Earlychildhood.com Articles Misa luba African melodies serve as our cleanup music. indigenous peoplesLiterature-Archive of indigenous literatures ranging from Native Americans http://www.earlychildhood.com/Articles/index.cfm?A=141&FuseAction=Article
Encyclopedia Of African History Central africa, Northern Central Sudanic peoples Central africa, Northern Chadic Literacy and indigenous Scripts Precolonial West africa alMaghili http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/thematic.html
The First Masks Over thirty thousand years ago, somewhere in africa, an indigenous Hunter had a idea For early indigenous peoples, masks were a way to the gods, and http://www.africans-art.com/index.php3?action=page&id_art=28378
Zambia Principal source South africa 65.1 (2001) Arable land 7.1 (2000 est) 16th century Immigration of peoples from luba and Lunda Empires of Zaire, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/zambia.html
Extractions: GOVERNMENT Head of state and government Levy Mwanawasa from 2002 Political system emergent democracy Political executive limited presidency Administrative divisions nine provinces Political parties United National Independence Party (UNIP), African socialist; Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), moderate, left of centre; Multiracial Party (MRP), moderate, left of centre, multiracial; National Democratic Alliance (NADA), left of centre; Democratic Party (DP), left of centre Armed forces 21,600; plus paramilitary forces of 1,400 (2002 est)
Extractions: Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: Equatorial Guinea Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Equatorial Guinea (g KEY Malabo Land and People Economy Equatorial Guinea trades principally with Spain, the United States, Cameroon, Japan, and France. The main exports are petroleum, methanol, coffee, timber, and cocoa beans; the chief imports are petroleum products, food (especially rice), beverages, and machinery. Equatorial Guinea continues to depend heavily on foreign investment. It belongs to the Franc Zone.
Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 SubSaharan africa is occupied by a diverse variety of peoples including, and in places powerful kingdoms, such as Kongo, luba, and Mwememutapa. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africa.html
Extractions: Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Africa k KEY Geology and Geography Geologically, recent major earth disturbances have been confined to areas of NW and E Africa. Geologists have long noted the excellent fit (in shape and geology) between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa c.76 million years ago, when the floor of the S Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading; Madagascar was separated from it c.65 million years ago; and Arabia was separated from it c.20 million years ago, when the Red Sea was formed. There is also evidence of one-time connections between NW Africa and E North America, N Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and SE Africa and Antarctica.
Extractions: Good News for Every Nation - Via Inculturation The nations ( gentes ) to whom the Christian community is divinely sent, and supposed to become incarnate through faithfulness to the missionary principle of inculturation, are not the worlds politically constructed nation-states as such. They are, rather, the multitude of indigenous ethno-cultural nations, sometimes sill called "tribes," enclosed within the boundaries of politically constructed nation-states. This view of missionary activity has far reaching social, cultural, ethical, theological and ecclesial implications. Introduction This paper offers some reflections on the political and religious dimensions of humankinds historical existence as a multitude of distinctive ethno-cultural groups of people. The particular focus is upon those living in Africa south of the Sahara. Their total population is about five hundred million, currently threatened massively by an HIV/AIDS pandemic; also by countless struggles for power, wealth and mere survival, not to mention neo-colonial controls and constraints. Under colonialism these peoples were categorized politically as "tribes." In the terms of 19 th century Social Darwinism they were taught in schools and churches, at least implicitly, to see themselves as backward peoples, or even as aggregates of competing individuals, marching slowly along a road called "progress." Their modernizing "development"-consisting largely in the pursuit of wealth and power by
News / Events (Language Department) - Muhlenberg College Dr. luba Iskold continued her research in language learning and technology. This meeting inspired United Nations Human Rights and indigenous peoples http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/forlang/new_llc/main_nav/news_events/faculty_spr
Extractions: Professor Erika M.Sutherland, editor Dr. Anna Adams spent the summer in Tulum, Mexico reading and writing and visiting Mayan Ruins. In late August she gave a paper in Morelia, Mexico at the Humboldt Conference on Travel Literature in Latin America. Her paper was on Moravian Missionaries on Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast, 1849-1899. This term she is team teaching a new course, Human Rights in the Americas, with Joan Marx. In February Joan and Anna also hosted the annual Mid Atlantic Conference on Latin America. Anna presented a paper, "Forget the Alamo: John Sayles' Writing of History in Lone Star ." Next academic year, Anna will be on sabbatical leave to investigate the Syrian Colombian community of Allentown. Dr. Franz A. Birgel , co-director of the German Program, spent the spring 2003 semester on a sabbatical working on numerous projects related to the history of German cinema. The volume The Many Faces of Germany: Transformations in the Study of German Culture and History published by Berghahn Press. In April, Professor Birgel will present a shorter version of this paper at the Sixteenth Hollins University Colloquium on German Film. Two of his book reviews were published during the past year, one of
National Workshop Report In addition, the cultures and languages of the indigenous peoples were This is a case study to show that the peoples in the Horn of africa have time http://www.ossrea.net/nw/ethiopia02/ethiopia02-01.htm
Extractions: 2.1 Theories and Conceptual Frameworks of the Nature, Causes and Consequences of Conflict Humanity is posed with resolving the enigma of conflicts and ending their unprecedented, ignominious outrage. Fixing a broken peace perforce demands the understanding of the nature and causes of conflicts. Hence, this paper is a synopsis of the theories and conceptual framework of the nature, causes and consequences of conflict and approaches to resolve them. The paper commences by providing global perspective on the nature and causes of conflicts. It identifies assumed racial, ethnic and religious superiority, and autocratic rules as the main sources of conflict that breed from hankering for economic and political power. In addition to the above and other sources that the paper enlists, conflicts may also be triggered by demand for justice and access to social and physical infrastructures. Demand for justice also involves crave for civil, political, cultural and religious rights. It may also include the quest for secession and independence. The manifold social, economic and political repercussions of conflicts consecrate collective security as the best means to end the recurrence of wars. This was the bedrock for the establishment of the League of Nations and later the United Nations. However, such institutional approaches failed as they derailed to serve the interests of the powerful ones. 2.2 The Fundamental Causes of Armed Conflict in Human History: Reinterpretation of Available Sources
Zaire - INTRODUCTION the indigenous peoples had developed ironworking and long-distance trade.Large states had emerged, notably among the Kongo and luba peoples of the http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14972.html
Extractions: Country Listing Zaire Table of Contents Figure 1. Administrative Divisions of Zaire, 1993 ZAIRE HAS LONG BEEN CONSIDERED SIGNIFICANT because of its location, its resources, its potential, and (perhaps paradoxically) because of its weakness. The country has been at the center of a number of crises over the years, most notably following independence, during the Congo crisis of the 1960s, when there was a threat of the Cold War spilling over and heating up in Central Africa. Again in the 1990s, Zaire is threatening to become a source of international instability. Zaire's importance is to some extent geopolitical. It borders on no fewer than nine other states. These countries range from Arab-dominated Sudan in the north, to Angola in the south. Hence, in defending its borders Zaire canand hasbecome entangled in political rivalries extending all the way from Libya and Egypt to South Africa, i.e., the length of the continent. During the 1990s, Zaire's borders with Angola and especially Rwanda have been international flash points. Indigenous developments laid the groundwork for what has become Zaire. Well before Europeans arrived in the fifteenth century, the indigenous peoples had developed iron-working and long-distance trade. Large states had emerged, notably among the Kongo and Luba peoples of the southern savannas. Artistic traditions that have become world renowned had begun, particularly in the areas of sculpture, weaving, and music.
Extractions: Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Early society and economy Early toolmakers The agricultural revolution ... Growth of trade Central Africa and the outer world Development of the slave trade Exploitation of ivory Colonialism Establishment of European colonies Economic organization The end of the colonial period Additional Reading General works Developments to the 19th century From the 19th century to the present Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Central Africa
BELGIAN CONGO See Also CONGOLESE PROVINCES 1885 - 1945 ROMAN Plenipotentiary of the CÉHC and the AIC in africa Fondé de Pouvoirs du CÉHC et Among the different indigenous peoples who opposed a major resistance to http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Belgian_Congo.html
Extractions: See also CONGOLESE PROVINCES 1885 - 1945 ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN CONGO 1885 - 1945 LADO ENCLAVE 1894 - 1910 BELGIAN EAST AFRICA 1916 - 1945 RUANDA - URUNDI 1916 - 1945 In 1876, as a result of an International Geographical Conference held in Brussels, at the initiative of Léopold II, King of the Belgians, (1835-1909) the Association Internationale Africaine - AIA charged with the "propagation of civilisation among the peoples of the Congo region by means of scientific exploration, legal trade and war against the "Arabic slavetraders" was established. The actual work was entrusted to the different National Committees which were set up soon afterwards. The Belgian National Committee started its activities in 1877. At first these were restricted to the eastern parts of future Congo, but soon the Committee also started showing interest for the Lower Congo region. Taking advantage of these activities in the western parts, Leopold II founded in 1878 an "international commercial, scientific and humanitarian committee", known as the Comité d'Études du Haut Congo - CEHC which, in 1879, started signing treaties with the local peoples and establishing stations along the Congo river. In 1882 the CÉHC was reorganized as the
African States Instead, the story they see involves african people living in a great variety luba and Kuba. Central africa witnessed the emergence of important states http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/history/giblinstate.html
Extractions: Introduction Historians and archaeologists have learned a great deal about the developments which preceded the emergence of states in Africa. They can now say with confidence that in most cases, Africans developed states in response to local conditions and opportunities. Rarely does the diffusion of ideas from distant sources seem to have been important in bringing about the formation of a state. Today historians do not think that the history of African states is a story of the spread of influences from Egypt, Europe or Asia into the rest of Africa. Instead, the story they see involves African people living in a great variety of locations who use their political skills and wisdom to create for themselves centralized systems of government. Besides learning about the local origins of African states, historians have found that states were most likely to arise in regions endowed with fertile soils, abundant rains, lakes or rivers rich in fish, and mineral deposits, and in societies which enjoyed plentiful opportunities to trade. In fact, the four societies discussed below possessed famous traditions of art precisely because they had productive economies and vibrant commercial systems which allowed artists and craft workers freedom from scarcity, and provided access to metals, woods, clays and other media. Finally, historians have also learned that African states created sophisticated institutions of government, although, as has been true in all human societies, greed and love of power have often caused political instability and social crisis. The following sections, therefore, concentrate on the local conditions which led to the creation of states and the creation and destruction of political institutions.
Extractions: See also Eastern Africa Guinea Coast Southern Africa , and Western and Central Sudan Pablo Picasso to the British Vorticists to explore new subjects and methods of visual representation. The imposition of colonial boundaries and governmental systems gives rise to developing national consciousness among many Central Africans, inspiring movements to achieve political independence and reclaim indigenous African identity, such as Mobuto Sese Seko's "authenticity" campaign and Tshibumba Kanda Matulu's series of paintings on Congolese history. In what is today the Democratic Republic of Congo, a ritual expert ( nganga ) and the Yombe artist known today as the Chiloango River Master collaborate on the creation of a corpus of distinctive minkisi , or monumental power figures, called Mangaaka. Used by diviners to consult the spiritual realm for solutions to earthly crises, these works are characterized by their massive scale, naturalistic appearance, and intricately carved representations of knotted fiber headgear. The White Fathers, a Catholic missionary group organized to seek conversions in non-Christian areas of Africa, is established in the southeastern Congo. Originally seeking to carve out an independent "Christian Kingdom" within territory largely inhabited by Tabwa and related peoples, the White Fathers sponsor missionary schools and produce dictionaries, grammars, and a translation of the Bible in the local KiTabwa language. After 1900, as control over the Belgian Free State is consolidated and ultimately transferred to the Belgian republican government, the White Fathers abandon territorial aspirations and focus on conversion. Large numbers of indigenous religious sculpture as well as trees and stones associated with earth spirit sites are destroyed, while others are confiscated and sent to White Fathers headquarters in Belgium and Rome.
African Symbolism so awareness of a people s indigenous art, visual and cultural symbols canbecome an african Amethyst Sterling Silver Necklace. Books Symbols of africa. http://www.symbols.net/africa.htm
African Art On The Internet africa Talks.org an online and faceto-face community of people interested indevelopment Islam and indigenous african cultures, Shawabtis and Nubia, http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/art.html
Extractions: "Ethiopia’s leading artist." Biography, his paintings, sculptures, mosaics, murals, art in the artist's home. Afewerk created the stained-glass windows at the entrance of Africa Hall, headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. "In 1964, he became the first winner of the Haile Selassie I prize for Fine Arts." "In 2000, he was one of the few chosen World Laureates by the council of the ABI on the occasion of the 27th International Millennium Congress on the Arts and Communication in Washington DC." He painted Kwame Nkrumah's portrait and was awarded the American Golden Academy Award and the Cambridge Order of Excellence England. Prints of his work may be purchased online. http://www.afewerktekle.org
Extractions: Courtesy Zaire National Tourism Office A square-shaped thatched roof hut, typical of the Kasai-Oriental Region, provides shelter against the heavy rains. Extending across much of the southern savanna east of the middle reaches of the Kasai River are the Tshiluba- and Kilubaspeaking peoples. (Kiluba is the language of the Luba-Katanga as distinct from Tshiluba, the language spoken by the Luba-Kasai.) Vansina distinguishes three clusters: the Luba-Katangacomprising the Luba-Katanga proper, the Kaniok, the Kalundwe, and the Lomotwa; the Luba-Kasaicomprising the Luba-Kasai proper, the Lulua, the Luntu, the Binji, the Mputu, and the North Kete; and the Songye comprising the Songye proper and the Bangu-Bangu. losely related to the Luba-Katanga and living to their east are the Hemba, separately distinguished chiefly because, unlike the others, they are matrilineal. All of these peoples appear to have shared a tradition of chieftainship, but it was among the Luba-Katanga that more complex centralized states emerged as early as the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Elsewhere, the people and territory over which a chief ruled were much more restricted, and even among the Luba-Katanga local chiefs had a substantial degree of autonomy.
Introduction To Africa This absolutely counts for africa where its own people are too poor to notice,and where they Yet the indigenous population, though converted to Islam, http://us-africa.tripod.com/intro.html
Extractions: "It is my belief that unless we Africans can tell our own story within context and show an Africa that has not been seen before the West will continue to throw their hands up in despair believing that our continent is full of a bunch of confused savages that is now beyond salvation/redemption. The only way the West can understand and treat us seriously is to hear the African story first hand from the African perspective rather than the usual whitie version - so why not take the risk if that can help turn things around for our Continent". Quoting: www.sorioussamurasafrica.org The African Union African countries, in their quest for unity, economic and social development under the banner of the OAU, have taken various initiatives and made substantial progress in many areas which paved the way for the establishment of the AFRICAN UNION From the editor enormous mountains tropical rainforests grassy savannas three large deserts , the world biggest swamp, and the world's longest river. In general the culture is rich, unique and diverse, with great craftsmanship, magical tribal dancing and fabulous musicians . Between the majestic Egyptian necropolises, the TWA/MBUTI(pygmid) civilizations, the Zulu kingdoms, our imagination can't help running amuck... Africa is where it all started. Africa is also about luxurious vegetation, wild animals, adrenaline safaris, infinite rivers and vertiginous falls. Africa evokes the tam-tam of the drums, the lollapalooza of exotic dancers. In Westerner's mind, it begets the occult, the paranormal. It holds the keys of life mysteries. And Africa has an enormous reservoir of natural and human resources. Did you know that besides
DRC Congo The heart of the african tropics, DR Congo/Zaïre, the Amazonian of africa, Other luba chiefs, including Lunda, settled among neighboring people and http://us-africa.tripod.com/zaire.html
Extractions: Tukokana Dikizeko Official Name Democratic Republic of Congo Located Central : Namibia, Zambia, Congo/Zaïre Capital Kinshasa Head of State President Joseph Kabila Area 2,345,410 sq km Population 50 million Growth rate Languages French, Lingala, Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili), Kikongo, Tshiiluba. Currency Franc Congolais GNP per capita Inflation Airlines The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the new name for a nation that in 1997 saw the collapse of a corrupt, thirty-year dictatorship. Formerly called Zaire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has had a volatile history marked by colonialists and tyrants trying to exploit the territory's vast resources. The Congalese - from the capitalists operating the copper and diamond mines to the hunting-and-gathering Pygmy people of the Ituri forests - cling to what they know: their strong extended families, resourcefulness and savvy, religion, and even some tribal superstition.
