1. King Arthur: Literature Of The Legends--Chretien De Troyes We start with the towering giant, chretien de troyes. We have seen that earlier tales of Arthur drew on Welsh tales and the events of the times of the http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/legendliterature1.htm

Explorations in Arthurian Legends A Literature Review Part 1: Chretien de Troyes Previous discussions have focused on writers who have attempted to portray Arthur as historical in nature. We have seen that no matter how hard these writers try, they cannot help but invent conventions because they have so little to go on. Still, their Arthur was a figure of history whose deeds could be rooted in things that actually happened and places that could conceivably be identified. Geoffrey of Monmouth started the fiction ball rolling with his History of the Kings of Briton, which introduced many fanciful notions, including the idea that Britain had never been conquered by the Romans. Wace introduced the idea of courtly love. It was up to his fellow Frenchmen to elaborate on this theme. We start with the towering giant, Chretien de Troyes. We have seen that earlier tales of Arthur drew on Welsh tales and the events of the times of the writers to portray Arthur differently. Geoffrey of Monmouth has given us the begetting and birth of Arthur at Tintagel and Arthur's marriage to Guinevere (though he calls her Ganhumara). Wace has given us the

2. Lancelot, By Chretien De Troyes by chretien de troyes. Click for image source Since my lady of Champagne wishes me to undertake to write a romance, I shall very gladly do so, http://www.bluffton.edu/~humanities/1/lancelot.htm

Lancelot, or The Knight of the Cart by Chretien de Troyes [Sir Gawain, Arthur's nephew, tells King Arthur that he has done a very foolish thing in allowing Sir Kay to be the Queen's defender. Sir Gawain then goes after the Queen himself. As he searches for her, he meets a mysterious knight who is riding a fine but exhausted horse. The unknown knight takes one of Gawain's spare horses and rides off, with Gawain following. After some distance, Gawain finds his horse dead of exhaustion, having been ridden to death, and continues on until he finds the knight again on foot. The knight is standing next to a cart.] [The damsel tells the knights the fate of the Queen: : "In truth, my lords, Meleagant, a tall and powerful knight, son of the King of Gorre, has taken her off into the kingdom whence no foreigner returns, but where he must perforce remain in servitude and banishment." The damsel also tells the knights that there are only two ways to enter Melagant's country: an underwater bridge and a sword bridge. Gawain chooses to cross by the underwater bridge. The knights separate. The mysterious knight comes to a castle and is welcomed by a damsel who is its mistress.] Lancelot leaves the damsel and has many adventures on his way to Meleagant's kingdom. Eventually he reaches the Sword Bridge, one of the two ways to enter Meleagant's kingdom.]

3. Chretien De Troyes Life Stories, Books, & Links Stories about chretien de troyes s life and Magic in Medieval Romance, The Complete Romances. With links to essays literary criticism and analysis. http://www.todayinliterature.com/biography/chretien.de.troyes.asp

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chretien de Troyes - Life Stories, Books, and Links Biographical Information Stories about Chretien de Troyes Selected works by this author Selected books about / related to this author ... Recommended links BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Chretien de Troyes Category: French Literature Born: 1135 [DOB/DOD uncertain], France Died: 1183 Related authors: Sir Thomas Malory T. H. White list all writers Chretien de Troyes - LIFE STORIES No articles are presently listed for Chretien de Troyes. top of page SELECTED WORKS BY THIS AUTHOR The Complete Romances of Chretien De Troyes by Chretien de Troyes, David Staines (Translator) poetry FIND BOOKS BY CHRETIEN DE TROYES AT Powell's Books TinL Premium Members save 10% on every order! (please login) top of page SELECTED BOOKS ABOUT (or related to) THIS AUTHOR Magic in Medieval Romance from Chretien De Troyes to Geoffrey Chaucer by Michelle Sweeney non-fiction FIND BOOKS BY CHRETIEN DE TROYES AT Powell's Books TinL Premium Members save 10% on every order!

4. Chretien De Troyes CONTE DEL GRAAL (by chretien de troyes) hus Perceval traveled along the bank until he approached a rocky cliff whose base was washed by the water so that http://www.uidaho.edu/student_orgs/arthurian_legend/grail/fisher/texts/romance/c

CONTE DEL GRAAL (by Chretien de Troyes) Return to Text Listing

5. Chrétien De Troyes - Wikipedia Translate this page chretien de troyes subì l influenza della poetica cortese portata dai trovatori della Francia meridionale all incirca nel XII secolo. http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrétien_de_Troyes

Chr©tien de Troyes Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Vai a: Navigazione cerca Chr©tien de Troyes Troyes ) ¨ stato uno scrittore francese modifica Biografia Poco si sa della sua vita: fu probabilmente un chierico di grande cultura che visse presso le corti feudali di Maria di Champagne e in seguito di Filippo d'Alsazia conte di Fiandra Nel proemio del suo "Clig©s" si legge che compose traduzioni dell' Ars amandi e probabilmente dei "Remedia amoris" di Ovidio , il poemetto "Banchetto della spalla", un'opera su Tristano ed Isotta e "La metamorfosi dell'upupa, della rondine e dell'usignolo" (tratto dalle "Metamorfosi" di Ovidio). Eccetto l'ultimo, di tutta questa produzione non ¨ rimasto nulla. La fama del poeta si deve ai cinque romanzi che scrisse ispirandosi alle leggende bretoni Erec et Enide Clig¨s Lancelot ou le chevalier de la charret Yvain ou le chevalier au lion Le Roman de Perceval ou le conte du Graal Egli fu il pi¹ grande interprete degli ideali cavallereschi di lealt , prodezza, generosit  nel mondo raffinato delle corti feudali dove una parte predominante avevano le figure femminili come quelle di Eleonora d'Aquitania e Maria di Champagne che fu la protettrice di Chr©tien. In questa societ , sviluppatasi nella Francia settentrionale, ma che molto prese in fatto di suggestioni dalla

6. Chretien De Troyes --  Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on chretien de troyes French poet who is known as the author of five Arthurian romances Erec; Cligès; Lancelot, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082386/Chretien-de-Troyes

var britAdCategory = "literature"; Already a member? LOGIN Encyclopædia Britannica - the Online Encyclopedia Home Blog Advocacy Board ... Free Trial Britannica Online Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Print this Table of Contents Linked Articles romances Wace Geoffrey of Monmouth Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight ... Arthurian legend Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. Page 1 of 1 French poet who is known as the author of five Arthurian romances Erec Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au lion ; and Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal . The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d'Angleterre (75 of 359 words) To read the full article, activate your FREE Trial Close Enable free complete viewings of Britannica premium articles when linked from your website or blog-post. Now readers of your website, blog-post, or any other web content can enjoy full access to this article on Chretien de Troyes , or any Britannica premium article for free, even those readers without a premium membership. Just copy the HTML code fragment provided below to create the link and then paste it within your web content. For more details about this feature, visit our Webmaster and Blogger Tools page Copy and paste this code into your page var dc_UnitID = 14; var dc_PublisherID = 15588; var dc_AdLinkColor = '009900'; var dc_adprod='ADL'; var dc_open_new_win = 'yes'; var dc_isBoldActive= 'no';

7. Chretien De Troyes' Yvain: Grey Knights, Page 1 In the case of chretien de troyes Yvain, the poet never judges his hero. He never overtly condemns his hero when Yvain fails. Yvain is a meticulously http://karatethejapaneseway.com/research/chretien_01.html

Chretien De Troyes' Yvain: Grey Knights Deciding what can be considered a representational work of a particular author and age of thought can be a difficult enterprise. The Song of Roland, La Morte D'Arthur, and Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde can all be considered representative works of medieval thought. Like Yvain, these works are lenses through which a medieval tale is told and a perspective into the mind of the author is granted to the reader. Regardless of which text we use to attempt to define what knighthood ought to be, we run into the same problem that each author is variously unable or unwilling to give the reader precise definitions. The association of knighthood with virtue is continually implied throughout the works of medieval authors, but, in its representation, irony is employed frequently in depictions of transgressions and deviations from knightly ideals. Nevertheless, the ideal itself often lacks definition. In the case of Chretien de Troyes' Yvain, the poet never judges his hero. He never overtly condemns his hero when Yvain fails. Yvain is a meticulously constructed text which addresses, primarily through implication and juxtaposition, the central question of knightly identity. It is a stunningly flexible and innovative text: Despite its apparently lackadaisical attention to the strict conventions of romance narrative constructionno prologue, no sententia-like initial statement, no authority or source cited, Le Chevalier au Lion has often been described as Chretien's most carefully contrived romance. In addition to what Frappier and others have referred to as its stylistic harmony and beauty of language, Yvain (along with Cliges) is Chretien's most self-contained narrative. (Uitti 88)

8. Chretien De Troyes chretien de troyes was a French poet, and he was the first great exponent of the romanticisation of Arthurian legend. His narrative romances, composed http://www.legendofkingarthur.co.uk/literature/chretien-de-troyes.htm

Chretien de Troyes Chretien de Troyes was a French poet, and he was the first great exponent of the romanticisation of Arthurian legend. Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing around 1130 with History of the Kings of Britain, introduced the first literary creation of the character, King Arthur. Wace introduced the idea of courtly love. Chretien de Troyes built and expanded on this base. Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote about the conception and birth of Arthur at Tintagel and Arthur's marriage to Guinevere (he calls her Ganhumara). Wace created the Round Table and Excalibur. Chretien de Troyes is the man that created Camelot, Lancelot, and the Holy Grail. Although Chretien de Troyes did not describe a grail as a chalice, he appears to have used the word in the meaning of a flat serving dish. The current description of the Grail as a cup came later from by Robert de Boron Chretien de Troyes translated Ovid's Art of Love and a version of the Tristan legend. He then turned to the Arthurian theme with Erec, about an Arthurian knight who is put to various trials to claim the love of Enide. Arthur is said to have his court at Cardigan. Guinevere, Kay, Gawain and Lancelot is mentioned. The court of Arthur is portrayed as a romantic, chivilrous place. The next romance by Chretien de Troyes is Cliges, which again takes place round Arthur's court. The main character, Cliges loves Fenice. But Fenice marries Clige's uncle, the emperor of Constantinople. Magic potions with various powers pepper the story.

9. Chretien De Troyes' Arthurian Romances Arthurian Romances (Everyman Library), chretien de troyes, D.D.R. Owen (Translator), Everymans Library, October 1993. Comfort did not translate Chretien s http://www.celtic-twilight.com/camelot/chretien/index.htm

CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES' ARTHURIAN ROMANCES W. Wistar Comfort Introduction Erec and Enide Clíges Yvain, or the Knight of the Lion ... Arthurian Romances (Everyman Library), Chretien De Troyes, D.D.R. Owen (Translator), Everymans Library, October 1993 Comfort did not translate Chretien's Perceval and until a public domain version comes into our hands for posting, we can only offer modern translations: Perceval, or The Story of the Grail , Chretien De Troyes, Ruth Harwood Cline, Pergamon Press, August 1983 Perceval or The Story of the Grail , Ruth Harwood Cline, Chretien De Troyes, Univ of Georgia Press, January 1986 Perceval: The Story of the Grail , Chretien De Troyes, Burton Raffel, Yale Univ Press, January 1999 Perceval: The Story of the Grail , Chretien, Burton Raffel, Yale Univ Press, February 1999 Visit Gordd Cymru for other great Websites

10. Chretien De Troyes On LibraryThing | Catalog Your Books Online LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free. http://www.librarything.com/author/troyeschretiende

Language: English [ others Albanian Basque Bulgarian ... Welsh Over twenty-two million books on members' bookshelves. Home Book Suggestions Zeitgeist Groups ... add a picture Author: Chretien De Troyes Also known as: Chrestien de Troyes Chr'etian de Troyes Chretien de Troyes Chretien ... Mario Roques Chretien De Troyes Members Reviews Rating Favorited Conversations Books by Chretien De Troyes combine/separate works Arthurian romances 605 copies, 4 reviews Yvain, the Knight of the Lion 182 copies, review Perceval, or, The story of the grail 159 copies, review The complete romances of Chr©tien de Troyes 105 copies, 3 reviews Lancelot, or, The knight of the cart 90 copies, review Erec and Enide 46 copies, review Clig¨s 15 copies, review 6 copies, review Guilherme de Inglaterra 2 copies, review Member ratings Average: 0.5 stars 1 stars 1.5 stars 2 stars 2.5 stars 3 stars 3.5 stars 4 stars 4.5 stars 5 stars Common Knowledge Share what you know. view history You must log in to edit Common Knowledge data. For more help see the Common Knowledge help page Canonical name Gender Date of birth Date of death Burial location Nationality Places of residence Education Occupations Organizations Awards and honors Agents Short biography Disambiguation notice Conversations There are 9 conversations about Chretien De Troyes's books.

11. Chretien De Troyes@Everything2.com He claims to be from Troyes, not far from Paris, and names Marie de Champagne (daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) as one of his patrons. http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Chretien de Troyes

12. Chretien De Troyes - Research And Read Books, Journals, Articles Research chretien de troyes at the Questia.com online library. http://www.questia.com/library/literature/chretien-de-troyes.jsp

13. Chretien De Troyes - Britannica Concise romance It was chretien de troyes (fl. 1160-85) who in five romances (Erec; Cliges; Lancelot, ou Le Chevalier de la charrette; Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9360702/Chrétien-de-Troyes

document.writeln(AAMB1); Britannica Concise Print Article Email Article Cite Article French poet. Little is known of his life. He is the author of the five Arthurian romance s Erec Lancelot Yvain , and Perceval and possibly also of a non-Arthurian tale. Written in the vernacular, his romances were derived from the writings of Geoffrey of Monmouth and combine separate adventures into well-knit stories. They were imitated almost immediately by other French poets and were translated and adapted frequently as the romance continued to develop as a narrative form. See also Arthurian legend document.writeln(AAMB2); More on "Chretien de Troyes" from Britannica Concise Mabinogion - Collection of 11 medieval Welsh tales based on mythology, folklore, and heroic legends. Wolfram von Eschenbach - German poet. Hartmann von Aue - Middle High German poet. grail - In Arthurian legend, a sacred cup that was the object of a mystical quest by knights of the Round Table. Lancelot - One of the greatest knights in Arthurian legend, the lover of Guinevere and the father of Galahad. More on "Chretien de Troyes" from the 32 Volume Chretien - French poet who is known as the author of five Arthurian romances: Erec; Cliges; Lancelot, ou Le Chevalier a la charrette; Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au lion; and Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal. The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d'Angleterre, based on the legend of St. Eustace, may also have been written by Chretien.

14. Chretien De Troyes: Holy Grail Chrtien de Troyes did not invent the Arthurian legend he gave it a sophisticated form, establishing it as a major branch of European literature. http://www.lycos.com/info/chretien-de-troyes--holy-grail.html

var topic_urlstring = 'chretien-de-troyes'; var topic = 'Chretien De Troyes'; var subtopic_urlstring= 'holy-grail'; LYCOS RETRIEVER Retriever Home What is Lycos Retriever? Chretien De Troyes: Holy Grail built 125 days ago Retriever Society People Chrtien de Troyes did not invent the Arthurian legend: he gave it a sophisticated form, establishing it as a major branch of European literature. This lively edition of Chretien's romances includes "Perceval," the first Grail story, as well as his lays "Erec and Enide," "Cligs," Lancelot," and "Yvain." In these delicate, passionate works, French chivalry bounds through the centuries to greet modern readers with new words for devotion. This text refers to the Paperback edition. Source: amazon.com The French poet Chretien de Source: membres.lycos.fr Malory wrote his stories 300 years after Chretien de Troyes, by then Lancelot had become more popular than Gawain (Malory portrays Gwain as a knight bent on revenge). In Malory, Lancelot is Arthur's favorite, even athough he kills Gawain's brothers and commits adultery with Guinevere. For this sin, Lancelot can never see the Holy Grail. And the final tragedy is that eventually Arthur and Lancelot end up battling each other as Camelot tears itself apart. Source: sir-lancelot.co.uk

15. Chretien De Troyes « Rebecca’s Courtly Blog Lynn Tarte Ramey argues that chretien de troyes’ Erec and Enide validates misogyny and the suppression of women within marriage. By placing Chretien in http://rkharpine.wordpress.com/category/chretien-de-troyes/

@import url( http://s.wordpress.com/wp-content/themes/pub/ocadia/style.css?m=1193427744 ); The Courtly Tradition in Medieval Literature, University of Mary Washington Research Portfolio (Take Two): Review # 1 Posted in Chretien de Troyes Research Portfolio (Take 2) at 3:39 am by rharpine Romanic Review , 84:4 (1993 Nov), pp. 377-86. Lynn Tarte Ramey argues that Chretien de Troyes’ Erec and Enide validates misogyny and the suppression of women within marriage. By placing Chretien in historical context, Ramey concludes that his Arthurian romance serves as a cautionary tale to Chr©tien’s largely female medieval audience. Ramey begins her essay with a survey of major critical reactions to Erec and Enide . She claims that scholars tend to read into the tale a positive message about marital unity and communication. Ramey rejects this optimistic interpretation, arguing that we should discontinue categorizing Erec and Enide as a tale of courtly love. Instead, she argues, we should view the tale for what it is… an intentionally misogynistic, moralizing tract. Ramey points out that as a court writer, Chr©tien’s audience was primarily composed of women. Therefore, it is possible that he exploited his role as court writer in order to spread misogynistic lessons about female passivity to the court ladies who were reading his texts. Within the tale, Ramey uncovers two distinct types of misogyny. One encompasses negative stereotypes of women perpetuated in the Middle Ages, and the other warns against the tyranny of female rulers.

16. Companion To Chretien De Troyes, 1843840502, £45.00/$90.00, 260pp, 2005 Chrétien de Troyes is arguably the creator of Arthurian romance, and it is on his work that later writers have based their interpretations. http://www.boydell.co.uk/43840502.HTM

Search You do not have a java enabled browser - click here for alternative menus A Companion to Chrétien de Troyes Edited by Norris J. Lacy Edited by Joan Tasker Grimbert Chrétien de Troyes is arguably the creator of Arthurian romance, and it is on his work that later writers have based their interpretations. This book offers both crucial information on, and a comprehensive coverage of, all aspects of the work of Chrétien de Troyes - the literary and historical background, patronage, his influence on other writers, manuscripts and editions of his work and, at the heart of the volume, major essays on his themes, techniques and artistic achievements in each of his compositions; the contributions, all from leading experts in Chrétien and related studies, have been commissioned especially for this volume and are designed to remain accessible to students while also addressing specialists in Arthurian studies and Chrétien de Troyes. They reflect the most current critical and scholarly views on one of the greatest of medieval authors. CONTRIBUTORS: JOHN W. BALDWIN, JUNE HALL MCCASH, LAURENCE HARF-LANCNER, NORRIS J. LACY, DOUGLAS KELLY, KEITH BUSBY, PETER F. DEMBOWSKI, ROBERTA L. KRUEGER, DONALD MADDOX, SARA STURM-MADDOX, JOAN TASKER GRIMBERT, MATILDA TOMARYN BRUCKNER, TONY HUNT, RUPERT T. PICKENS, ANNIE COMBES, MICHELLE SZKILNIK, EMMANUELE BAUMGARTNER

17. French Studies -- Sign In Page A Companion to Chrétien de Troyes. Edited by NORRIS J. LACY and JOAN TASKER GRIMBERT. Tellingly Sarah Kay s seminal essay ‘Who was Chrétien de Troyes? http://fs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/61/3/352

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18. CHRETIEN DE TROYES, Une Oeuvre De TROYES CHRETIEN DE, Proposée Par Chapitre Translate this page chretien de troyes une oeuvre de TROYES CHRETIEN DE paru en 1957 aux éditions HATIER, en edition ancienne ou neuve, rare ou épuisée, est chez Chapitre. http://www.livres-chapitre.com/-Z0KPFT/-CHRETIEN-DE-TROYES/-CHRETIEN-DE-TROYES.h

Rechercher dans : Tous catalogues Livres neufs en français DVD Livres étrangers Recherche rapide : ACCUEIL LIVRES DVD MUSIQUE ... Liens TITRE: CHRETIEN DE TROYES AUTEUR: TROYES CHRETIEN DE Edité par HATIER Paru en 1957 Vous recherchez le livre CHRETIEN DE TROYES TROYES CHRETIEN DE : si c'est le titre tant recherché, vous pouvez avoir plus d' informations ici CHRETIEN DE TROYES livre , vous propose d'affiner votre recherche concernant " CHRETIEN DE TROYES " dans la partie de droite afin de mieux satisfaire votre requête. Accès ici Remplissez un ou plusieurs champs : Rechercher dans : Livres en français DVD Livres étrangers neufs Livres étrangers d'occasion Titre : Auteur : Editeur : Collection : Par titre Par auteur Du plus cher au moins cher Du moins cher au plus cher Rechercher

19. Chretien De Troyes --  Britannica Student Encyclopaedia chretien de troyes (died about 1180). The French poet Chrétien is known as the author of five 12thcentury Arthurian romances Erec; Cligès; Lancelot, http://student.britannica.com/ebi/article-9319614

document.writeln(AAMB1); Already a member? LOGIN Home Free Trial Guided Tour Britannica Online This Article's Table of Contents Print this Table of Contents Unsure of the meaning of a word? Double-click it to look it up in Merriam-Webster's Student Dictionary. document.writeln(AAMB3); Student's Encyclopedia Page 1 of 1 Print Page Print Article E-mail Article Cite Article Expand your Research: Journals And Magazines The Web's Best Sites Erec (Lancelot, or the Knight of the Cart); Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au lion (Yvain, or the Knight of the Lion); and Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal (Perceval, or the Story of the Grail). The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d'Angleterre (75 of 241 words) To read the full article, activate your FREE Trial Page 1 of 1 document.writeln(AAMB2); To cite this page: MLA style: http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9319614 APA style: ). In Retrieved http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9319614 Back to top document.writeln(AAMB4); About Us Legal Notices Contact Us Britannica Store ... Syndication Other Britannica sites: Australia France India Korea ... More

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