1. Valentine Douglas J DDS Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Grass Valley, CA - Ora valentine douglas J DDS Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Grass Valley, CA Oral Surgeon. http://www.wellness.com/dir/2081942/oral-surgeon/ca/grass-valley/valentine-dougl

FREE Wellness E-News First name: E-mail: cookie_name = "dataCookie"; Join Now Sign In The Healthy Living Community HOT TOPICS: JUST FOR MEN JUST FOR WOMEN RELATIONSHIPS ENVIRONMENT ... Grass Valley 300 Sierra College Drive Grass Valley, CA 95945 Phone: Primary Specialty: Oral Surgeon Practice: No staff members on record. Map 300 Sierra College Drive Find Another Oral Surgeon ... Advertise With Us var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); if(typeof ClickTale=='function') ClickTale(6622,0.03);

2. Douglas Valentine Douglas Valentine. Fragging Bob Bob Kerrey, CIA War Crimes, And The Need For A War Crimes Trial Homeland Insecurity A Nation of Assassins Flight of the http://home.earthlink.net/~platter/people/valentine.html

officialssay Douglas Valentine Fragging Bob: Bob Kerrey, CIA War Crimes, And The Need For A War Crimes Trial Homeland Insecurity A Nation of Assassins Flight of the Phoenix: From Vietnam to Homeland Security ... William Blum News C-SPAN.org Guardian Unlimited The Observer Independent News ... Le Monde Diplomatique Media reform Media Reform Information Center Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) Columbia Journalism Review: Who Owns What XXI CENTURY Public Opinion Pew Research Center for People and the Press Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Council for a Livable World Arms Trade Resource Center International Policy Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Foreign Policy in Focus Center for International Policy Defense Information Center for Defense Information Nuclear Issues Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Center for Defense Information Nuclear Issues Los Alamos Study Group Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ... Western States Legal Foundation Human Rights Human Rights Watch UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Amnesty International U.S. Department of State Human Rights reports

3. UnitedStatesGovernment.net - Homeland Security By Douglas Valentine Douglas Valentine is the author of The Hotel Tacloban, TDY, and The Phoenix Program, which are available through this web sites, http://www.unitedstatesgovernment.net/homelandsecurity.htm

Homeland Security: When The Phoenix Comes Home To Roost by Douglas Valentine, May 2003 "The implication or latent threat of terror was sufficient to insure that the people would comply." William Colby, RIP (1) America has been in an ideological state of siege since 11 September 2001, when the Twin Towers came crashing down, and all the moral and psychological prohibitions on the reactionary right were lifted forever. Under the aegis righteous retribution, the anger and frustration the neo-conservatives cultivated during the Vietnam War, and the degenerate Clinton Administration, was unleashed in a torrent of unabashed war mongering. Even Democrats climbed on the war wagon and four days later, on 15 September 2001, Congress, save for one glorious dissenter, gave Bush $40 billion and the authority to use "all necessary and appropriate force" against those involved (or could be said to have been involved) in the uninvestigated and as yet unexplained terrorist attacks. After the attacks, Bush embarked on his Holy Crusade. But something insidious was happening behind the scenes: with little fanfare Bush announced the formation of the Office of Homeland Security to detect, prevent, and recover from terrorist attacks, and/or "weapons of mass destruction" attacks on American soil. This obscure Office of Homeland Security was officially created by executive fiat on 8 October 2001. Less than three weeks later, again with overwhelming Congressional support, Bush signed the draconian USA Patriot Act into law, vastly expanding the domestic intelligence gathering and law enforcement powers of the government, while rolling back individual rights and protections from government intrusions. (2)

4. VALENTINE DOUGLAS, O.S.B. -- WAINEWRIGHT S10-XI (266): 90 -- Notes And Queries valentine douglas, OSB. JOHN B WAINEWRIGHT notesj 266, 9090, © Oxford University Press, 1909. http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/s10-XI/266/90-a

@import "/resource/css/hw.css"; @import "/resource/css/notesj.css"; Skip Navigation Oxford Journals Contact Us My Basket ... Volume s10-XI, Number 266 Pp. 90 Notes and Queries 1909 s10-XI(266):90; doi:10.1093/nq/s10-XI.266.90-a Oxford University Press This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Personal Archive ... Request Permissions Google Scholar Articles by WAINEWRIGHT, J. B. Search for Related Content VALENTINE DOUGLAS, O.S.B. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT You have reached the most complete version of this article accessible without further authentication. More complete versions are available. Link to article This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Personal Archive ... Request Permissions Google Scholar Articles by WAINEWRIGHT, J. B.

5. Valentine Douglas - Genres valentine douglas on IMDb Movies, TV, Celebs, and more http://us.vdc.imdb.com/name/nm2389587/filmogenre

Now Playing Movie/TV News My Movies DVD New Releases ... search All Titles TV Episodes My Movies Names Companies Keywords Characters Quotes Bios Plots more tips SHOP VALENTINE... DVD VHS CD IMDb ... Valentine Douglas Genres Quicklinks categorized by type by year by ratings by votes by TV series by genre by keyword power search credited with contact Top Links biography by votes awards news articles ... message board Filmographies categorized by type by year by ratings ... tv schedule Biographical biography other works publicity contact ... message board External Links official sites miscellaneous photographs sound clips ... video clips Genres for Valentine Douglas advertisement photos board add contact details Genre index Documentary Family Reality-TV Genre: Documentary [top] [Editor] To the Manor Born TV episode [Editor] Genre: Family [top] TV series [Editor] Genre: Reality-TV [top] TV series [Editor] Home Search Now Playing News ... Terms and under which this service is provided to you. An company. Advertise on IMDb. License our content.

6. Douglas Valentine At Meria - The Mouth That Roars Douglas Valentine, author “The Phoenix Program” returns to discuss his award winning new book “The Strength of the Wolf, The Secret History of America’s War http://www.meria.net/category/douglas-valentine

Search Home Guests Donate Amount: Username: Password: NAVIGATION About Meria Book Reviews Contact Meria Donate ... Testimonials What's Coming Up Bob Chapman -2nd Tuesday of Every Month Chalmers Johnson - Nemesis - Last Days of the American Empire Marsha Weissman - State of our Prison system Michael Horn - Silent Revolution of Truth ... Will Tuttle - Co-Hosts "Food For Thought" Every 3rd Tuesday Categories Shows Guests Bob Chapman Robert Gaylon Ross ... NAVIGATION Powered by the Collapsing Categories Widget Douglas Valentine Archive LISTEN Closed Published by admin January 26th, 2006 in One World Order / Global Control Military Industrial Complex Earth News Hour Shows ... Douglas Valentine LISTEN Closed Published by admin October 28th, 2004 in Military Industrial Complex War on Drugs Nuclear Threat U.S. Foreign Policy / Wars ... Douglas Valentine LISTEN Closed Published by admin July 31st, 2003 in One World Order / Global Control Veterans Issues Shows Guests ... Douglas Valentine Recent Posts MERIA with the News MERIA with Paul Craig Roberts - Assault on our Constitution MERIA with the News MERIA with Stephanie Jones - The State of Black America ... MERIA with the News January 2008 S M T W T F S Monthly Archives January 2008 December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 ... RSS Entries and RSS Comments FREE WEEKLY SHOW SUBSCRIBE TESTIMONIALS ... HOME

7. Labor's Foreign Policy Under John Sweeney: Are "Misteps" Aberations--or Return T valentine douglas. 1999. The French Connection Revisited The CIA Irving Brown and Drug Smuggling as Political Warfare. Covert Action Quarterly No. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p22282_index.html

Most common word stems: Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p22282_index.html MLA citation: Scipes, Kim. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA Aug 12, 2005 Online PDF http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p22282_index.html APA citation: Scipes, K. (2005, Aug) Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA PDF from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p22282_index.html Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: US Labor’s Foreign Policy under John Sweeney: Are “Missteps” AberrationsOr a Return to “Traditional” Labor Imperialism? The long-standing set of reactionary AFL-CIO foreign operations appeared to be undermined with the 1995 election of John Sweeney to the presidency of the labor center. However, after positive initial developments, subsequent problems emerged. This paper questions whether these subsequent problems are merely “missteps” of the Sweeney Administration, or are a return to “traditional” labor imperialism. After setting strict criteria that must be met before any “reversion” could be concluded, this paper quickly reviews past AFL-CIO foreign operations, changes made under Sweeney, long-term efforts by activists within the labor movement to establish a just foreign policy, and then recent revelations of labor foreign policy leaders’ involvement with the State Department under presidents Clinton and Bush. Following, an evaluation is made.

8. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. George Nichols Ordained subdeacon and deacon at Laon (probably by Bishop valentine douglas, O.S.B.) in April, 1583, and priest at Reims by Cardinal Archbishop Louis de http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11065c.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... N > Ven. George Nichols Ven. George Nichols (Or NICOLLS). English martyr , born at Oxford about 1550; executed at Oxford , 19 October, 1589. He entered Brasenose College in 1564 or 1565, and was readmitted 20 August, 1567, and supplicated for his B.A. degree in 1570-1. He subsequently became an usher at St. Paul's School, London . He arrived at Reims with Thomas Pilehard (q.v.), 20 Nov., 1581; but went on to Rome , whence he returned 21 July, 1582. Ordained subdeacon and deacon at Laon (probably by Bishop Valentine Douglas, O.S.B.) in April, 1583, and priest at Reims by Cardinal Archbishop Louis de Guise ) 24 Sept., he was sent on the mission the same year. Having converted many, notably a convicted highwayman in Oxford Castle, he was arrested at the Catherine Wheel Inn, opposite the east end of St. Mary Magdalen's Church Oxford , together with Humphrey Prichard, a Welsh servant at the inn, Thomas Belson , and Richard Yaxley. This last was a son (probably the third, certainly not the sixth) of William Yaxley of Boston, Lincolnshire, by Rose, daughter of John Langton of Northolme. Arriving at Reims 29 August, 1582, he received the

9. IG Offices - DOI Deputy Inspector General W. valentine douglas Deputy Inspector General Hans G. Seideman AGENCIES. Administration for Children s Services http://prtl-prd-web.nyc.gov/html/doi/html/ig_office.html

DOI Home Page Report Corruption Contact Inspector General Offices List of DOI Inspectors General for Mayoral Agencies: Correctional Services Unit Board of Correction Department of Correction Department of Probation ... Dept. of Citywide Administrative Services (DORIS) City Civil Service Commission Dept. of Environmental Protection Dept. of Health Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Board of Health Dept. of Sanitation ... Internal Affairs Bureau Inspectors General Offices for Non-Mayoral Agencies: Metropolitan Transportation Authority NYC Health and Hospitals Corporation NYC Off-Track Betting Corporation NYC School Construction Authority ... NYC Housing Development Corporation Go to Top Page INSPECTOR GENERAL DIRECTORY - MAYORAL AGENCIES CORRECTIONAL SERVICES UNIT MEERA CATTAFESTA - INSPECTOR GENERAL 80 Maiden Lane, 16th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10038

10. Douglas Valentine, Author douglas valentine is an author, researcher, investigator, consultant, critic, and poet. http://www.douglasvalentine.com/

Home Books Douglas Valentine is an author, investigator, consultant, and poet. He lives with his wife, Alice, and their adorable cat, Shora, in Longmeadow, Massachusetts. Doug was a professional tree surgeon until 1980. He began his career as a writer in 1981. His philosophy of life is based in classical mythology and love of nature, and is applied through his writing to political, social, and national security issues. Doug Valentine, December 2003 Doug’s published works to date include THE HOTEL TACLOBAN , a highly praised account of his father’s horrifying experiences in a Japanese prisoner of war camp; and THE PHOENIX PROGRAM , which Professor Alfred W. McCoy describes as "the definitive account" of the CIA’s most terrifying covert operation of the Vietnam War. The HOTEL TALOBAN and THE PHOENIX PROGRAM are available through iUniverse.com, the on-demand Internet book publisher. THE HOTEL TACLOBAN is scheduled for publication in Cuba in 2006. Doug’s third book, TDY , is an action-adventure novel about CIA drug-smuggling. TDY is also available at iUniverse.com. A second edition of

11. Douglas Valentine - Articles The website maintained by douglas valentine, author of. http://members.authorsguild.net/valentine/

@import "images/china-with-palette-35.css"; /* */ Douglas Valentine Articles Books Home Contact: redspruce@ comcast.net Review of Strength of the Wolf by Ron Jacobs at CounterPunch December 2004 A Caracas Romance: Wolves And Revolution In Venezuela Memorial Day: A poem What the World Should Know About Bush's Torture Chamber At Guantanamo ... poems (19 KB) Fifty-two Pick-up And The Hundred-to-One Rule Echos of Vietnam: Phoenix, Assassination and Blowback in Iraq Premeptive Manhunting: ... Homeland Security For Whom? (Adapted from an article in the July 2003 issue of Penthouse) (49 KB) Film and Book Review: The Quiet American, by Graham Greene Book Review: An Act Of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King, by William Pepper The Martin Luther King Trial: Why The Jury Said Our Government Was Involved In His Assassination From Phoenix To Homeland Security: What To Expect From A Political Police State ... After The War: America's Quiet Campaign To Eliminate Defectors Review by Carlo Parcelli “Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape, and pillage with the sanction and the blessing of the All-Highest.”

12. Douglas Valentine: 50 Cent's Plea By douglas valentine. Brent Staples recently slammed 50 Cent, the Rap/Hip Hop lyricist, in an article in the NY Times. Mr. Staples accused 50 Cent of being http://www.counterpunch.org/valentine05142005.html

home subscribe donate about us ... events New Print Edition of CounterPunch: Should the Left Cheer the Dollar's Drop? How to make the bankers scream: Robert Pollin, world's best obituarist of Clintonomics, explains it all for you. Do police states make people feel safer? Vicente Navarro on Franco's Spain, Cockburn on Ireland in the Fifties under the Catholic Hierarchy, Alevtina Rea on growing up in Brezhnev-time. Capitalism's true utopia? St Clair on the Pentagon's no-bid arms contracts. How's the press doing in Iraq? Patrick Cockburn tells all to Omar Waraich. Get the answers you're looking for in the latest subscriber-only edition of CounterPunch... CounterPunch Online is read by millions of viewers each month! But remember, we are funded solely by the subscribers to the print edition of CounterPunch. Please support this website by buying a subscription to our newsletter, which contains fresh material you won't find anywhere else, or by making a donation for the online edition. Remember contributions are tax-deductible. Click here to make a donation If you find our site useful please: Subscribe Now!

13. Douglas Valentine Books (Used, New, Out-of-Print) - Alibris Alibris has new used books by douglas valentine, including hardcovers, softcovers, rare, outof-print first editions, signed copies, and more. http://www.alibris.com/search/books/author/Valentine, Douglas

You'll find it at Alibris! Log in here. Over 60 million used, new, and out-of-print books! YOUR CART items ACCOUNT WISHLIST HELP search all sellers in Books Movies DVD VHS Music - Pop/Jazz Pop/Jazz CD Pop/Jazz Vinyl Music - Classical Classical CD Classical Vinyl by title / ISBN by song title by author by composer by subject your shopping cart order status wish list book fetch ... help Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win FREE books. your e-mail address see this month's winners NEW BOOKS OF NOTE COLLEGE TEXTBOOKS BARGAIN BOOKS ... RARE BOOKS BOOKS by Douglas Valentine Your search: Books Author: Valentine, Douglas (8 matching titles) Narrow your results by: Hardcover Softcover Signed First edition ... Eligible for FREE shipping Narrow results by title Narrow results by author Narrow results by subject Narrow results by keyword Narrow results by publisher or refine further Sometimes it pays off to expand your search to view all available copies of items matching your search terms. Page of 1 sort by Top-Selling Price New Price Title Author The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs more books like this by Douglas Valentine A riveting tale of the fateful struggle against organized narcotic trafficking figures protected by the CIA and the FBI. The Strength of the Wolf presents for the first time a definitive history of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) from its birth in 1930 until its wrenching termination in 1968. Carefully and extensively documented, the book ...

14. Valentine, Douglas | LibraryThing LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free. http://www.librarything.es/subject.php?subject=Valentine, Douglas

15. BOWLING GREEN, OH Political Contributions By Individuals valentine, douglas R Mr. (Dk Enterprises Lnd Fill disposal/), (Zip code 43402) $500 to NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE on 09/14/04 http://www.city-data.com/elec/elec-BOWLING-GREEN-OH.html

BOWLING GREEN, OH Political Contributions by Individuals Important note: This list is based on the data made publicly available by the Federal Election Commission. City-Data.com has made no additional attempt to verify the accuracy or validity of the names on this list and it cannot individually remove or update any of the information. Please direct any inquiries or corrections to the FEC. City-Data.com will periodically update this list based on the data made available by the FEC. Note that it is possible for multiple persons to share the same name. Unintentional errors are possible. Do not use for any purpose before consulting official data provided by the FEC. THESE INDIVIDUAL NAMES ARE NOT TO BE USED FOR ANY COMMERCIAL PURPOSES OR TO SOLICIT CONTRIBUTIONS BY LAW. Discuss Ohio on our active forum. Frank, Stefania (N/A/Retired), (Zip code: 43402) $230 to DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE on 03/19/03 Kirby, William A, (Zip code: 43402) $500 to DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE on 06/10/04 Kirby, William A (N/A/Retired), (Zip code: 43402) $500 to DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE on 08/31/04

16. The Phoenix Program - VALENTINE, DOUGLAS The Phoenix Program; valentine, douglas. Offered by Bison Books. http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bison/011348.shtml

ANTI Q BOOK Search Antiqbook Ask a question or Order this book Browse our books ... Book dealer info VALENTINE, DOUGLAS The Phoenix Program New York, William Morrow and Company 1990, 1st printing, hb. Ill.: black and white photographs. Very good+ in very good+ dust jacket w/ sticker residue to rear. ISBN 068809130X ¶ "For the first time ever, a shattering account of the most ambitious and closely guarded operation of the Vietnam War." CAD 25.00 = appr. US$ 24.85 Offered by: Bison Books - Book number: 011348 See more books from our catalog: Military History Hundreds of the world's finest antiquarian and used booksellers offer their books on Antiqbook. They offer full satisfaction and normal prices - no markups, no hidden costs, no overcharged shipping costs. 7 million books at your fingertips! Search all books at Antiqbook

17. Douglas Valentine EBooks douglas valentine eBookMall - Over 150000 eBooks! http://www.ebookmall.com/ebooks-authors/douglas-valentine-ebooks.htm

eBooks Categories Authors Douglas Valentine eBooks Douglas Valentine Douglas Valentine eBooks TDY Select Format Adobe Reader PDF - $6.00 Microsoft Reader - $6.00 Douglas Valentine Douglas Valentine is the author of TDY. eBooks Categories Authors Douglas Valentine eBooks ... About Us

18. Valentine,D. The Phoenix Program. 1990 valentine, douglas. The Phoenix Program. New York William Morrow, 1990. 479 pages. Along with saturation bombing of civilian populations, Operation Phoenix http://www.namebase.org/sources/OS.html

Valentine, Douglas. The Phoenix Program. New York: William Morrow, 1990. 479 pages. Along with saturation bombing of civilian populations, Operation Phoenix has to rate as America's most atrocious chapter in its collection of fun facts from Vietnam. Between 1967 to 1973 an estimated 40,000 Vietnamese were killed by CIA-sponsored "counterterror" and "hunter-killer" teams, and hundreds of thousands were sent to secret interrogation centers. William Colby's records show 20,587 dead between 1968 and 1971, though he likes to believe that most were killed in military combat and afterwards identified as part of the VC infrastructure. Other testimony suggests that Colby was a bit disingenuous in these 1971 hearings. At one point Congressman Ogden Reid pulled out a list signed by a CIA officer that named VC cadre rounded up in a particular action in 1967. "It is of some interest that on this list, 33 of the 61 names were women and some persons were as young as 11 and 12," noted Reid. Valentine spent four years researching this name-intensive book, and managed to interview over 100 Phoenix participants. If post-Vietnam America had ever looked into a mirror, this book might have become a bestseller. Instead it was published just as the Gulf War allowed us to resume business as usual, and went virtually unnoticed. ISBN 0-688-09130-X Search the NameBase site: While the best way to search for names is to use NameBase, most can also be found here by using only first and last name, separated by a single space, with no quotation marks.

19. Cheryl Valentine — Gene Valentine : ZoomInfo Business People Information valentine, Doug, Donzi, Driver Wilma Ross and throttleman Brian Ross, valentine, douglas, U.S., The Spook Who Would Be a Congressman By douglas http://www.zoominfo.com/people/level2page40994.aspx

var biz_data = ""; ZoomSearchBox.init(1, ''); Welcome, Guest Register Sign in Help Welcome to the ZoomInfo People Directory Find the person you're searching for in the list below and click on their name for more detailed information. Or use the search box above to explore our entire directory of over 30 million business professionals. Can't find yourself in ZoomInfo? Create your own profile now. var biz_data = ""; Valentine, Cheryl Carilion Biomedical Institute Cheryl Valentine Cheryl Valentine is Director of Business ... Valentine, Cheryl Epic Records Cheryl Valentine Epic Records Cheryl Valentine is the new VP , Rock Promotion at Epic ... Valentine, Cheryl Lovejoy Hospice Valentine appointed new leader at Lovejoy Hospice - Appointment of Cheryl ... Valentine, Cheryl Mississippi Valley Running Association Advertising: Cheryl Valentine Cheryl Valentine Valentine, Cheryl The Lacks Cancer Center Cheryl Valentine , RN, BSN, OCN, ... at The Lacks Cancer Center at Saint Mary's, ... Valentine, Cheryl Cheryl Valentine 15 Union St., Everett Mills, Bldg Six Lawrence, MA 01840 Phone: 8002783402 Fax: 9417618919

20. Meyer: Cambrian Explosion And CSI? - The Panda's Thumb James W. valentine, douglas H. Erwin, and David Jablonski REVIEW Developmental Evolution of Metazoan Bodyplans The Fossil Evidence DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2004/08/meyer-cambrian.html

Contact Us Feed Main Archives ... About Meyer: Cambrian Explosion and CSI? By PvM on August 27, 2004 7:00 PM Permalink Comments (3) As other PT contributors Meyer when discussing [1] the Cambrian period states the following The full reference reads: Valentine, I. W. 1995. Late Precambrian bilaterians: grades and clades The paper also appeared in PNAS as: Valentine, J.W. 1994. Late Precambrian bilaterians: grades and clades Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A . July 19; 91 (15): 6751-6757. Notice my surprise when I thus read Cell-phenotype numbers in living phyla, and a model of cell-phenotype number increase, suggest an origin of metazoans near 600 my ago, followed by a passive rise in body-plan complexity. Living phyla appearing during the Cambrian explosion have a Hox/HOM gene cluster, implying its presence in the common ancestral trace makers. The explosion required a repatterning of gene expression that mediated the development of novel body plans but evidently did not require an important, abrupt increase in genomic or morphologic complexity. At present there is no evidence of a major step in body-plan complexity during the Cambrian explosion.

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