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Minerals & Crystals Geology:     more books (46)

Criteria for selecting crystallized mineral specimens for a display collection.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Jack Halpern, 2005-03-01 Ottensite: a new mineral from Qinglong, Guizhou Province, China.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Jiri Sejkora, Jaroslav Hyrsl, 2007-01-01 Euhedral sinhalite crystals from Sri Lanka.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Lawrence C. Pitman, Cornelius S., Jr. Hurlbut, et all 1995-03-01 Large clintonite crystals: from the Crestmore quarry Riverside, California.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Curt Forrester, 2004-07-01 Inhibited growth of crystals.(Microminerals): An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Bill Henderson, 1995-05-01 Advanced Mineralogy: Volume 1: Composition, Structure and Properties of Mineral Matter: Concepts, Results, and Problems (v. 1) A new cd-bearing phosphate mineral from the Gold Quarry mine, Eureka County Nevada. (Goldquarryite).: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Andrew C. Roberts, Mark A. Cooper, et all 2003-05-01 Crystal shapes: can you make crystals using everyday substances?(hands-on): An article from: SuperScience by Gale Reference Team, 2009-01-01 Pseudomorphic melanophlogites from California.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Gail E. Dunning, Joseph, Jr. F. Cooper, 2002-05-01 Rocks, Minerals and Soil (Visual Science Encyclopedia) by Brian Knapp, 2001-11-19 Introduction to Mineralogy and An Atlas of Minerals in Thin Section: Book & CD Pack by William D. Nesse, Daniel J. Schulze, 2004-02-12 Microminerals.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Quintin Wight, 2001-09-01 FROM LA COMBE DE LA SELLE, SAINT CHRISTOPHE-EN-OISANS, ISERE, FRANCE.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Laurent Gautron, Nicolas Meisser, 2001-05-01 The Giant Chloritoid.: An article from: The Mineralogical Record by Wendell E. Wilson, 2000-05-01

lists with details

41. Welcome To The Minerals And Geology Page
    National Forest Service minerals and geology Inventory Find your own crystals on these two sites on the Ouachita National Forest  
    http://www.fs.fed.us/oonf/minerals/welcome.htm

42. Rocks And Minerals
    Specimens, on display at The geology Museum, range from the most common to the crystals are formed when a mineral solidifies under force in such a way  
    http://www.fi.edu/tfi/units/rocks/rocks.html
    
    Extractions: At one time or another, you have probably held a rock in your hand. Recall the texture. Was it smooth, polished by the force of sand and salt water pounding it onto the beach? Was it rough and cragged, left exposed for centuries to the wind and sun of a canyon wall? Recall the color. Was it coral and pink, like the colors of Bermuda's sand? Was it fiery red, like the colors of Arizona's canyons? Recall the size. Was it a handful, heavy with the weight of being worn? Was it a tiny pebble, a small fragment broken off from what it once was? Rocks are our world. The planet Earth is, essentially, just one big interesting rock, sometimes called "the third rock from the sun." The multi-faceted rock we live on supports life in many ways. The deep oceans, the vast deserts, and the high mountains, are just a few of the ways rock emerges and supports life. Rocks remember. Geology is the science and study of the earth and its life, especially as recorded in rocks . Rocks, then, keep record of the passage of time and the evolution of living things. The word rock refers to solid mineral deposits. Rocks are minerals, but not all minerals are rocks. Minerals are all substances that can't be classified as "animal" or "vegetable." Metals ores found in the earth, like gold and silver, are minerals. Crystalline substances, like salt and quartz, are minerals. Homogeneous natural substances, like water and gas, are also minerals. These non-solid minerals, however, are not considered "rock."

43. Geology Of Quartz Crystals: Rockhounding Arkansas
    The geology of quartz crystal formation in Arkansas. Milky quartz crystals and associated vein minerals of the Ouachita Mountains were deposited from  
    http://rockhoundingar.com/quartz/geology.html
    
    Extractions: The most productive quartz veins are present in both Paleozoic sandstones and shales, but those having shale as the host rock typically are massive milky vein deposits with a smaller proportion of clear, well-developed crystals. Deposits in sandstone units may be in the form of veins, sheeted zones, and stock works. Sandstone-hosted deposits usually contain less quartz volumetrically than shale-hosted deposits, but often yield a higher percentage of clear crystals in cavities or pockets. Many crystal-bearing pockets were distorted or crushed by structural adjustments during the Ouachita orogeny (mountain-building episode) after initial quartz deposition. The deformation commonly causes the veins to show complex fabrics. Quartz formed in the cracks The quartz veins were formed by the filling of open fissures and display little evidence of significant replacement of wall rock. Milky quartz crystals and associated vein minerals of the Ouachita Mountains were deposited from hot waters during the closing stages of mountain building, ranging from the Late Pennsylvanian (300-286 million years ago into the Permian (286-245 million years ago). The veins attain a maximum width of 60 feet in Arkansas and nearly 100 feet in Oklahoma. They are most numerous along the central core of the Ouachita Mountain region, where they are present in shale, slate, sandstone, and other rock types. Along and near the borders of this region, the veins are usually confined to sandstone beds encased within thick shale units.

44. Rocks And Minerals
    minerals, crystals and Gems Online lesson plans. Online Activities Rock and minerals Word Search - Complete online. geology Quiz. Offline Lesson Plans  
    http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/rocks.html
    
    Extractions: Rocks and Minerals Research/Informational Sites Agate Bob's Rock Shop - The Internet's first 'zine for rockhounds! Collecting Rocks - Interesting article on rock collecting. Copper Erosion of Weathered Materials Fast Facts about Rocks and Fossils - Click on the questions in the left sidebar to see the answers. Geode Gold Hardness of Rocks and Minerals How Rocks are Formed - Don't miss this page. Igneous Rocks - Content probably too difficult for students...but good resource for teachers. Journey to the Center of the Earth - A geology project by students at Pattie Elementary School in Virginia. Cool! Junior Rockhound - Don't miss this site!! Mineral Matters - Learn how to identify minerals and start your collection. Minerals Minerals and Rocks - Don't miss any of the links for additional information. Minerals by Name - Click on a letter of the alphabet from the list, and the minerals will be listed that begin with that letter. Check out all the links. Minerals Information Institute Minerals, Magmas, and Volcanic Rocks - Activities and teaching suggestions. Mining Resources by State - Ever wonder what each state mines?

45. Minerals - Basic Geology Course
    The structure of minerals is often seen in the shape of crystals. Crystal structure depends on the conditions under which the mineral forms.  
    http://www.earthsci.org/teacher/basicgeol/miner/miner.html
    
    Extractions: T he Earth is composed of rocks. Rocks are aggregates of minerals. Minerals are composed of atoms . In order to understand rocks, we must first have an understanding of minerals. In order to understand minerals we must have some basic understanding of atoms - what they are and how they interact with one another to form minerals. top... Definition of a Mineral Naturally formed it forms in nature on its own (some say without the aid of humans] Generally a solid (though oil, gas...are also considered minerals in the economic sense) With a definite chemical composition (every time we see the same mineral it has the same chemical composition that can be expressed by a chemical formula). and a characteristic crystalline structure (atoms are arranged within the mineral in a specific ordered manner). Examples Glass - can be naturally formed (volcanic glass called obsidian), is a solid, its chemical composition, however, is not always the same, and it does not have a crystalline structure. Thus, glass is not a mineral.

46. CT DEP: Geology Of Gillette Castle State Park
    minerals of Interest. Tourmaline; Garnet; Diopside. Interesting Geologic Features Photograph of black tourmaline crystals found in the pegmatite  
    http://dep.state.ct.us/stateparks/geology/gillettegeo.htm
    
    Extractions: East Haddam Trail Map - Geology of State Parks - Bolton Notch State Park, Bolton Campbell Falls State Park, Norfolk Chatfield Hollow State Park, Killingworth Day Pond State Park, Colchester Dennis Hill State Park, Norfolk Devil's Hopyard State Park, East Haddam Gay City State Park, Hebron Hammonasset State Park, Madison Haystack Mountain State Park, Norfolk Kent Falls State Park, Kent Kettletown State Park, Southbury Macedonia Brook State Park, Kent Mansfield Hollow State Park, Mansfield Millers Pond State Park, Durham Mount Tom State Park, Litchfield Osbornedale State Park, Derby Penwood State Park, Bloomfield Putnam Memorial State Park, Redding Rocky Neck State Park, East Lyme Sherwood Island State Park, Westport Southford Falls State Park, Southbury Wadsworth Falls State Park, Middlefield Outline of Geology Found at Gillette Castle State Park Rock Types Found on Main Trail Metamorphic Sedimentary Rock Units Minerals of Interest Interesting Geologic Features Figure 1: Hebron Gneiss outcrop as seen from trail.

47. GEOL 1010 Syllabus Fall, 1998
    geology 1010 Physical geology Spring, 2000. Section 001. Color Version 31 minerals and crystals P S Ch 2 Sep. 2 minerals and Rocks P S Ch 3  
    http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/G101syl.html

48. Texas Minerals
    Texas geology and minerals The calcite and celestite occur as wellformed crystals because crystallization occurred in solution-filled cavities.  
    http://www.tmm.utexas.edu/npl/mineralogy/Texas_Minerals/
    
    Extractions: Laboratory Just what Is a Mineral? The Collections The Science of Minerals Mineral Genesis ... Home Texas Geology and Minerals The Llano Uplift The oldest rocks exposed in Texas formed over a billion years ago when thick sequences of sediment were deposited in an ancient sea that bordered the North American craton. Approximately one billion years ago, the southern edge of this craton collided with another continent or an oceanic plate in an tectonic event that metamorphosed the sediments into gneisses and schists and partially melted more deeply buried rocks producing granitic magmas. The metamorphic and igneous rocks produced in this orogeny, the Packsaddle Schist, Lost Creek and Valley Spring Gneisses, Town Mountain and finer-grained granites, are now exposed in the Llano Uplift in central Texas. The ultramafic rocks and serpentinites that make up the Coal Creek igneous complex are though to represent the remnants of the island arc that collided with the North American craton. Terlingua , Texas is the site of one of the world's largest mercury deposits. At one time this mine produced approximately one forth of the mercury used in the United States. The mercury ore, cinnabar, occurs as powdery red veins in the layered limestones and volcanic lavas and tuffs in Brewster County. Liquid mercury also occurs in Terlingua. Industrial use of mercury declined when it became known just how toxic mercury was, and mining ceased at Terlingua in the 1970's.

49. Rocks & Minerals
    The crystals of calcite can form many different shapes by combining the basic forms Other Rock Mineral references. An Introduction to geology by AE  
    http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~gcaselton/fossil/mineral.html
    
    Extractions: (lithified) Clast diameter size Clay Claystone Mudstone Silt fine Siltstone medium coarse Sand fine Sandstone medium coarse Gravel Granules Conglomerate Breccia ... Boulders Aragonite Composition: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO F ormation: Formed from a metastable polymorph of calcite . Tested for by means of hydrochloric acid. It is not generally stable in diagenetic conditions and is quickly converted to calcite. http://www.galleries.com/minerals/carbonat/aragonit/aragonit.htm Calcite Composition: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO Formation: Formed mainly from the neomorphism of clay. The crystals of calcite can form many different shapes by combining the basic forms of the positive rhombohedron, negative rhombohedron, steeply, moderately and slightly inclined rhombohedrons, various scalahedrons, prism and pinacoid to name a few of the more common forms. There are more than 300 crystal forms identified in calcite and these forms can combine to produce the thousand different crystal variations.

50. Gigablast Search Results
    Category Science Earth Sciences geology Rocks and minerals minerals Fossils, minerals and crystals from Falmouth Cornwall UK, over 1 billion year  
    http://dir.gigablast.com/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Rocks_and_Minerals/Shopp

51. Tufts Geology - Courses
    geology 11 Mineralogy. minerals and crystals have been prized by men and women since the dawn of civilization. Egyptian tomb paintings depict smelting of  
    http://ase.tufts.edu/geology/courses.htm
    
    Extractions: Home Welcome Faculty and Staff Programs of Study ... Download the current Course Booklet (PDF) See a list of Projected Courses Courses in the Department of Geology Students considering a major in GEOLOGY or GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES should discuss their course selections with Anne Gardulski, Jack Ridge or Bert Reuss. This is important because upper level courses are offered in alternate years . Careful planning should give you the opportunity to participate in more course offerings. The listing below is an estimate of which courses will be taught in future semesters, they are not guaranteed. Course Title and Description Course Web Page Geology 1 - Introduction to Geology: The Dynamic Earth Geology 2 - Environmental Geology GEO 2 Homepage Geology 5 - Introduction to Oceanography ... Geology 35 - Sedimentology GEO 35 Homepage Geology 36 - Stratigraphy Geology 38 - Historical Geology/Paleontology GEO 38 Homepage Geology 102 - Petrography and X-ray Analysis ... Geology 131 - Hydrogeology GEO 131 Homepage (F2004) Geology 91, 92 - Geological Research

52. Bodega Head Geology
    Light colored minerals are glassy grey crystals of quartz and white, This is a geologic unconformity, where part of the rock sequence is missing.  
    http://www.sonoma.edu/geology/wright/Bhead.html
    
    Extractions: Bodega Bay is a natural harbor resulting from movement along the San Andreas Fault. The eastern shore is straight and parallel to the edge of a wide zone of faulting that extends across the bay to the hills on Bodega Head. During the 1906 earthquake, 15' of movement displaced the harbor to the north relative to the mainland. Downward movement of the fault zone and erosion of rocks shattered by faulting gave us the depression of the bay. A sand spit closes the bay to the south at Doran Beach and a wide reach of sand dunes forms a northern barrier along Salmon Creek Beach. The rock contrast across the fault is profound. We see oceanic rocks of the Franciscan Complex Complex to the east and continental granites exposed on Bodega Head, a fragment of southern California or perhaps Baja California dragged north along the fault. If we try to match rocks from Bodega Head to rocks east of the fault, we have to go at least to the Tehachapi Mountains, 500 Km to the south to find similar granites. Some people feel the match is best in Baja California, several thousand Km to the south. Besides the many attractions of good food and tourism, natural attractions abound. The Bodega Marine Lab, run by the University of California has tours friday afternoons and many ongoing research programs on marine biology. The beaches and landscape surrounding the bay are a natural lab for geology and biology.

53. Science > Earth Sciences > Geology > Rocks And Minerals > Rockhounding
    An authoritative and comprehensive guide to Arkansas geology, minerals, and the hobby Book distributor of books on gems, rockhounding, crystals, mineral  
    http://www.xasa.com/directorio/mozilla/Top/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Rocks_

54. Geology
    The operating company on Searles Dry Lake, Searles Valley minerals, Inc. (SVMC), At the collecting area there will be brine to wash your crystals in and  
    http://www1.iwvisp.com/tronagemclub/Collecting.html
    
    Extractions: o F during a summer afternoon). During the show there are three field trips to Searles Dry Lake, and on each trip different specimens are available. The first field trip at 9 A.M. on Saturday is to collect minerals found in the near-surface muds. For this trip SVMC uses a large backhoe to dig up to 200 tons of mud and load it into trucks. The trucks then carry it about two miles where they spread it in a area where visitors can prospect it for specimens. This trip features very large Hanksite crystals (some up to 3 or 4 inches across), large clusters of large Hanksites growing together with other minerals (some clusters up to 100+ pounds), occasional large Borax crystals, and bladed Trona crystals. These are buried in very fine, sticky, black MUD ! You will get very DIRTY ! At the collecting area there will be brine to wash your crystals in and brackish water for washing yourself. You may want a geologist's pick, three-tined garden cultivator, or a hand trowel to work through the mud to find good specimens. How long has it been since you played in the mud! The second trip at 2:30 P.M. on Saturday is to the salt surface where Upper Salt minerals from 30 to 45 feet beneath the surface have been lifted to the surface and spread for your selection. The rarer minerals available are Hanksite, Sulfohalite, Borax, and Trona. Each of these is found in just a few places in the world (Hanksite is found only one other place, Lake Katwe in Uganda, Africa). This trip also features a demonstration where several tons of these minerals are "jetted" from below and spread across the surface. This trip is the most popular with up to 1000 collectors each year. Since collecting is on a dry salt surface and the material is spread thin, collecting is clean and easy and no special tools are needed. However, you may get your shoes wet with brine if you choose to either stand too close during the "jetting" demonstration or rush in just after the demonstration ends.

55. GEOLOGY OF THE CSUH CAMPUS -- A PIECE OF ANCIENT OCEAN CRUST
    The geology of the California State University, Hayward campus is complex and It is foliated (crystals are in layers) in places, the darker minerals  
    http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/~shirschf/csuhgeo.html
    
    Extractions: The geology of the California State University, Hayward campus is complex and perhaps surprising to you poorly known. A geologic map of the campus should have been prepared when the campus was first established in the early 1960's, and the ridges and hills were scraped off clearly exposing the bedrock. Canyons were filled in with materials from the hilltops to produce the flat surfaces you see today covered by buildings, lawns and parking lots. As the buildings were constructed and the lawns planted, most of the rocks and structures exposed by the bulldozers were rendered inaccessible. Now we can see the rocks in only a few places where they are still exposed and in the undeveloped portions of the campus. The rocks underlying the CSUH campus preserve evidence of processes which occurred far out in the Pacific Ocean about 160 million years ago, duing the Middle Jurassic Period of the geologic time scale. They record processes related to the formation of plates and the growth of continents. Most of the campus has been built on rock called gabbro . The campus gabbro is a grayish-green, visibly crystalline igneous rock (which was once molten and cooled at depth where large crystals form). "Fresh", unaltered gabbro consists largely of the minerals plagioclase feldspar and monoclinic pyroxene. But the campus gabbro has been strongly altered, so that the pyroxene crystals have been replaced by crystals of the mineral amphibole. The campus gabbro is approximately 163-169 million years old! In addition to the campus gabbro, there are mudstones and conglomerates (Knoxville Formation), and lavas or shallow intrusive rocks (Leona Rhyolite).

56. Subject Guides
    NGDC Marine geology Geophysics Division/World Data Center A for Marine Part 1 contains information about minerals and crystals; Part 2 contains  
    http://www.lib.wayne.edu/resources/subject_guides/guide.php?id=31

57. Department Of Geology - Mineral Room
    These minerals are known as rhombohedral carbonates. Large crystals of rhodochrosite are rare; they are found in lowtemperature, silver-bearing  
    http://www.udel.edu/geology/min/
    
    Extractions: In an effort to better serve the greater community and to allow for more convenient access by off-campus visitors, the Mineralogical Museum is now open to the public on Saturdays and Sundays from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Paid visitor parking is available in the lot adjacent to Penny Hall, located on Academy Street in Newark and in metered spaces nearby. The free museum is also open Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday from 12:00 noon-4:00 p.m. The University of Delaware Mineralogical Museum is not barrier free, therefore disabilities accomodation requests should be made ten days in advance of a visit by calling 302-831-8242. Museum Hours: The University of Delaware Mineralogical Museum is open Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Noon - 4:00 p.m., and Saturday and Sunday, 1:00 p.m.-4:00 p.m.. (Here are just a few samples from our collection) Gold, 15 cm across, Harper Brothers mine, Tuoloumne County, California. The miners who rushed to California in 1849 gradually worked their way from the alluvial gold placers of the lowlands to the quartz veins of the Mother Lode in the foothills of the Sierras. Mines in this region have produced the majority of the world's fine gold specimens. This large leaf of gold was collected in the late 1800's and acquired by the museum in the late 1970's. It was loosely embedded in the rock of the vein, and had to be taken out and cleaned, but it is natural in its shape and appearance. Rhodochrosite, 10 cm, Huallapon mine, Pasto Bueno, Peru. Rhodochrosite is manganese carbonate, and shares an atomic pattern, or crystal structure, with carbonates of calcium (calcite), magnesium (magnesite), iron (siderite), zinc (smithsonite), and several other elements. These minerals are known as rhombohedral carbonates. Large crystals of rhodochrosite are rare; they are found in low-temperature, silver-bearing hydrothermal veins associated with granitic rocks in mountain regions. The two most productive deposits have been the Huallapon vein, which produced this crystal about 1976 (when the museum acquired it through the generous support of Mrs. David Craven), and the Sweet Home mine in Alma, Colorado, which has been mined for the last several years just for rhodochrosite mineral specimens.

58. GeoKansas--Rocks And Minerals--Gypsum
    The first, selenite, consists of flat, clear, diamondshaped crystals. General geology, rocks and minerals, and places to visit in the state s  
    http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/KGSrocks/gypsum_def.html
    
    Extractions: Gypsum Hardness: 3.5 to 4 A common Kansas mineral, gypsum is calcium sulfate containing water (CaSO O). Calcium sulfate without water is anhydrite (CaSO ), a very different mineral. Gypsum is colorless or white to light gray (or, rarely, bright red), and is so soft that it can be scratched by a fingernail. Gypsum is divided into three varieties. The first, selenite, consists of flat, clear, diamond-shaped crystals. Another variety of gypsum is called satin spar. It is white or pink, fibrous, and has a silky luster. It is found as thin layers in beds of rock gypsum and in certain shales. The third variety is called massive or rock gypsum. Rock gypsum is coarsely to finely granular, white to gray, and contains varying amounts of impurities. Read more about gypsum in Rocks and Minerals of the Red Hills and Arkansas River Lowlands. The sample pictured above is from Barber County, Kansas Sources Buchanan, Rex C., Tolsted, Laura L., and Swineford, Ada, 1986, Kansas Rocks and Minerals: Kansas Geological Survey, Educational Series 2, 60 p. Klein, Cornelis, 1993, Manual of Mineralogy (after James D. Dana), 21st Edition: New York, Wiley, 681 p.

59. UNUSUAL GRAPHITE CRYSTALS From Lime Crest Quarry, New Jersey
    Associated minerals include crystals of phlogopite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, The geology and mineralogy of Lime Crest are briefly described by Widmer (1962),  
    http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~jaszczak/limegraph.html
    
    Extractions: Published in: Microcrystals of graphite occurring in the Franklin Marble at the Lime Crest quarry, Sparta, New Jersey, exhibit a wide variety of unusual and interesting morphologies from sharp hexagonal crystals to completely spherical aggregates. Because of its extreme softness and flexibility, graphite is a common mineral that is not often represented in collections by well-crystallized specimens. However, excellent micro- crystals, can successfully be collected and preserved, and can make good micromounts. Some of the best-formed graphite crystals are known to occur up to a few mm across in calcite marbles at several localities, including: Crestmore Quarry, Riverside, California (Jaszczak 1991) Gouverneur Talc Company No. 4 Mine, Harrisville, New York (Chamberlain et al. 1996; Gerdes and Valley 1994) Sterling Mine, Ogdensburg, New Jersey (Palache 1941; Jaszczak 1994; Dunn 1995)

60. Geology Of The Tomaree Peninsula.
    geology of the Tomaree Peninsula, Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia. relatively slowly to form a hardwearing rock of minerals and crystals.  
    http://users.hunterlink.net.au/~madms/gelog.html
    
    Extractions: Geology of the Tomaree Peninsula, Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia. This information was extracted from my book " Bush Mates , a guide to the wildlife of Nelson Bay". If you would like the latest copy of BUSH MATES , E-MAIL The Port Stephens Visitors Centre (tops@hunterlink.net.au) with your request and they will issue you with instructions on how to get a copy. The book will cost about $18, plus postage. The Port Stephens Visitors Centre can be phoned on 1800808900. In past times this area was a plain which was uplifted 300 metres at the end of the Tertiary period, 10 million years ago. The resulting plateau has been eroded down to it's present level, with the exception of the many hills such as Gan Gan, Glovers Hill etc. remaining at the original level. Port Stephens became an estuary during the Late Pleistocene (70,000 years ago) when the sea level rose about 60 metres. The higher points remained as islands. Since then an emergence of 5 metres has taken place raising some land above the current sea level, about 6000 years ago. Port Stephens is a drowned valley. Before submergence a ridge at Soldiers Point to Middle Island and beyond divided the watershed of the Karuah and Myall Rivers. Before submergence the Karuah River flowed south to join up with the Hunter River system. At that time the Myall River alone flowed into what we now call Port Stephens.

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