Africa: Definition And Much More From Answers.com The terms to the indigenous peoples eventually came to describe a persons Roughly 20% of Africans primarily follow indigenous African religions. http://www.answers.com/topic/africa
Central African Art Zimba People indigenous people in India and africa to Catholicism from 1586 to 1597. _Although the Zimba came under luba domination in the eighteenth century, http://www.anthro.ku.edu/Central African Art/website_zimba/People.htm
Extractions: Location History Artistic Influences Bwami Society Location The Zimba originally migrated from the northeastern regions of Africa to their current location in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between the Lualaba River and Lake Kivu. The terrain is composed of rolling hills and pockets of forest at an altitude of 400-700 meters. (Click here for Map) History The Zimba were described as ferocious warriors with a reputation for practicing cannibalism. One of the first Europeans to contact the Zimba described their conduct in detail. Father Joao dos Santos, a Dominican missionary from Portugal, practiced converting indigenous people in India and Africa to Catholicism from 1586 to 1597. His book Ethiopia Oriental is a description of the Portuguese occupation of Africa and is used as the basis for much scholarly research. His writings described the Zimba as fierce, cannibalistic warriors. He also indicated that he observed occurrences of Zimba people invading other territories and eating many of the conquered peoples. Artistic Influences Although the Zimba came under Luba domination in the eighteenth century, the most important artistic and cultural influences came from the Lega people who migrated to the Lualaba River area in the seventeenth century. The Lega consist of about 200,000 people. They live in autonomous villages with a government heavily influenced by the Bwami society. The oldest member of each clan, who has also obtained the highest rank in the Bwami society, is considered the chief for his area. Most Lega art is associated with the various rituals and ceremonies of the Bwami society, which today, is open to both men and women, and regulates the social and political life of the chiefdoms. As with the Lega people, Zimba art is associated with the intricate Bwami ceremonies and initiation rites.
MSN Encarta - African Religions (see African Art and Architecture) indicate that the indigenous peoples of Among the luba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Zulu of http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538529/African_Religions.html
Extractions: Further Reading Editors' choice for African Religions Encarta Search Search Encarta about African Religions Editors' Choice Great books about your topic, African Religions ... Click here Advertisement Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 6 items Article Outline Introduction The History of African Religions Creation Myths, the Supreme Being, and the Trickster The Lesser Gods and Destiny ... Traditional Religions in Africa Today I Print Preview of Section African Religions , the traditional religions of black Africa . They are referred to as traditional in the sense that they are indigenous and are defined by the language ( see African Languages ) and territory of their adherents. African religions may be counted in their thousands and interact closely with two of the so-called world religions, Christianity and Islam . Both of these have long been part of Africaâs religious history; as such they have undergone considerable localization and for these reasons could also be said to form part of the traditional religions of Africa. Small Jewish communities have also existed in Africa for centuries, mainly in North Africa and
Fourth World - Conflicts And Alternatives - Bernard Q.Nietchmann The term Fourth World includes indigenous enclave nations and peoples and For example, the EritreanEthiopian conflict is africa s longest war; http://www.tamilnation.org/selfdetermination/fourthworld/bernard.htm
Extractions: NON STATE CONFLICTS Most of the world's conflicts are between states and nations, yet almost all international efforts to prevent and contain war and to promote peace are directed to state against state conflicts. With 168 states asserting the right and power to impose sovereignty and allegiance upon more than 3000 nations, conflicts occur that cannot be contained or hidden, nor resolved on a state-to-state basis. More than one-half of the world's 45 hot wars involve Fourth World nations against invading First, Second and Third World states (some put the numbers at 32 of 58). And Fourth World nations are also engaged in hundreds of warm and cold wars against expanding states.
Minorities At Risk (MAR) SubSaharan africa. Gpop98 Group Population in 1998 in 000s (Explanation of indigenous peoples. BURUNDI. HUTUS. 4707. 0.8500. communal contender http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/africatbl.htm
MAR | Data | Minority Group Assessments For All Regions Bolivia, indigenous Highland peoples indigenous Rep. of the Congo, luba communal contender. Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Lunda, Yeke communal contender http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/assessments.asp?regionId=99
Welcome To UCLA Fowler Museum Of Cultural History value the indigenous peoples of the Southwest place on their children. Body Politics The Female Image in luba Art and the Sculpture of Alison Saar http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/incEngine/?content=cm&cm=past&im_sort=desc&im_order=e
African Culture - Society On The Internet The web site for her course peoples and Cultures of africa has information onthe Mande, Indilinga african Journal of indigenous Knowledge Systems http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html
Extractions: Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).
Restorative Justice - Indigenous Practices africa s rich indigenous justice traditions, focused on repairing the luba Basa and Harma Hodha Traditional Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution in http://www.restorativejustice.org/resources/world/africa3/indigenous
Extractions: @import url(http://www.restorativejustice.org/ploneColumns.css); @import url(http://www.restorativejustice.org/plone.css); @import url(http://www.restorativejustice.org/ploneCustom.css); Skip to content. Search Search RJ Online Home Introduction Resources Restorative Justice around the World ... Login resources Home Restorative Justice Resources Restorative Justice around the World ... Africa Indigenous Practices Up one level Africa's rich indigenous justice traditions, focused on repairing the community harm caused by crime, have been revived to complement and in some cases to replace Western-based criminal justice systems Osamba, Joshia. Peace building and transformation from below: Indigenous approaches to conflict resolution and reconciliation among the pastoral societies in the borderlands of eastern Africa
African Masks The Songye and luba peoples live in the southeastern area of the Having conqueredthe indigenous peoples, the Lunda gradually assimilated with them, http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/african-art/african-art-collection-mas
Extractions: (of variable age, artistic quality, and degree of authenticity) Many African societies see masks as mediators between the living world and the supernatural world of the dead, ancestors and other entities. Masks became and still become the attribute of a dressed up dancer who gave it life and word at the time of ceremonies. The sculptor begins by cutting a piece of wood and leaving it to dry in the sun; if it cracks, it cannot be used for a mask. African sculptors see wood as a complex living material and believe each piece can add its own feature to their work. Having made certain the wood is suitable, the sculptor begins, using an azde to carve the main features, a chisel to work on details and a rough leaf to sand the piece.
Brussels Centre Of African Studies of Tropical Rainforest peoples , and its main focus is on Central africa. Taking into account the 40 indigenous languages and 4 lingua francas which http://www.vub.ac.be/BCAS/research.html
Extractions: back The research focus of the Brussels Centre of African Studies is broad-ranging, covering such disciplines as history, anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, politics, law, development, economics, education, geography, demography, communications, psychology, agronomy, botany and ecology. Approximately 50 research staff are working on a variety of projects. Their work is represented thematically. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of Africanist research, it follows that the work of one scholar appears under different headings. Anyone interested in knowing more about a researcher's work is encouraged to contact him or her either through the secretariat or directly Top History, Ethnography and Archaeology
Extractions: Zaire Zaire Ethnic identity may best be understood as a construct useful to both groups and individuals. It may be built around group members' perceptions of shared descent, religion, language, origins, or other cultural features. What motivates members to create and maintain a common identity, however, is not shared culture but shared interests. Once created, ethnic groups have persisted not because of cultural conservatism but because their members share some common economic and political interests, thus creating an interest group capable of competing with other groups in the continuing struggle for power. The construction and destruction of ethnic identities has been an ongoing process. The name Ngala , for example, was used by early colonial authorities to describe an ethnic group that they imagined existed and lived upriver from the capital and spoke Lingala. The name Ngala figured prominently on early maps. The fact that Lingala was a lingua franca and that no group speaking Lingala as a mother tongue existed did not prevent colonial authorities from ascribing group characteristics to the fictional entity; they gave Ngala further substance by contrasting its characteristics with those of downriver peoples such as the Kongo. In the preindependence era, some of the upriver Africans briefly adopted the identity of Bangala; they found it useful as a rallying point in creating a political party. Unfortunately, the party failed to win significant electoral support. Without the prospect of winning political and economic spoils, the Bangala identity was perceived as useless and was quickly discarded.
Bridging World History: Audio Glossary: Full Glossary indigenous peoples of the Caribbean who migrated from South America centuries before Pastoral peoples of southern africa who interacted with early Dutch http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/worldhistory/audio_glossary_all.html
Extractions: BROWSE BY UNIT Browse By Unit Maps, Time, and World History History and Memory Human Migrations Agricultural and Urban Revolutions Early Belief Systems Order and Early Societies The Spread of Religions Early Economies Connections Across Land Connections Across Water Early Empires Transmission of Traditions Family and Household Land and Labor Relationships Early Global Commodities Food, Demographics, and Culture Ideas Shape the World Rethinking the Rise of the West Global Industrialization Imperial Designs Colonial Identities Global War and Peace People Shape the World Globalization and Economics Global Popular Culture World History and Identity Click the audio icon to hear pronunciations.
Congo - A Look At The Past The indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. the first millenniumAD, Bantuspeaking peoples established themselves throughout Central africa. http://cp.settlement.org/english/congo/alook.html
Extractions: A L OOK AT THE P AST T he indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. Their descendants, primarily members of the Efe and Mbuti tribes, still live as hunters and gatherers in the northern Ituri forest. Late in the first millennium A.D., Bantu-speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central Africa. Their culture was based on ironworking and agriculture, and they largely displaced the indigenous peoples. B y the 15th century, several kingdoms had developed in the area, including Kongo, Kuba, Luba and Lunda. When the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam reached the mouth of the Congo River in 1482, he discovered that the coastal kingdoms were capturing people from nearby areas and sending them to work as slaves in Saudi Arabia. Over the next few centuries, Portuguese and French traders enslaved millions of Africans, and sent them to work on plantations in North and South America. The slave trade was abolished in 1885. I n 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Anglo-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley to establish outposts along the Congo River. Leopold persuaded other European rulers to recognize Congo as his personal territory, which he named the Congo Free State. D uring Leopold's reign, the Congolese were brutally treated. They were forced to build a railroad and collect ivory and rubber. As many as 10 million Congolese died between 1880 and 1910. When news of the atrocities became public in 1908, the Belgian government took control of the colony and renamed it the Belgian Congo. Although the Belgian government improved working conditions slightly, it too was a harsh ruler and continued to extract natural resources. For years, the Congolese struggled to achieve independence.
African Studies: African History & Cultures African indigenous Science and Knowledge Systems Page (Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, SAHO is a peoples history and internetbased project that consists of an http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/cult.html
Extractions: CU Home Libraries Home Search Site Index ... Help Search Library Catalog: Title (start of title) Journal (start of title) Author (last, first) Keyword (and, or, not, "") Subject Go To CLIO >> Find Databases: Title Keywords Title (start of title) Keywords Go To Databases >> Find E-Journals: Title (start of title) Title Keywords Subject Keywords Go To E-Journals >> Search the Libraries Website: Go To Advanced Website Search >> About the Libraries Libraries Collections Digital Collections Hours Directions to Columbia Map of Campus Libraries More... Catalogs CLIO (Columbia's Online Catalog) Other Catalogs at CU and Nearby A-Z List of Library Catalogs Course Reserves More... E-Resources Citation Finder Databases E-Journals E-Books E-Data E-News E-Images Subject Guides More...
Course Syllabus luba KrugmanGurdus, They didn t live to see series cover (1950). The Concept of indigenous peoples and Questions of Identity. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/polisci/juviler/course_syllabus.html
Extractions: (subject to possible changes during the semester) Introduction: The Course, Its Purpose, and Your Part in It Week 1. Sept. 4, 6 (second date is for discussion section with students in V3001x) Human Rights at Barnard-Columbia and in This Course. It purposes, relation to other human rights courses and expectations for instructors' and students' participation. Luba Krugman-Gurdus, "They didn't live to see..." series cover (1950). Compare with syllabus cover picture (given out at meeting). What do you see? What rights do you think important, judging from your experiences, values and aspirations? What prior experience have you with human rights activity, study? Universal Declaration of Human Rights (given out at meeting). Part I. Theory: Theories of Rights and Equality in a Divided West week 2. Sept. 11, 13 Ancient Concepts of Humans' Rights and Duties Lauren
African History as the indigenous achievement of western, eastern and southern africa. This trade would later contribute to the rise of the famous luba states in http://www.zyama.com/Iowa/African History.htm
Extractions: Issues in African History Professor James Giblin, Department of History, The University of Iowa Like the art of all peoples, the art of Africans expresses values, attitudes, and thought which are the products of their past experience. For that reason, the study of their art provides a way of learning about their history. Through the study of African art we can study the questions which have long preoccupied historians of Africa. This essay written by a historian who studies the African past presents an introduction to these questions. Its purpose is to encourage students to use their knowledge of African art to think about issues in African history. As students of African art begin to consider the African past, they must also consider how Western conceptions of "race" and "racial" difference have influenced our notions of the African past. These ideas, which have usually contrasted the presumed inferiority of black peoples with the superiority of whites, arose in Western societies as Europeans sought to justify their enslavement of Africans and the subsequent colonization of Africa. Historians now recognize that ideas of racial inferiority have inspired the belief that in the past African peoples lived in a state of primitive barbarism. At the same time, they have realized that many of the European writings which they use to reconstruct the African past such as accounts by nineteenth-century missionaries and travelers, for example are themselves tainted by these same notions of African inferiority.
Uncommon Directions Volume 2, Book 3 is subtitled, Cartography in the Traditional african, maps made by the luba peoples of the Democratic Republic of Congo in africa. http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1999-05/map.html
Extractions: are the map-makers colours. Elizabeth Bishop, "The Map" In the beginning was the map. "There has probably always been a mapping impulse in human consciousness," geographer J.B. Harley once wrote, "and the mapping experience, involving cognitive mapping of space, undoubtedly existed long before the physical artifacts we now call maps". Harleys colleague at the University of Wisconsin, David Woodward, picks up the thread. "If you look up the word map in the Oxford English Dictionary, what youll find is a definition that involves some sort of representation of the Earth that is scaled, and relies on measurement, projected mathematically. That is a very Western viewalso a very modern Western view, from around the seventeeth century," says Woodward. "When you look at other types of culturesprehistoric and classical medieval in the West and non-West, then those types of parameters dont apply. The idea of consistent measurement is not necessarily useful, and it is not the only way of representing the Earth. The OED implies some sort of physical thing that you can measure and check by walking on the land. But there are other forms of maps which chart the unseen, such as population density, the weather, or someones spiritual world and that enlarges the subject." Woodward and Harley launched a plan to generate a comprehensive reference work that would cover the history of cartography in all cultures and periods. They published the first volume in 1981. Harley died in 1991. Nineteen years and four books later, the question of what constitutes a "map" has taken center stage.
African Choral Music Resources Missa luba An african Mass / 10 Kenyan Folk Melodies Twelve indigenous songsfrom South africa in the original languages with guidelines for the http://www.pitts.emory.edu/theoarts/multi/Countries/Africa/african_res.html
Extractions: African Choral Music Resources Multicultural - Repertoire African Repertoire Multicultural Choral Home TheoArts Home The following are choral-related websites with predominantly English language pages. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list - just a helpful one! More sites will be added as they are identified. Please let us know if you discover any new ones. For any choral musician who looks at the score of an African piece and discovers a series of letters, dots and dashes. This notation system is not an African system, but an English one, developed by Curwen in the 19th century and brought to Africa by missionaries. See The Teachers Manual of the Tonic Sol-Fa Method reprinted by Bernard Rainbow (Boethius Press, c. 1986).
