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Libya Government:     more books (100)

Libya's Multi-Step Revolution (Middle East Problem paper) by Richard Harlakenden Sanger, 1974 Quddafi of Libya: Madman or--? (Student research and writing) by James A Pelli, 1981 Libya: A group study project (USMAC military studies program) by Luther B Ray, 1983 Dealing with Libya (Editorial research reports) by Elena Berger, 1986 Libya: A Modern History by Professor Richardson Wright, 1982-03-01 Libya Since the Revolution: Aspects of Social and Political Development by Mary Jane Deeb, Marius Deeb, 1982-06-15 Disarming Libya: weapons of mass destruction.: An article from: Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs by Sharon Squassoni, 2006-09-01 Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State (Nations of the Contemporary Middle East) by Lillian Craig Harris, 1986-10 "Pariah States" & Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan (Middle East in the International System) by Tim Niblock, 2002-07 Libya Foreign Policy and Government Guide (World Foreign Policy and Government Library) by Igor Oleynik, 2000-12-05 The American Bombing of Libya: A Study of the Force of Miscalculation in Reagan Foreign Policy by Nicholas Laham, 2007-11-13 Libya by Ted gottfried, 1994-03-01 Libya Customs, Trade Regulations And Procedures Handbook (World Business, Investment and Government Library) by Ibp Usa, 2009-01-01 The new Libya : a geographical, social, economic and political study / Salem Ali. Hajjaji by Salim Ali Hajjaji, 1967

lists with details

101. NTI Country Overviews Libya Chemical Overview
     3 But as demonstrated by the Libyan government s revelations in late 2003 about the On December 19, 2003, the Libyan government surprised the world by  
     http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Libya/3944.html
     
     Extractions: Allegations that Italian dictator Benito Mussolini ordered the deployment of the blister agent sulfur mustard in Libya imply that the state's first experience with chemical weapons occurred during the 1920s. Libya did not begin to build an offensive chemical warfare (CW) program until the mid-1980s.[1] During that time, however, Libya rapidly erected development sites at Rabta, Tarhuna and Sebha for chemical weapons production. The development of Libya's chemical weapons facilities, however, could not have had the success it did without the assistance of foreign suppliers, the majority of which came from Western Europe. After years of contentious relations with the international community due to the risks that Libya's expansive CW capabilities posed and its refusal to sign the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Libya has finally agreed in the past year to cease its pursuit of WMD, including CW, and to open its doors to international inspections. It has also become a signatory party to the CWC and taken the initiative to transparently destroy its chemical weapons equipment. History Second, Libya's motivation to develop CW capabilities may have stemmed from its thwarted efforts to obtain its own nuclear capabilities. Libya's official position was that it did not have a CW program and chemical production facilities were intended solely for peaceful purposes.[3] But as demonstrated by the Libyan government's revelations in late 2003 about the true extent of its CW program, these denials demonstrated al-Qadhdhafi's past history of covert proliferation.

102. Government Of Libya
     Contemporary Africa Database record for government of libya.  
     http://institutions.africadatabase.org/data/i15069.html
     
     Extractions: Contemporary Africa Database ::: Institutions Home About Contact CAD Help ... Countries Institutions: A B C D ... Z Libyan government Name: Government of Libya HQ Country: Libya Date Founded: 24 Dec 1951 People are listed alphabetically. This list includes people who are currently in the stated positions or who have formerly held these positions. Dates are given wherever possible. The list is not necessarily exhaustive for this institution. al-Abbar, Abd al-Rahman

103. Reassessing Libya: An Analysis From Jane's NBC Defence - Jane's International Se
     libya s government strongly denies acquiring or producing BW. Some reportsadditionally credit the CW plants at Rabta, in the Sahara Desert 75 miles  
     http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/nbcd/nbcd031223_1_n.sh
     
     Extractions: Home Products ... Contact Us document.write("") Help   International Security Law Enforcement Subscription Services Defence Aero-Engines Aircraft Component Manufacturers Aircraft Upgrades Air-Launched Weapons All the World's Aircraft Ammunition Handbook Avionics C4I Systems Chem-Bio Web Defence Forecasts - Military Aircraft Programmes Defence Industry Defence Weekly Electronic Mission Aircraft Electro-Optic Systems Explosive Ordnance Disposal Fighting Ships Infantry Weapons International ABC Aerospace Directory International Defence Directory International Defence Review Land Based Air Defence Marine Propulsion Military Biographies Military Communications Naval Weapon Systems Navy International NBC Defence Space Directory Strategic Weapons Systems Underwater Technology Underwater Warfare Systems Unmanned Aerial Vehicles World Air Forces World Armies World Defence Industry Transport Aero-Engines Air Traffic Control Aircraft Component Manufacturers Airport Review High-Speed Marine Transportation International ABC Aerospace Directory Marine Propulsion Merchant Ships Space Directory Transport Finance Urban Transport Systems World Airlines World Railways Aerospace Aero-Engines Air Traffic Control Aircraft Component Manufacturers Aircraft Upgrades Airport Review All the World's Aircraft

104. Libyan Law
     Constitution, government Legislation Courts Judgments Before the 1969constitution, libya had a dual system of civil and religious courts.  
     http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/libya.htm
     
     Extractions: The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is a dictatorship that has been ruled by Colonel Mu'ammar Al-Qadhafi (the "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution") since 1969, when he led a military coup to overthrow King Idris I. In theory Libya is ruled by the citizenry through a series of popular congresses, as laid out in the Constitutional Proclamation of 1969 and the Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People of 1977, but in practice Qadhafi and his inner circle control political power. Qadhafi is aided by extragovernmental organizationsthe Revolutionary Committees and the Comrades Organizationthat exercise control over most aspects of citizens' lives. Source: U.S. Department of State Before the 1969 constitution, Libya had a dual system of civil and religious courts. The new constitution established the primacy of Shari'a, or Islamic law, unifying the two systems. Civil laws now must conform to Shari'a. The Libyan court system consists of four ascending levels. The GPC appoints justices to the Supreme Court. Military courts and special "revolutionary courts" operate outside the judicial system.

105. History And Government (from Libya) --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia
     History and government (from libya) From about 1000 BC;, libyans had contactswith Africans south of the Sahara. A people called Garamantes, who probably  
     http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-203831?ct=

106. Brincat Calls On Government To Boost Relations With Libya
     Malta s leading portal brings you the latest information and opinions aboutsports, business, and entertainment happening in the Maltese Islands.  
     http://www.di-ve.com/dive/portal/portal.jhtml?id=194197&pid=23

107. South Africa Helps Libya Gain U.N. Human Rights Seat
     The oppressive nature of libya s government and disregard for human But itwas the South African government that actively promoted libya s candidacy.  
     http://www.cato.org/dailys/02-02-03.html
     
     Extractions: Archives Hurricane Katrina Archives Jerry Taylor will discuss gasoline prices and price "gouging" on CNBC on Friday at 10:20 a.m. ET On Saturday, C-SPAN will rebroadcast a 1994 Booknotes interview of Milton Friedman about F. A. Hayek 's The Road to Serfdom at 7:00 p.m. ET February 2, 2003 by Marian L. Tupy Marian L. Tupy is assistant director of the Project on Global Economic Liberty at the Cato Institute. Libya's election to the chairmanship of the United Nations Human Rights Commission this week raised eyebrows across the world. The oppressive nature of Libya's government and disregard for human rights are well known and thoroughly documented. The European countries, including France, Germany and Great Britain, which abstained during the vote and thus assured Libya's victory, are partly to blame for Libya's election. Incapacitated by colonial guilt, political correctness, and hypersensitivity to criticism emanating from the developing countries, the Europeans have continuously ignored human rights abuses by some of the world's most unsavory regimes. In fact, they made the situation in the developing world worse by subsidizing African dictators through foreign aid.

108. Pak-Libya Holding Company (Pvt.) Limited, Karachi, Pakistan
     Joint stock company owned by the governments of Pakistan and libya details of management and activities.  
     http://www.paklibya.com.pk/

109. Governments On The WWW: Libya
     Links to websites of governmental institutions and political parties in libya.  
     http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/ly.html

110. International Business Publications: Libya Foreign Policy And Government Guide
     International Business Publications libya Foreign Policy and GovernmentGuide,Conservative,Book Club,Reagan,Homeschool,Human Events,Eagle Publishing  
     http://www.forbesbookclub.com/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=IN66Z

111. Libyan Bedouin
     SocietyLIBYAN-BEDOUIN The Libyan Bedouin consist of the nomadic and The Egyptian government has subdued the Bedouin and forced them to abandon nomadism  
     http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7858
     
     Extractions: Society-LIBYAN-BEDOUIN The Libyan Bedouin consist of the nomadic and partially sedentarized Bedouin living in the Libyan Desert, specifically within the Cyrenaica region of Libya and the Western Desert of Egypt. Groups living within the Siwa Oasis in northwestern Egypt and within the southern oases (e.g., Kharga) are not included in this cultural unit. The Bedouin are descendants of Arab invaders and the native North African Berber population. The first Arab invasion of North Africa was in A.D. 643, but complete Arabization did not occur until the Hilalian invasions in ca. A.D. 1050. The Bani Hilal pressed westward from Egypt into Tunisia and Tripolitania. The Bani Sulaim settled mostly in Cyrenaica. The descendants of the Bani Sulaim and the native Berbers are known as the Sa'adi Bedouin. There are two branches of Sa'adi Bedouin in Cyrenaica, the Jibarna and the Harabi. The Awlad Ali live in the Egyptian Western Desert, from al-Sallum to Alexandria. They are related to the Harabi, but were forced to migrate to Egypt in the nineteenth century, because of pressure from the Harabi (Evans-Pritchard 1949: 48-49). There are considerable differences between the Cyrenaican and the Egyptian Bedouin as a result of their separation and the policies of their respective national governments. Generally speaking, the Bedouin of the Western Desert of Egypt are more sedentarized than their Cyrenaican relatives. Population figures are difficult to determine. In the early 1940s, Evans-Pritchard (1949) estimated that there were approximately 200,000 people in all of Cyrenaica, three-fourths of whom were Bedouin. According to Obermeyer, (1969), the 1960 population of the whole Western Desert of Egypt was 98,000, most of whom were Bedouin. According to Smith et al. (1970), the estimate for the Western Desert was 50,000 in the late 1960s. Mohsen (1971) states that the total population of the Awlad Ali in 1965 was about 100,000. Murdock (1958) estimated that the Cyrenaican Bedouin numbered about 150,000. Combining these figures, there could be from 200,000 to 250,000 Bedouin in Cyrenaica and the Western Desert. The Bedouin speak dialects of Arabic. According to Evans-Pritchard, "their language is that of the Hilalian invasion of the eleventh century and no foreign language competes with it" (1949: 47). Among the Cyrenaican Bedouin, there are very few true nomads, while semi-nomads are quite numerous. The true nomads herd only camels, and they wander freely. The semi-nomads cultivate crops on the plateau, primarily barley and wheat. They then graze their flocks of sheep, goats, and cattle to the south and return to the plateau to water their flocks in the dry season. Evans-Pritchard emphasized that even though Bedouin think of themselves as pastoralists, with herding as their most important economic activity, they all cultivate crops to some extent as well (1949: 37). In the Western Desert of Egypt, there is apparently great variation in both subsistence and settlement patterns. The Bedouin studied by Mohsen led a life very similar to that of the Cyrenaican Bedouin, i.e., pastorialism centered on sheep and goats, with some cultivation of barley. The community of al-Qasr, however, studied by Obermeyer (1969) is more settled, with increasing concentration on growing olives for a cash market. Barley is grown as the dietary staple in al-Qasr, and the vegetables grown there include onions, radishes, peppers, and mint. Some of the government-introduced crops are okra, squash, cucumber, tomato, spinach, and melon. In addition, most families keep a few sheep or goats. Obermeyer describes these people as a "sedentary Bedouin society which is not quite tribal and not quite peasant" (1969: 18). The Egyptian government has subdued the Bedouin and forced them to abandon nomadism and raise crops. (See Abou-Zeid (1959) for an account of some of the government programs designed to sedentarize the Bedouins.) While economic conditions in Egypt have forced the Bedouin to a dependency on the central government and a cash economy, in Cyrenaica the Bedouin and the townspeople are quite distinct. Although there is some amount of economic interdependence between them, according to Evans-Pritchard, the townspeople have never been able to dominate the land as they have in other Arab countries (1949: 43-44). According to more recent accounts, however, since World War II more Bedouin have migrated to the towns, although they still maintain ties with their native social groups. As stated earlier, the Sa'adis are descendants of the Bani Sulaim and the native Berbers. They hold the land by "right of conquest." The non-Sa'adis are called Marabtin. They are believed to be the descendants of the pre-eleventh century Arab invaders and native Berbers. They are known as "occupiers by sufferance" or clients. Families of these "client tribes" pay a fee to a Sa'adi "tribe" and in return receive protection. The clients are expected to join the Sa'adi in any conflict. Members of a "tribe" are believed to have descended patrilineally from a common eponymous ancestor. Each "tribe" owns territory, has water rights, and has its own camel-brand. A "tribe" is divided into several "primary" divisions, and each of the primary divisions is further subdivided into smaller and smaller divisions, down to the extended family. "Each of the smaller divisions is a replica of the larger ones and has the same preferential and exclusive rights" (Evans-Pritchard 1949: 55). At every level of the sociopolitical structure, from the extended family to the "tribe" itself, there is a Shaikh. The Shaikhs are wealthy and influential men, but they should not be thought of as rulers. The Bedouin are Muslims of the Sanusiya sect. This order was founded in 1843 by the Grand Sanusi in Cyrenaica. It was a religio-political movement of a conservative nature, whose ideology was based on anti-Turkish and anti-Western sentiments. Sanusi lodges (zawiyas) were established at the request of "tribal" segments. These zawiyas served as monastaries and lodges for travelers and became centers of social and political activity. Through the establishment of zawiyas, the Sanusi movement spread quickly throughout North Africa. As a result, the Bedouin achieved a political organization which they had not previously attained. Culture summary by Marlene M. Martin Abou-Zeid, Ahmad M. The sedentarization of nomads in the Western Desert of Egypt. International Social Science Journal, 11 (1959): 550-558. Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Oxford, At the Clarendon Press, 1949. 8, 240 p. illus., maps. Mohsen, Safia K. The quest for order among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt. Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1971 [1974 copy.] 6, 3, 196 l. map. (University Microfilms Publications, no. 71-31,226). Dissertation (Anthropology) Michigan State University, 1970. Murdock, George P. Libyan Bedouin. In his African Cultural Summaries. New Haven, HRAF, 1958. Obermeyer, Gerald Joseph. Structure and authority in a Bedouin tribe; the 'Aishaibat of the Western Desert of Egypt. Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1969 [1973 copy]. 3, 13, 344 l. illus., tables. (University Microfilms Publications, no. 69-10,572) Dissertation (Anthropology) Indiana University, 1968. Smith, Harvey H. Area handbook for the United Arab Republic (Egypt). By Harvey H. Smith et al. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 7858

112. General Press Corporation - Libyan Press
     The summary for this English page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set.  
     http://www.libyanpress.com/

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