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Tibet Government:     more books (98)

1503 complaint: Allegations of human rights violations in Tibet (Student papers / University of Washington, School of Law) by Linda Bevis, 1989 Rape of Tibet by Nikhil Maitra, 1963 The real Tibet (Far East reporter) by Susan Warren, 1959 Imagining Tibet: Perceptions, Projections, and Fantasies The Struggle for Tibet by Wang Lixiong, Tsering Shakya, 2009-12-07 Lost in Tibet: The Untold Story of Five American Airmen, a Doomed Plane, and the Will to Survive by Miriam Murcutt, Richard Starks, 2005-11-01 Sky Burial: An Eyewitness Account of China's Brutal Crackdown in Tibet by Blake Kerr, 1997-11-25 Western Tibet and the British Borderland: The Sacred Country of Hindus and Buddhists, with an Account of the Government, Religion, and Customs of Its Peoples by Charles Atmore Sherring, Thomas George Longstaff, 2006-10 Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows by Lee Feigon, 1998-03-25 The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama by Melvyn C. Goldstein, 1999-04-02 Resistance and Reform in Tibet Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners by Asia Watch Committee (U. S.), 1994-02 Tibet And Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues And Ethnopolitics, 1928-49 (Contemporary Chinese Studies) by Hsiao-ting Lin, 2006-10-31 Western Tibet and the British borderland;: The sacred country of Hindus and Buddhists, with an account of the government, religion, and customs of its peoples, by Charles Atmore Sherring, 1906

lists with details

81. Will You Act?
    about what is happening in tibet and with the tibetan government In Exile. as the legitamate government of China, including, unfortunately, tibet.  
    http://www.ctcvan.ca/docs/WillUAct.html
    
    Extractions: You may think that a single letter or fax to your local M.P., the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lloyd Axworthy or Prime Minister Chretien expressing your displeasure with Canada's foreign policy on Tibet may not have little impact. However, multiply this one letter by a hundred, a thousand or tens of thousands and your ripple of a letter forms a tidal wave. Your political leaders will have no choice but to listen. At a time when it appears countries are falling over themselves to gain economic access to China it is more important than ever to let your voice be heard. Please let them know Canada's policy of economic engagement with China is NOT helping to improve the human right's situation in general and the plight of Tibetans in particular. Here are a number of ways you can make a difference:

82. Testimony Of Elliot Sperling
    For the US government, which has never recognized tibet s independence, For its part the tibetan governmentin-exile has often acted as if the sole  
    http://www.cecc.gov/pages/roundtables/061002/sperlingStatement.php
    
    Extractions: June 10, 2002 I am grateful to the Congressional-Executive Commission on China for affording me this opportunity to appear before you. Over the course of many years I have been engaged in the study of Tibet's history and Tibet's relations with China, both historical and contemporary. I am presently the chair of the Department of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University and I have served as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on Religious Freedom Abroad (1996-1999). The historical perceptions that underlie modern Chinese policies toward Tibet are relatively clear: it is the position of the People's Republic of China that Tibet became an integral part of China in the 13th century; that this sovereignty over Tibet was claimed by all subsequent dynastic rulers; and that inasmuch as China has consistently been a multi-national state, the fact that two of the three dynasties involved in this rule were established by Mongols and Manchus has no bearing on the question of Chinese sovereignty. With the collapse in 1911 of the last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty of Manchu rulers, Chinese claims were taken up by the Republic of China and in 1949 by the PRC, which was able to fully implement them. In May, 1951, following military clashes that left Tibet with no real defense, the central government of China concluded an "Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" with the government of the Dalai Lama.

83. China Makes Gestures On Tibet (October 23, 2002)
    Nevertheless, the Tibetan governmentin-exile and human rights groups see the reopened dialogue as a sign that China is inching toward negotiating a  
    http://eatthestate.org/07-04/ChinaMakesGestures.htm
    
    Extractions: Volume 7, #4 October 23, 2002 POLITICS WITH BITE! CONTACT HELP BACK ISSUES A FORUM FOR ANTI-AUTHORITARIAN POLITICAL OPINION, RESEARCH AND HUMOR Ballot Measures: The Buck Slides By Olchefske China Makes Gestures on Tibet Election 2002: Going Nowhere Fast Pentagon Bites Back? The Rest of the Ballot Storm at Port ... Nature and Politics Ahead of President Jiang Zemin's October 24-25 visit to Texas and a meeting with George Bush, China has taken steps to mute some of the human rights heat it gets over Tibet. Besides improving China's relationship with the US in general, Jiang hopes to avoid a reoccurrence of the loud and embarrassing protests that have disrupted his previous visits to the West. In past months China has released seven high profile political prisoners from Tibetan jails and invited journalists and European diplomats to visit Tibet. In a relatively unusual move, China also allowed a delegation from the Dalai Lama's Tibetan Government in Exile to visit Beijing and Tibet for meetings with the Communist Party leadership. China typically releases a few political prisoners ahead of state visits. The first of the seven released this year was Ngawang Choephel, an ethnomusicologist who was arrested in 1997 while recording traditional music in Tibet. In July, Tanak Jigme Sangpo, believed to be China's longest-held political prisoner, was released nine years early. Earlier this year, four "singing nuns," a group of women punished for recording pro-independence songs in prison, were freed, as well. Ngawng Sangdrol, a nun who was born in 1977 had been imprisoned since 1992 for "counterrevolutionary incitement and propaganda" and had her sentence extended three times for "counterrevolutionary crimes in prison." Before her parole in mid-October she had been slated to remain in prison until 2011.

84. Free Tibet
    government in Peking continued to claim some authority over tibet, for the Peaceful Liberation of tibet on the tibetan government in May 1951.  
    http://www.freetibet.net/action.html
    
    Extractions: Until 1949, Tibet was an independent Buddhist nation in the Himalayas which had little contact with the rest of the world. It existed as a rich cultural storehouse of the Mahayana and Vajrayana teachings of Buddhism. Religion was a unifying theme among the Tibetans as was their own language, literature, art, and world view developed by living at high altitudes, under harsh conditions, in a balance with their environment. The Dalai Lama, an individual said to be an incarnation of the Buddha of Compassion, had been both the political and spiritual leader of the country. The current Dalai Lama (the 14th) was only 24 years old when this all came to an end in 1959. The Communist Chinese invasion in 1950 led to years of turmoil, that culminated in the complete overthrow of the Tibetan Government and the self-imposed exile of the Dalai Lama and 100,000 Tibetans in 1959. Since that time over a million Tibetans have been killed. With the Chinese policy of resettlement of Chinese to Tibet, Tibetans have become a minority in their own country. Chinese is the official language. Compared to pre-1959 levels, only 1/20 monks are still allowed to practice, under the government's watch. Up to 6,000 monasteries and shrines have been destroyed. Famines have appeared for the first time in recorded history, natural resources are devastated, and wildlife depleted to extinction. Tibetan culture comes close to being eradicated there.

85. Canada And Tibet
    Until 1997, the position of the government of Canada regarding tibet s None of the government visits to tibet, either by CIDA representatives or by  
    http://pacificcoast.net/~tibet/canada.html
    
    Extractions: The following is an extract from Determining Basic Human Needs in the Tibet Autonomous Region , by the Canada Tibet Committee, Montreal, January 2001. For a copy of the full report, please contact cantibet@tibet.ca Chinese forces first entered Tibet via its eastern regions in 1950. Under the guise of development assistance and political reforms, the People's Liberation Army moved steadily westward and quickly overwhelmed Tibetan resistance, eventually consolidating control in the capital city, Lhasa. In March 1959, with the young Dalai Lama under threat of abduction by Chinese authorities, the people of Lhasa revolted and were immediately and brutally crushed. It is estimated that 10,000 were killed in Lhasa alone and 80,000 more soon followed the Dalai Lama across the Himalayas into exile in neighbouring India. Over a million Tibetans have died since 1959 as a direct result of the Chinese occupation, either through harsh prison conditions, summary execution or starvation. The United Nations General Assembly passed three resolutions supporting Tibet citing various violations to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the Tibetan people, including the right to self-determination

86. RFA: "Lost In Tibet" - Author Interviews Part II
    the American government to recognize that tibet was an independent country. The tibetan government argued that the Americans had taken off from China,  
    http://www.rfa.org/english/news/arts/2005/01/13/tibet_authors2/
    
    Extractions: Your Free Press in East Asia Get e-mail news alerts: FREQUENCIES The Himalayan plateau from the air. Photo: Sameer Patro WASHINGTON—In the second part of an in-depth interview with the authors of Lost in Tibet , Miriam Murcutt and Richard Stark, RFA's Tibetan service continued the discussion with their impressions of present-day Tibet. MM : When the airmen were in Tibet, there were a very, very few representatives of the Chinese government in Lhasa... When we went back to Tibet, which was four years ago, the Chinese presence was obviously very, very visible. In Lhasa, the area around the Jokhang, the temple in Lhasa is the Tibetan old quarter, if you like, and the outskirts of the city, are very much dominated by new Chinese buildings. RFA : She said the increasing numbers of Chinese in many parts of the high plateau of Tibet, was largely the result of Beijing's deliberate policy of developing the infra-structure by building roads and constructing new buildings in order to facilitate the immigration of as many Chinese as possible into Tibetan areas. Co-author Richard Stark agreed:

87. Orders, Decorations And Medals - Medals By Country - Medals Of Tibet
    In 1923 the Tibetan government again enjoyed the Sardar Bahadur’s services, for which they had been asking the government of India for two years.  
    http://www.geocities.com/athens/4795/Tibet.htm
    
    Extractions: Updated: 03 June, 2005 Tibet A hero of the old school mentioned in dispatches and in 1917 received the military title of Sardar Bahadur. Then, in 1921, when Sir Charles Bell went to Lhasa with the object of cementing the friendly relationship with the Tibetan Government, the Sardar Bahadur was appointed his personal assistant. In 1923 the Tibetan government again enjoyed the Sardar Bahadur’s services, for which they had been asking the Government of India for two years. This time, he organised a Police Force in Lhasa and, also, the Tibetan Army. During the following year in recognition the Dalai Lama conferred upon him the highest distinction in Tibet by raising him to the rank of a Dzasa or Tibetan Peer. Previously, in 1912, when some misunderstanding had existed between the Dalai Lama and the Tashi Lama, the Sardar Bahadur had succeeded in bringing about a friendly agreement between them. For this good service, the Dalai Lama conferred upon him the title of De-Pon (or General) and a Premier Class Gold Medal of the Order of the Golden Lion , the first of its kind struck in Tibet, which is massive gold nugget bearing the name of the Dalai Lama . Tashi Lama presented the gold medal to Sardar Bahadur and conferred upon him the title of Deo-nyer-chhm-Po or Lord Chamberlain of the Court of Tashi Lhunpo. In 1927 he was made a

88. Anniversary Of Karmapa Escape; Tension At Monastery In Tibet
    The Tibetan government in exile, however, has stated that it is Tibetan government in exile Religious Affairs Minister Tashi Wangdi told TIN yesterday  
    http://www.karmapa.org.nz/articles/2001/jan01.html
    
    Extractions: Main Menu 05 January 2001 ISSN: 3313-3315 A year after the escape of the 17th Karmapa to India, conditions at his monastery in Tibet remain tense, with a permanent police presence and intensified restrictions on monks that appear to be aimed at discouraging them from following their spiritual teacher into exile. No new monks are being permitted to enter the monastery, Tsurphu, and monks are being encouraged to watch Chinese television broadcasts and participate in "patriotic education" sessions rather than study Buddhism. A child who was recognised by the Karmapa as an incarnate lama has been moved from his monastery, near Tsurphu, since the escape. The 15-year old Karmapa, spiritual head of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism, arrived in Dharamsala, home of the Dalai Lama and centre of the Tibetan government in exile, on 5 January 2000. Ugyen Trinley Dorje, who is recognised by both the Dalai Lama and by Beijing as the 17th Karmapa, is still unable to travel to his seat in exile at Rumtek in Sikkim or give interviews to journalists. The Tibetan government in exile, however, has stated that it is "optimistic" that the Karmapa may be allowed to travel to Rumtek monastery in the near future. Tashi Wangdi, Minister of Religious Affairs in the exile government, told TIN that the Karmapa’s position in India is now more secure in that he is allowed to stay in the country. He said: "The government of India has been taking a slightly cautious line so as not to complicate Sino-Indian relations."

89. Story-Tibetans In India
    The institution of the Dalai Lama, it s one of tibet s great strengths, said Thubten Samphel, information secretary for the exiled tibetan government.  
    http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/greaterchina/story-tibetans.html
    
    Extractions: Tibetans Fear for Their Future after the Dalai Lama By Austin Ramzy DHARAMSALA, India - For almost half a century the Dalai Lama has been a headache for China's communist leaders. Beijing regularly denounces the Tibetan spiritual leader as a traitor and a "splittist." Since fleeing to India in 1959, the Dalai Lama has brought world attention to the struggle to free Tibet from China's grasp, winning the Nobel Peace Prize and international recognition in the process. Delegates to the Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies gather for tea outside a meeting hall in Dharamsala, India. Photo by Austin Ramzy But the Dalai Lama poses a problem for Tibetans as well. While Tibetans revere him, some worry that they have come to rely too heavily on the 66-year-old leader and that his death would deeply harm their cause. "The institution of the Dalai Lama, it's one of Tibet's great strengths," said Thubten Samphel, information secretary for the exiled Tibetan government. "At the same time, it's one of our weaknesses, because all of us are dependent on him." The Dalai Lama is the fourteenth in a line of leaders that stretches back to the 15th century. Since the mid-17th century the Dalai Lama ruled Tibet. The death of a Dalai Lama lead to a search for a reincarnation, with regents ruling Tibet until the boy recognized as the Dalai Lama reached 18.

90. Tibet: Marketing The Buddhist Message | Thebulletin.org
    The Tibetan governmentin-exile tries hard to provide health care and rehabilitation for newly arrived Tibetans. With the Karmapa s dramatic escape over  
    http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=ma00ahmedullah

91. Tibet Online
    tibet Online is operated by the international tibet Support Group community, Kidnapped by the Chinese government Help Free the 11th Panchen Lama  
    http://www.tibet.org/
    
    Extractions: Welcome! Tibet Online is operated by the international Tibet Support Group community, providing information on the plight of Tibet and serving as a virtual community space for the movement. This movement is dedicated to ending the suffering of the Tibetan people by returning the right of self-determination to the Tibetan people. Gov't-in-Exile ... Boycott "Made in China"! Tibet's ancient and fantastic civilization and ecosystem are faced with extinction due to 54 years of mismanagement and abuse under its colonial ruler, the People's Republic of China. The ongoing destruction of Tibet will only be halted when the fate of Tibet is once again back in the hands of the Tibetans. Please contact a Tibet Support Group near you to find out what you can do to help!

92. CHINA REJECTS DALAI LAMA'S CONCILIATORY STATEMENT -www.timesoftibet.com
    Also in a March 10 statement the Kashag of the Tibetan government in exile reiterated A Tibetan government in exile spokesperson said that he could not  
    http://www.timesoftibet.com/articles/526/1/CHINA-REJECTS-DALAI-LAMA'S-CONCIL
    
    Extractions: By warren smith News Article Rating: warren smith Warren Smith is the author of Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. He has written many articles on Tibetan history and politics. He has a PhD in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. View all articles by warren smith In his annual March 10 statement in Dharamsala the Dalai Lama repeated his position that he did not seek Tibetan independence from China. He said that he sought only autonomy for Tibet within China. Nevertheless, China immediately rejected the Dalai Lama's overture, demanding again that he should truly abandon Tibetan independence and cease all separatist activities. China's Foreign Ministry accused him of persisting in the wrong standpoint, disregarding Tibet's social progress and achievements in human rights, and attacking China's policies in Tibet.

93. The Times Of Tibet - Http//www.timesoftibet.com Tibet Seeks
    The Tibetan government has been based at Dharamsala in northern India since He said the Tibetan governmentin-exile had been engaging China for 20 years  
    http://www.timesoftibet.com/articles/267/1/Tibet-seeks-autonomy-along-same-lines
    
    Extractions: The Times of Tibet - http://www.timesoftibet.com Tibet seeks autonomy along same lines as Hong Kong http://www.timesoftibet.com/articles/267/1/Tibet-seeks-autonomy-along-same-lines-as-Hong-Kong Tashi Tsering By Tashi Tsering Published on 02/4/2005 Nicholas Haysom, Nelson Mandela's former legal adviser, is to help the Dalai Lama to negotiate with the mainland Chinese government to grant autonomy to his homeland, Tibet. Tibet seeks autonomy along same lines as Hong Kong Source: South Africa: The following is an article that appeared in a national newspaper and Renato Palmi’s response to the article. By Peter Fabricius Sunday Independent

94. AsiaSource: AsiaTODAY - A Resource Of The Asia Society
    tibetan government in Exile s Official Web Site NY Times tibet Changing And Unchanged Dreams of tibet When was tibet not tibet? Copyright © 2003.  
    http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=9321

95. Tibet Environmental Watch - Reports - Archived
    SAMPHEL The Chinese government considers tibet to be a treasure house, mainly for the basic reason that there are so many untapped natural resources in  
    http://www.tew.org/archived/china.tibet.env.html
    
    Extractions: What's New Reports Wildlife Geography ... Site Map Reports China Outlines its Position on Environment [WTN-L World Tibet Network News. Published by The Canada Tibet Committee. Issue ID: 2003/03/12; March 12, 2003.] (ABC Radio Australia - Asia/Pacific 11/3/2003) China's parliament, the National People's Congress, has issued a white paper on the environmental protection of Tibet. The Chinese cabinet released the paper on the 44th anniversary of the failed Tibetan uprising, when tens of thousands died and many more driven into exile, including the Dalai Lama. The white paper laid out efforts to protect Tibet's fragile eco-system that could only progress if the autonoumous region continued to develop economically. Presenter/Interviewer: Tom Parker Speakers: Thubten Samphel, Secretary of the Department of Information and International Relations for the Tibetan government in exile, Dharamsala; Tehnzin Atisha, His Holiness the Dalai Lama's representative in Australia; David Harper, Technical Director, at Environmental Resource Managements in Shanghai PARKER: Tibet holds a strong utpoian image in Western minds as the fabled Shangri La, an inaccessable place of natural beauty. When China assummed control in 1951, it saw Tibet as a feudal backwater that needed liberating. Buddhist monastries made way for mining, forests were felled and serfs were freed to form communes.

96. Tibet Environmental Watch - Development
    Tibetan Exile government Blasts China s ShangriLa Plan The Tibetan government in exile accuses China of pursuing a deliberate policy of population  
    http://www.tew.org/development/china.shangri-la.tgie.html
    
    Extractions: What's New Reports Wildlife Geography ... Site Map Development Tibetan Exile Government Blasts China's Shangri-La Plan [WTN-L World Tibet Network News. Published by The Canada Tibet Committee. Issue ID: 02/07/27; July 27, 2002.] By ANGUS MCDONALD DHARMSALA, India 26 July 2002 (AP) The Tibetan government in exile Friday criticized China's plan to promote a rugged area on the edge of the Tibetan plateau as a so-called Shangri-La for tourists, saying it was an attempt to cover up its suppression of the Tibetan people. The government in exile was reacting to China's announcement Wednesday of plans to designate 50 counties in Tibet and two provinces, Sichuan and Yunnan, as "The China Shangri-La Ecological Tourist Zone." The official Xinhua New Agency reported that the government would invest $9.6 billion over eight years to develop a profitable vacation and ecotourism destination for Western travelers. If the Chinese authorities "were serious about Tibetan culture, they should preserve what's in Tibet religious rituals and the ability of the monks to teach freely to their followers," said Thubten Samphel, spokesman for the Tibetan government in exile in the northern Indian mountain town of Dharmsala. Samphel accused the Chinese government of being hypocritical in promoting a part of Tibet as a mythical paradise while suppressing Tibetan culture and religion.

97. Project South Asia
    lay officials of the National Assembly on behalf of the government of tibet. I. The government of tibet engages to respect the AngloChinese Convention  
    http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Treaties/Tibet/Trea
    
    Extractions: Convention between Great Britain and Tibet, 1904 Signed at Lhasa on the 7th September 1904 Whereas doubts and difficulties have arisen as to the meaning and validity of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890, and the Trade Regulations of 1893, and as to the liabilities of the Tibetan Government under these agreements; and whereas recent occurrences have tended towards a disturbance of the relations of friendship and good understanding which have existed between the British Government and the Government of Tibet; and whereas it is desirable to restore peace and amicable relations, and to resolve and determine the doubts and difficulties as aforesaid, the said Governments have resolved to conclude a Convention with these objects, and the following articles have been agreed upon by Colonel F. E. Youngbusband, C.I.E., in virtue of full powers vested in him by His Britannic Majesty's Government and on behalf of that said Government, and Lo-Sang Gyal-Tsen, the Ga-den Ti-Rimpoche, and the representatives of the Council, of the three monasteries Se-ra, Dre-pung, and Ga-den, and of the ecclesiastical and lay officials of the National Assembly on behalf of the Government of Tibet. I. The Government of Tibet engages to respect the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890, and to recognize the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet, as defined in Article I of the said Convention, and to erect boundary pillars accordingly.

98. Little Tibet/Dawa Tsering
    Answering the Tibetan government’s call to service for Tibetans who could speak English, Dawa Tsering rose fast in the ranks of the Tibetan government.  
    http://www.newstrolls.com/news/dev/wmeyers/tsering.html
    
    Extractions: Dawa Tsering, Representative of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the Americas, is also the head of the Office of Tibet in New York, the diplomatic liaison between the Tibetan government-in-exile and the governments of the Western hemisphere. He would be known as the Ambassador from Tibet if his people were not in exile from their country, and their government regarded Dawa Tsering outside the UN He was eleven years old when he left Tibet in 1959, immediately after the uprising and the subsequent crackdown. His mother had died when he was very young, and his father had stayed behind, confined to a labor camp administered by the Chinese. barbarous China is also able to prevent the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Nobel Peace Prize winner, from entering the United Nations building, even as a tourist. The forum for international negotiation is locked down tight against Tibetan exiles. By reading aloud the statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama every March 10th, in the public park across from the United Nations building, Dawa Tsering makes the loudest noise he can in the cold shadow of its great glass slab. Update July 1999 : For personal reasons, Dawa Tsering has left Office of Tibet and will be working for Voice of America in Washington, DC. His position will be filled by Nawang Rabgyal, formerly representative in Moscow for the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile.

99. Escape From Tibet/The Karmapa In Exile
    no one in the Tibetan government in exile could have anticipated that only highest living Tibetan lama recognized by both the Tibetan government in  
    http://www.newstrolls.com/news/dev/tibet/karmapa/
    
    Extractions: A s he spoke about the need to develop altruism and a sense of responsibility in the younger generation, not even His Holiness the Dalai Lama knew that only three days before, the 14-year-old boy named Urgyen Trinley Dorje, whom he had confirmed in 1992 as the Seventeenth Gyalwang Karmapa, the highest lama of the Karma Kagyu order, had abandoned his own monastery in Tibet out of dissatisfaction with his spiritual education. The young Karmapa was said to have complained about the restrictions imposed by the Chinese government, which prevented him from receiving visits and critical teachings from his mentors, all of whom lived in exile in India, and, perhaps more importantly, from fulfilling his responsibility to his followers throughout the world. "As long as there is no freedom . . . there can be no real peace . . ." Even as the Dalai Lama spoke those words, the Karmapa and his small party of supporters, including two attendant monks, had already broken free of all restraint by their Chinese overseers. Following the same route taken earlier by the Dalai Lama and his band of protectors, they were heading for the high Himalayan hills in an escape from occupied Tibet to freedom in exile. Chinese-occupied Tibet That escape over the mountains would set the precedent for over 130,000 Tibetans during the last 40 years. In the course of that time the formidably difficult crossing of the Himalayan range in search of personal freedom has become a literal rite of passage for all Tibetans. It has become the only available means by which they can overcome the intolerable suffering of cultural genocide, amidst the ongoing Chinese colonization of Tibet, and attain a new life. Their escape from Tibet, bringing their cultural and artistic traditions with them, has become perhaps the only way that the extraordinarily damaged and endangered Tibetan culture can ever be preserved and restored.

100. 100 Questions And Answers About Tibet
     Military and government organizations were established in tibet, and envoys were also The central government set up an administrative body in tibet and  
     http://www.tibet.cn/tibetzt/question_e/1/002.htm

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