Afghanistan Culture,
    http://www.123world.com/countries/afghanistan2.htm
    AFGHANISTAN
    Economy :
    GDP:
    US$21 billion
    GDP per head: US$800
    GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 53%
    Industry:
    Services:
    Inflation:
    unavailable
    Unemployment rate:
    Labor force:
    10 million
    Major industries: Textiles and rugs, fruits and nuts, furniture, cement, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, fertilizer, soap, fossil fuels, gemstones, copper, coal, oil and natural gas.
    Major trading partners: Former Soviet Union, Pakistan, Iran, EU, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and India. Exports: $80 million(excluding opium) Exports - commodities: opium, fruits and nuts, hand-woven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems Agriculture - products: opium poppies, wheat, fruits, nuts; wool, mutton, karakul pelts Imports: $150 million Imports - commodities: capital goods, food and petroleum products; most consumer goods Debt - external: $5.5 billion Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March Electricity - production: 420 million kWh Electricity - consumption: 480.6 million kWh Economic aid - recipient: In 1997, US provided about $70 million in humanitarian aid operation. US continues to contribute to massive aid operations through the UN programs of food aid, land mine removal, immunization, and an extensive range of aid to refugees.

    47. Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: HI
    THE SOVIET WAR IN afghanistan history AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR? General (Ret) Mohammad Yahya Nawroz, Army of Afghanistan and Mr. Lester W. Grau
    http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/waraf.htm
    WARNING!
    The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army,
    Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
    THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: HISTORY AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR?
    General (Ret) Mohammad Yahya Nawroz, Army of Afghanistan
    and Mr. Lester W. Grau
    Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article appeared originally in
    Military Review
    September/October 1995
    Soviet military power meets the Afghan warrior society
    Fifteen years after its commencement and five years after its cessation, the Soviet-Afghan War remains an enigma in the West. Earlier successful Soviet military interventions in the Ukraine (1945-1951), East Germany (1953), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968) and intermittent Soviet military pressure on Poland demonstrated that the stark military power of the Soviet state was an irresistible tool of Soviet political power. The West was thankful that nuclear deterrence maintained the Cold War balance and reluctantly accepted Soviet intervention within its socialist commonwealth and in the Soviet border regions as one cost of that balance. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a repeat of their invasion of Czechoslovakia. For months after the invasion, hardly a political or military expert in the world doubted that Afghanistan was now forever incorporated as a part of the Soviet Empire and that nothing short of a large-scale global war could alter the status quo. And global war was most unlikely as both super powers intended to avoid it. Some Westerners recalled the British experiences in Afghanistan and waited for a Soviet "Vietnam" to emerge, but most Westerners believed that the Soviets would ultimately prevail. Some even projected their European fears to southern Asia and envisioned a bold Soviet strategic thrust from southern Afghanistan to the shores of the Persian Gulf, to challenge Western strategic interests and disrupt Western access to critical Middle Eastern oil.

    48. Arc Of Crisis: Afghanistan Timeline
    A chronology of key events in afghanistan history Afghanistan at that time was composed of satrapies, or provinces, in the Achaemenian Kingdom.
    http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/arccrisis/afghan-aftimeline.html
    A chronology of key events in Afghanistan history: One of the Buddhas of Bamiyan. (AP photo) 329-326 BCE - Alexander the Great invades Afghanistan. Alexander moved his Macedonian troops over the Hindu Kush into Afghanistan. During the grueling journey, his starving men were forced to eat their pack animals. Afghanistan at that time was composed of satrapies, or provinces, in the Achaemenian Kingdom. Alexander conquered the Achaemenians and most of the Afghan satrapies including Aria (in the region of modern Herat), Bactria (Balkh), Sattagydia (Ghazni), Arachosia (Kandahar), and Drangiana (Seistan). But as soon as he left for India in 327 B.C., Alexander felt his hold on the region slip away as many of the satrapies revolted. After his death in 323 B.C.E., the satrapies passed to the Seleucid Empire. 135 BCE-241 AD - Kushans conquer Bactria. Kushan nomads living in central Asia swooped into Northern Afghanistan and conquered Bactria.It was under the Kushan ruler Kanishka (circa. 130 BCE) that Buddhism started to flourish in the region. 300 - 400 AD - Buddhas of Bamiyan built.

    49. (afghan Or Afghanistan) And History - Books, Journals, Articles @ The Questia On
    afghanistan history 2001 2. War on Terrorism I. Title Afghan Contribution RECENT HISTORY SINCE THE 1978 tragic situation in Afghanistan can be traced
    http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=(afgha

    50. Afghanistan History - Books, Journals, Articles @ The Questia Online Library
    We searched for afghanistan AND history and found 11489 total results. afghanistan history Soviet occupation departure out of Afghanistan,
    http://www.questia.com/search/afghanistan-history
    Questia
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    Research Topics on: afghanistan history List All Research Topics Afghan History
    books on: afghanistan history
    - 6400 results More book Results: Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation Book by Milan Hauner Robert L. Canfield ; Westview Press, 1989 Subjects: AfghanistanHistorySoviet Occupation, 1979-1989 AfghanistanRelationsSoviet Union AfghanistanStrategic Aspects Asia, CentralStrategic Aspects ... Soviet UnionRelationsAfghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan History Soviet Occupation...Ludwig. 1967. Afghanistan , 1900-1923: A Diplomatic History . Berkeley: University...traditional, life. In

    51. Memoir Writing - Afghanistan History - The North West Frontier , The Warlike Pat
    war like pathans were mercenaries in afghanistan switching sides between the british indian army and their own afghan people in the north west frontier.
    http://www.farewellthewinterline.com/newsletter/mar03/Memoirs.htm
    March 2003
    Newsletter Home
    Featured In This Issue of
    the Winterline Journal : Stories:
    Memoir Mementos:

    Stan Blackford's Story of the North West Frontier and "the Pathans' Code". Our Reader's Write
    2003 Issues:
    March
    May Food Adventures:
    Steve Van Rooy's humourous musings on sweetened condensed milk. Recipes:
    Beverly Brush's Quick and Delicious Dhal Recipe Cultural Connections:
    A verse from Rabindranath Tagore and more. Reader Reviews of Farewell the Winterline:
    Our readers come from all walks of life. Newsletter Staff: Editor: Cynthia Brush Graphics: Bill Grey MEMOIR MEMENTOS An unexpected and delightful benefit of publishing my father Stanley Brush's memoir "Farewell The Winterline, Memories of a Boyhood In India" last year are the new friendships we're making with readers from around the world! To spark your interest in his fascinating, often humorous, yet poignant memoir, we are introducing a bit of Stan Blackford's writing from "One Hell of a Life".

    52. Afghanistan History
    The April 1978 Coup d etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Soviet Control and MUJAHIDIN VICTORY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
    http://www.countryreports.org/history/aftoc.aspx?countryid=1&countryName=Afghani

    53. Title Afghanistan History Of The War Publication Human Rights
    Title afghanistan history of the War Publication Human Rights Watch Publication Date (format mm/dd/yyyy) 10/01/2002 Author Last Name
    http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/0/F9E5037387D56D5A87256C4800510C4D?Op

    54. Afghanistan History - Gautamindia.com
    We were unable to find results for your search term afghanistan history . Travel Financial Planning Business and Finance Health and Beauty
    http://www.gautamindia.com/afghanistan_history.cfm?nft=1&t=4&p=4

    55. William Blum; Afghanistan History
    William Blum; afghanistan history. From the chapter on Afghanistan in William Blum s Killing Hope . To
    http://www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/blum.html
    William Blum; Afghanistan History
    [From the chapter on Afghanistan in William Blum's "Killing Hope". To
    >order a copy, go to http://members.aol.com/bblum6/American_holocaust.htm]
    >Afghanistan 1979-1992: America's Jihad
    >His followers first gained attention by throwing acid in the faces of
    >women who refused to wear the veil. CIA and State Department
    >officials I have spoken with call him "a fascist," "definite
    >dictatorship material."
    >This did not prevent the United States government from showering the
    >man with large amounts of aid to fight against the Soviet-supported
    >government of Afghanistan. His name was Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. He was >the head of the Islamic Party and he hated the United States almost >as much as he hated the Russians. His followers screamed "Death to >America" along with "Death to the Soviet Union'", only the Russians >were not showering him with large amounts of aid. >The United States began supporting Afghan Islamic fundamentalists in >1979 despite the fact that in February of that year some of them had >kidnapped the American ambassador in he capital city of Kabul

    56. Stdin: [sixties-l] Brief Afghanistan History Since 1978
    sixtiesl Brief afghanistan history Since 1978. From Sorrento95@aol.com Date Sat Sep 15 2001 - 203731 EDT. Next message radtimes sixties-l
    http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/sixties-l/3511.html
    [sixties-l] Brief Afghanistan History Since 1978
    From: Sorrento95@aol.com
    Date: Sat Sep 15 2001 - 20:37:31 EDT
  • Next message: radtimes: "[sixties-l] Rainbow Farm: Drug War Waco continued...(3)" In the 1980s the conflict in Afghanistan was essentially a struggle between the forces of modernization versus traditional Islamic fundamentalism. In 1979 the Soviet Union intervened militarily to support a government that was seeking to modernize while being threatened by Islamic guerilla activity. The U.S. and other nations provided support to the anti-government guerillas, which included Osama Bin Laden and his followers. U.S. leaders today are blaming Bin Laden for the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center.
    The Reagan-Bush team and their allies in Congress saw the struggle only in Cold War terms of communism versus anticommunism. They were willing to support Bin Laden and other Islamic extremists because they were useful allies against the USSR, seen by the Islamics as a land
    of "Western infidels."
  • 57. Afghanistan History, Issues, Bibliography
    afghanistan history, Issues, Bibliography Click to enlarge Part I History. Part II Issues. Part III. Selective Bibliography. Index.
    http://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=23_95&products_id=8

    58. WELCOME TO KOSHER DELIGHT - YOUR JEWISH ONLINE MAGAZINE!
    Chronical History of Afghanistan Part 1 50000 BCE - 652 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA The Soviet War in afghanistan history and Habinger of Future
    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Afghanistan.htm
    SHOP KOSHER DELIGHT JUDAICA STORE! Store Front Account Search ... Checkout AFGHANISTAN SITE INDEX KOSHER
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    ... Hillel SPECIAL FRIENDS OF KD: Congregation Beth El-Atereth Israel Newton, MA Rabbi Segal ... Afghanistan News RELATED LINKS: SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 AFGHANISTAN KOSHER RECIPES HOME KD Index The Best Kosher Restaurant Guide in the World! Kosher Hotels Kosher Recipes Chief Rabbinate of Israel Updates Kashrut Authorities Around the World Kashrut Comment News and Media Guide Jewish Communities Around the World Parashat HaShavua Jewish Holidays Synagogues Chabad Houses Aish HaTorah Branches Young Israel NCSY B'nai Akiva Hillel Mikvaot Parent and Child Jewish Camps Kids Babies Jewish Hospitals Be Healthy Do Not Abuse Drugs and Alcohol KD Judaica Store Special Friends of KD!

    59. Afghanistan History
    Book Stores afghanistan history. afghanistan history Book Review and Price Comparison. Pages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
    http://www.bookfinder.us/History/Asia_History/Afghanistan_History.html
    Afghanistan History
    History : Asia History : Afghanistan History
    Home Browse Books Bookstore List Top Selling Books ... FAQ Search: Title/Author/Keywords/ISBN
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    Pages: Next Top Selling Books for Afghanistan History Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
    AUTHOR: Steve Coll
    ISBN: 1594200076
    Publish Date: February 2004
    Format: Hardcover
    Compare prices for this book
    Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
    AUTHOR: Steve Coll
    ISBN: 0143034669
    Publish Date: January 2005 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book Good Muslim, Bad Muslim : America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror AUTHOR: MAHMOOD MAMDANI ISBN: 0375422854 Publish Date: April 20, 2004 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book Charlie Wilson's War : The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History AUTHOR: George Crile ISBN: 0871138549 Publish Date: March 2003 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book Drugs, Oil, and War: The United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina

    60. The Soviet War In Afghanistan: History And Harbinger Of Future War?
    The Soviet War in afghanistan history and Harbinger of Future War? The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a repeat of their invasion of Czechoslovakia.
    http://www.ciaonet.org/cbr/cbr00/video/cbr_ctd/cbr_ctd_52.html
    CIAO DATE: 11/01 The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War? General (Ret) Mohammad Yahya Nawroz, Army of Afghanistan
    and Lester W. Grau
    Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
    June 1996 Soviet military power meets the Afghan warrior society Fifteen years after its commencement and five years after its cessation, the Soviet-Afghan War remains an enigma in the West. Earlier successful Soviet military interventions in the Ukraine (1945-1951), East Germany (1953), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968) and intermittent Soviet military pressure on Poland demonstrated that the stark military power of the Soviet state was an irresistible tool of Soviet political power. The West was thankful that nuclear deterrence maintained the Cold War balance and reluctantly accepted Soviet intervention within its socialist commonwealth and in the Soviet border regions as one cost of that balance. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a repeat of their invasion of Czechoslovakia. For months after the invasion, hardly a political or military expert in the world doubted that Afghanistan was now forever incorporated as a part of the Soviet Empire and that nothing short of a large-scale global war could alter the status quo. And global war was most unlikely as both super powers intended to avoid it. Some Westerners recalled the British experiences in Afghanistan and waited for a Soviet "Vietnam" to emerge, but most Westerners believed that the Soviets would ultimately prevail. Some even projected their European fears to southern Asia and envisioned a bold Soviet strategic thrust from southern Afghanistan to the shores of the Persian Gulf, to challenge Western strategic interests and disrupt Western access to critical Middle Eastern oil.

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