Italy Also, it was thousands of ordinary people who kept the roman empire Thousands ofpeoplefrom the poorest plebeians to the emperorscame to see the http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_Geography_41_1.html
Extractions: By Ekaterina Zhdanova-Redman More than 2,500 years ago, Numitor, King of Alba Longaan ancient Italian citywas deposed by his younger brother Amulius. Amulius did not want Numitor to have any descendants, so that there would be no potential claimants to the throne. He ordered Numitor's infant grandsonstwins Romulus and Remusdrowned in the Tiber River. They founded a town on the site where they had been saved. When Romulus built a city wall, Remus jumped over it and was killed by his brother. Romulus consolidated his power, and the city was named for himRome. That is what legend tells us about Rome. It was built on seven hills on the east bank of the Tiber in 753 BC. In the centuries that followed, the Romans came to dominate Italy and the Mediterranean. They farmed, traded, and fought for new lands. Rome grew to become the center of a vast empire that stretched across Europe into Africa and Asia. Legions of soldiers marched through country after country, conquering the primitive peoples they came across.
Albania - THE ANCIENT ILLYRIANS Several of the roman emperors were of Illyrian origin, built the most famousByzantine church, the Hagia Sofia, and reextended the empire s control over http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-144.html
Extractions: Country Listing Albania Table of Contents Figure 2. Illyria under Roman Rule, First Century B.C. Source: Based on information from R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History , New York, 1970, 95; Herman Kinder and Werner Hilgemann, The Anchor Atlas of World History , 1, New York, 1974, 90, 94; and Encyclopaedia Britannica , 15, New York, 1975, 1092. The Illyrians carried on commerce and warfare with their neighbors. The ancient Macedonians probably had some Illyrian roots, but their ruling class adopted Greek cultural characteristics. The Illyrians also mingled with the Thracians, another ancient people with adjoining lands on the east. In the south and along the Adriatic Sea coast, the Illyrians were heavily influenced by the Greeks, who founded trading colonies there. The present-day city of Durrës evolved from a Greek colony known as Epidamnos, which was founded at the end of the seventh century B.C. Another famous Greek colony, Apollonia, arose between Durrës and the port city of Vlorë. The Illyrians produced and traded cattle, horses, agricultural goods, and wares fashioned from locally mined copper and iron. Feuds and warfare were constant facts of life for the Illyrian tribes, and Illyrian pirates plagued shipping on the Adriatic Sea. Councils of elders chose the chieftains who headed each of the numerous Illyrian tribes. From time to time, local chieftains extended their rule over other tribes and formed short-lived kingdoms. During the fifth century B.C., a well-developed Illyrian population center existed as far north as the upper Sava River valley in what is now Slovenia. Illyrian friezes discovered near the present-day Slovenian city of Ljubljana depict ritual sacrifices, feasts, battles, sporting events, and other activities.
Dead Romans: Coins Coins tell us much about what was important to the roman people, Later, duringthe empire, the emperor directly controlled the minting of silver and http://www.deadromans.com/coins/default.htm
Extractions: The introductory information here focuses on Roman coins of the early Empire. I started collecting Roman coins in 1987 when a history professor at my university gave me a badly worn but still legible bronze sesterce of Faustina Jr. It fired my imagination and set my foot on the path of numismatics. Each coin is a piece of history, a work of art, an intellectual puzzle, and an amazement. Holding a 2,000 year-old object in your hands is both humbling and exciting. If you have any questions or comments, please send them here . I hope you find this information useful and that you begin your own collection of Roman coins. T. M. M. Ryan Roman coins offer a unique view into ancient Roman life because they were used by almost everyone on a daily basis, from the emperor down to the Head Count. Coins tell us much about what was important to the Roman people, how they celebrated holidays and religious occasions, and how the emperors wanted to be viewed by their subjects. Coins give us excellent portraits of the emperors, their wives and children, and famous buildings that have long ago crumbled into ruin. How Coins Were Made Metals and Denominations Common Denominations Inscriptions ... Forgeries, Fourrees, and Detection
Mosaic Sources Constantine considered himself the restorer of the roman empire since he In an era when roman emperors sought to contain the barbarian threat to their http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter4/module27.html
Notes On The Last Phase Of Roman Empire he made all people citizens of roman empire perhaps to more easily tax them . In 476 Odacer deposed the last western emperor. The Byzantine empire http://frontpage.montclair.edu/alvaresj/Jeanstuff/lphase.HTML
Extractions: After murder of Commodus , Septimius Severus , who must battle other claimants for a while, but finally becomes undisputed emperor. Severan Dynasty Septimius (see picture) was born in N. Africa, married a Syrian wife, disliked Senators, relied on army and knights and provincials. Increased size of army and made it the gateway to the equestrian order. Told son to make first priority the support of the army. Italy becomes almost just another province. Made many non-Italian senators. Tax burden on provinces and especially on lower level aristocrats increased greatly. Son Caracalla (see picture); another bad emperor; cruel, gave even more to army, lavish building program (such as his famous baths), raised taxes more; he is best known for the fact that he made all people citizens of Roman empire perhaps to more easily tax them. Finally killed in 217. Macrinus
Extractions: Ask if any students are familiar with the phrase "bread and circuses." If so, ask them to explain its meaning. Coined by the Roman poet Juvenal, the term refers to entertainment or offerings intended to foil discontent or distract attention from a situation. In ancient Rome, bread and circuses were used to keep the underprivileged poor people quiet.
Extractions: Famous recent Baptists, a nice bunch: tv evangelist Billy Graham, Harry S. Truman - 33rd president of the US and decisionmaker behind dropping atom bombs in WWII, Jimmy Carter - 39th president, Bill Clinton - 42nd president, John D. Rockefeller - one of the richest men on earth, Rev. Martin Luther King, Rev. Jesse Jackson, Al Gore, Chuck Norris, Dick Gephardt. Influence of only Baptist Church; 34 million people = 16% US
A Brief History Of Rome Constantine, He was the first Christian emperor. He united the empire again The roman empire in the end was overrun by millions of barbarians from the http://www.roman-empire.net/children/history.html
Overview The roman empire beyond Italy was divided into about 40 provinces (territories), He was either appointed by the emperor or named by the Senate. http://www.bible-history.com/nero/NEROOverview.htm
Extractions: It was an amazing time in history when the risen Jesus empowered His church to go into all the world to preach the good news of the gospel of Jesus Christ. In fact the apostles journeyed throughout the Mediterranean world which was part of the Roman Empire. They traveled through Roman cities on Roman roads and everywhere that they traveled they came into contact with Rome. Julius Caesar had a dream for Rome but he was assassinated before he could see it fulfilled. The big problem was who would become the next emperor after his assassination. Very few had expected the young Octavian (Augustus) to become the chief heir and new emperor after Julius Caesar, but it was Augustus who turned out to be the most important emperor in all of Roman history. Augustus was very aware of what had happened with Julius Caesar, and desired to avoid the same problems with the Roman Senate. He wanted his stepson Tiberius to be emperor after his death and to make sure that this would happen he began to share his power with Tiberius. When Augustus died in 14 A.D. Tiberius was easily accepted as emperor. In fact this became the new way that emperors would be chosen. Each emperor would choose a successor from among his family or he would adopt someone who he thought would be fit to rule after him.
Holy Roman Empire - Germany In The 16th 17th And 18th Centuries Information on the Holy roman empire and German history during the 16th, 17th, within the Holy roman empire to clash with their Catholic Emperor. http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/holyromanempire/
Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help European History History by Country ... Germany and Prussia Holy Roman Empire Homework Help European History Essentials Ready Reference ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); Sign Up Now for the European History newsletter! See Online Courses Search European History Established in 800 AD (or, depending on your definition, 962 AD), the Holy Roman Empire dominated central Europe until its dissolution in 1806, covering the lands now known as Germany. Alphabetical Recent About: The Schmalkaldic League The Reformation caused newly Lutheran territories within the Holy Roman Empire to clash with their Catholic Emperor. These tensions produced the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of princes and cities. This is an article by your Guide. Documents for War and Society in 18th Century Germany Hosted by Newcastle University, this site presents translated documents relating to Germany, in particular Prussia, in the 18th Century. The content concerns war, and some social change, with an excellent tutorial on how to use primary sources. Austro-German Hapsburg Empire 1438 to 1848 Despite contains just a brief timeline, this page highlights an important point. While the major political entity in central Europe between 1500 and 1806 was the Holy Roman Empire, the title Austro-German Hapsburg Empire is far more representative of both the ruling family, and the core territory.
Outlines Of Roman History, Chapter 24 The roman empire had no provision by which any prince could be held responsible, During this early period, the empire was better than the emperor. http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey24.html
Extractions: In the next place, he gave a new meaning to the law of treason ( lex maiestatis ). This law had hitherto referred only to actual crimes against the state. Now it was made to include any words or conduct, looks or gestures, which could be interpreted as hostile to the emperor. This is what we call constructive treason; and at Rome, as in any other country where it has been tolerated, it became an instrument of despotism. Again, in order to punish his enemies, Tiberius encouraged the practice of delation; that is, he offered rewards to all persons who would give information regarding offenders. There thus sprang up at Rome a class of informers (
C. Suetonius Tranquillus Suetonius must have accompanied the emperor on his first tour through the provincesalong the 13, Lives of roman kings. 14, Lives of famous prostitutes http://www.livius.org/su-sz/suetonius/suetonius.html
Extractions: terme, Roma; Caius Suetonius Tranquillus (c.71-c.135): Roman scholar and official, best-known as the author of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars Caius Suetonius Tranquillus was born in the province of Africa, in Hippo Regius, near modern 'Annaba in northeast Algeria. His father Suetonius Laetus was a rich man and belonged to the equestrian order, the second rank of the Roman elite (after the senators ). In 69, the year of the civil war that is known as the 'year of the four emperors', Laetus was serving as a military tribune in the thirteenth legion Gemina . The author of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars tells this in his Life of Otho , and adds that his father had been present when Otho decided to commit suicide after his army had been defeated at Cremona by the legions of his rival Vitellius Examples
Rome Unleashed - Imperial Peace Overview For the roman empire, there was relative stability during the second century . It ensured that each new emperor had proved himself capable of government http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romeh/html/imppeaceov.html
Extractions: For the Roman Empire, there was relative stability during the second century. Rome, under Trajan's rule, extended across the Danube into the Dacia and southeast into Mabia and Mesopotamia. Though under Hadrian, some of the eastern gains were relinquished, but the empire was still greater than it had been ever before. Secure within its borders, The Roman State flourished in peace and in posterity. But there was no happy commonwealth. There was still a distinct class division between the peasants, farmers, and urban poor and the rich and the senators. In the history of the Roman Empire during the 2nd century, there were significant changes from emperor to emperor, which caused new problems and concerns to the central government. Trajan was a keen military man and though the conquest of Dacia was strategically necessary, the eastern campaigns were not. Hadrian was more concerned for consolidating the frontiers rather than conquering. So there were construction of linear barriers on the frontiers, of which the most famous were Hadrian's wall in northern Britain and The Gurmen frontier between the Rhine and the Danube. Hadrian's consolidating of the frontiers was a good policy but it marked the end of the great period of expansion and the role of the army and emperor was no longer to conquer new territory but defend their land. Hadrian's frontier policy rejected further expansion, and gave it physical expression in structures of timber and stone. The army became increasingly defensive to repel foreign invades. The momentum of expansion had halted but it was difficult to maintain stability and soon the empire found itself fighting a rearguard action against pressures from without. This pressure would ultimately lead to the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.
Lecture 13: A Brief Social History Of The Roman Empire Full text lecture describing some of the attributes of roman social history underthe Republic Lecture 13. A Brief Social History of the roman empire http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture13b.html
Extractions: hobnails through to my sole. One of the striking features of Roman life, whether under the Republic or Empire, was that Rome was specifically an urban culture Roman civilization depended on the vitality of its cities. There were perhaps only a handful of cities with populations exceeding 75,000, the typical city having about 20,000 permanent residents. The city of Rome, however was greater than 500,000 and some scholars have projected a population of one million or more. Like people who today visit a place like New York City, London or Paris for the first time, most people must have been overwhelmed by the hustle and bustle of Rome. Of course, if the Roman poet Juvenal (c.60-131), was an astute observer (see above), Rome must have been a rather horrifying place at the same time.
Famous Barbarians He was crowned Holy roman Emperor in 800 CE by Pope Leo III, Many of Genseric speople remained in southern Spain as well, along with the Visigoths (who http://www.wizardrealm.com/barbarians/history3.html
Extractions: Famous Barbarians Alaric One of the most feared and notorious barbarians of all time, Attila, was not a Germanic or Celtic barbarian, but Hunnish. Believed to be of distant Mongol stock, he ravaged much of the European continent during the 5th century C.E. Apparently Attila was as great a menace to the Teutonic tribespeople as he was to the Romans; he and his forces were finally defeated by both Germans and Romans working together (!) in 451 C.E. Attila supposedly died soon after. The rumors of his cannibalistic practices are not unfounded; he is supposed to have eaten two of his sons, even. He actually does make a cameo appearance in the Volsung saga, as Gutrune's second husband after Sigurd's death. An excellent Attila site: Diether Etzel's Attila the Hun and Barbarians page. This site also has some great information on the Swabian barbarians. There is also a discorse on Priscus at the Court of Attila.
Week 3 Rescriptum Your emperor suspects that the victory at Pydna gave the Romans the a generalpolitical clout to famous people in the United States running for office? http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Rciv/rescript3.htm
Extractions: Rescriptum to Week 3 Reports Legio I Germanica The Legio asked, "What does the fact that about 100 triumphs were held in Rome between 220 and 70 B.C.E tell us about its activities?" and proposed, in part, the answer, "It serves as an indication that Romess army was changing from a purely voluntary system to a full time, professional one. " The Emperor asks: why does the frequency of triumphs necessarily indicate the professionalization of the army? The Legio asked, "How were the social practices of the triumph and the funeral similar and different? " and observed, in answering, " A triumphator would parade through the city with his children, and slaves by his side, showcasing not only his own achievements, but his family's as well. " The Emperor asks: what is your evidence for the attendence of slaves and family members with the triumphator? The Legio asked, "What sort of information can be discovered from the funerary inscriptions," and observed, in answering, "There was a strong desire to highlight the greatness of the individual...: The Emperor asks: can you imagine a funerary inscription that criticized the individual buried? If not, how does the idealizing, generic nature of funerary inscriptions complicate your analysis of the evidence such inscriptions provide?
Worldroots.com The coronation was the foundation of the Holy roman empire. he is consideredthe first Holy roman emperor (see Holy roman empire). http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/charlemagne.html
Extractions: 742 - 814 A.D. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) was born on April 2, 742 in Northern Europe. "By the sword and the cross," he became master of Western Europe. Through his enlightened leadership the roots of learning and order were restored to Medieval Europe. In 768, when Charlemagne was 26, he and his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks. In 771 Carloman died, and Charlemagne became sole ruler of the kingdom. At that time the Franks were falling back into barbarian ways, neglecting their education and religion. The Saxons of northern Europe were still pagans. In the south, the Roman Catholic church was asserting its power to recover land confiscated by the Lombard kingdom of Italy. Europe was in turmoil. Charlemagne was determined to strengthen his realm and to bring order to Europe. In 772 he launched a 30-year military campaign to accomplish this objective. By 800 Charlemagne was the undisputed ruler of Western Europe. His vast realm encompassed what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and The Netherlands. It included half of present-day Italy and Germany, and parts of Austria and Spain. By establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire and paved the way for the development of modern Europe. On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peter's in Rome, Pope Leo III placed a golden crown on the bowed head of the king. Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope's plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagne's knowledge.
Extractions: Medieval History Page 3 481-511 Clovis, king of the Franks. 481 Clovis becomes leader of the Franks. 486 Clovis defeats Syagrius. 496 Clovis converts to Catholicism, rather than Arian Christianity. 507 Franks defeats the Visigoths and they retire to form their kingdom beyond the Pyrenees Mountains. 527-565 Reign of Justinian, ruler of the eastern Roman empire. Justinian was one of the great emperors and had the benefit of a great historian, Procopius to record his accomplishments. Justinian's wife was Theodora, who had been an "exotic dancer." Theodora's biggest hit was a dance in which she placed grains of wheat in various parts of her body and appeared on stage without clothes and with these geese, which ... But why don't you read Procopius yourself. 570(?)-632 Life of Muhammad 522 Hij'ra, Muhammad and his followers flee Mecca to Medina. Accepted date of the foundation of Islam, beginning date of the Muslim calendar. 711 Muza and Tariq invade Spain from Morocco. The Muslims defeat the Visigoths at the battle of the Guadalquivir River, during which King Roderick disappears. Visigothic Spain occupied within a very few years. 751 Pepin deposed the Merovingian monarch and became king of the Franks. The beginning of the Carolingian dynasty.
Ancient History Sourcebook: Egypt Under The Roman Empire Ancient History Sourcebook Egypt under the roman empire In Egypt, the Emperorwas considered the successor of the ancient Pharaohs; his deputy the http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/romanegypt1.html
Extractions: Egypt under the Roman Empire A Description of Egypt Under the Principate [Introduction (adapted from Davis)]: Roman rule was established in Egypt after Octavian (Augustus) displaced the last ruler of the Ptolemaic line, the famous Cleopatra VII. It proved to be a great and rich province for Augustus, who organized the country not so much as a Roman Province but as the emperor's own special domain land. In Egypt, the Emperor was considered the successor of the ancient Pharaohs; his deputy - the prefect - ruled the country with an authority permitted to few other governors. Strabo, Geography, c. 22 CE XVII.i.52-53, ii.4-5; XVIII.i.12-13: At present [in Augustus's time] Egypt is a Roman province, and pays considerable tribute, and is well-governed by prudent persons sent there in succession. The governor thus sent out has the rank of king. Subordinate to him is the administrator of justice, who is the supreme judge in many cases. There is another officer called the Idologus whose business is to inquire into property for which there is no claimant, and which of right falls to Caesar. These are accompanied by Caesar's freedmen and stewards, who are intrusted with affairs of more or less importance.
Han Emperor Wu-ti So when Wuti took over the empire, he only had two things in mind The BigYueh-chih people once lived in the Dunhuang, Gansu area and had been defeated http://www.silk-road.com/artl/wuti.shtml
Extractions: The most important part of the Western Han (207 BC-9 AD) period was that of Han Emperor Wu-ti, the 'Martial Emperor' (140-87 BC). He was the sixth emperor of Han and only sixteen when he came to the throne. His reign of more than fifty years was one of the most famous in Chinese history. Wu-ti devoted himself to military conquests and territorial expansion besides introducing many domestic reforms. While Marius and Sulla were invading the Mediterranean world in the West, Wu-ti built his powerful empire and stretched it from North Korea in the east far west tino Central Asia. Throughout the Chin and Han period (221 BC-220 AD) China's most formidable foreign opponent was the Xiongnu , a Turkish-speaking nomadic tribe which, at its apex of power early in the second century BC, held sway over a territory that extended all the way from Eastern Mongolia to the Aral Sea. From time to time its cavalrymen rode southward and raided China, much to the distress of the people in the border. The Chinese built the Great Wall to protect themselves but even that was not enough. So when Wu-ti took over the empire, he only had two things in mind - defense and trade.
