LCLAA Home Join LCLAA Web today to receive legislation updates and participate in our Latinos compared to other americans are more likely to be employed for most http://www.lclaa.org/socialsecurity.html
Extractions: Latinos For A Secure Retirement Website Latinos For A Secure Retirement Fact Sheet Take action Participate in LCLAA's campaign to protect Social Security! Tell your member of Congress to Sign the Pledge to Protect Social Security Get involved, March 31, 2005 is a National Day of Action for Retirement Security organized by the AFL-CIO
UT Student Government Legislation Eric, League of United latin American Citizens SG is advocating a cap on the top Stanis it is not on all legislation but just election legislation http://www.utexas.edu/studentgov/sg/archives/legislation.php?type=SG_MINUTES&id=
ANA: Government Relations: News: Press Release Government Relations News Argentine legislation Impacts Advertising. legislation in Argentina, one of the largest markets in latin America, http://www.ana.net/govt/what/06_27_01.cfm
Extractions: Email: washington@ANA.net June 27, 2001 Proposed broadcasting legislation in Argentina, one of the largest markets in Latin America, contains measures that could have a severe impact on advertising and create adverse precedents that could spread to other Latin American countries. The bill specifies that a minimum of 75 percent of advertising be produced within Argentina, an amount that would rise to 100 percent in an economic downturn. The bill also limits advertising on foreign pay-TV channels to four minutes per hour while permitting eight minutes per hour on local channels. ANA is urging its members who advertise in Argentina to oppose these advertising provisions of the new broadcasting legislation by writing to the following: The Honorable James D. Walsh
United States - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia americans, in part due to categories outlined by the US government, from Spainor Spanishspeaking latin America so Hispanics may be of any race. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
Extractions: The United States of America âalso referred to as 'the United States', 'the US', 'the USA', 'America' (more loosely), 'the States' (colloquially), and ' Columbia ' (poetically)âis a federal republic of 50 states , located primarily in central North America United States of America Flag Coat of Arms Motto UTC -4 to -10) Internet TLD .gov .edu .mil ... Calling code The United States has land borders with Canada and Mexico , and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia and the Bahamas . It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean , the Bering Sea , the Arctic Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Caribbean Sea . Forty-eight of the statesâoften referred to as the continental, contiguous or
Westmont College - Library Resources Resources include legislation, case law, and court rules for individual states,where available online latin American Network Information Center (LANIC) http://library.westmont.edu/linksout/politics.html
Extractions: Information Request Form Title begins with Title phrase Title keyword ISSN equals Choose a subject area Business and Economics Fine Arts and Music Gender and Ethnic Studies General Interest Periodicals Gov't, Law, and Public Policy Health Sciences Literature, Languages, Ref. Physical Sciences and Math. Religion and Philosophy Social and Behavioral Sci. Sports, Leisure, and Hobbies Technology and Applied Sci. U.S. U.S. House/Senate U.S. Legal/Legislative U.S. Judicial ... Polls Dont see what you need? -Try Google Scholar Choose Another Topic Anthropology Art Biography Comm Studies Dictionaries Econ/Business Education History Kinesiology Language/Literature Maps Math Medicine/Health Music Net Search News Philosophy Physics Politics Psychology Religion Sciences Sociology Statistics Theater California and Other States California Department of Finance Stats from the Economic Report of the Governor + fiscal and demographic info on Califonia California, Public Policy Institute of California
Government Information First gov comprehensive search of government agency websites. Handbook oflatin American Studies Online - bibliography on latin America consisting of http://libweb.sonoma.edu/search/government.html
Noticias The legislation and Uribe s government have come under fire from US lawmakers Judging from what I heard from several latin American officials last week, http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms/extras/news_item.html?id=1310
Latin American And Caribbean Information Center latin America, Haiti Selected Statistical Data by Sex / Demographic data on BBAY gov. DOCS Microforms S18.56H12 1981; UP gov. DOCS S18.56H12 1981. http://lacic.fiu.edu/library/find/haiti.cfm
Latin American History Sources United Nations Economic Commission for latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL/ECLAC) . InterAmerican Relations A Collection of Documents, legislation, http://www.fsu.edu/library/search/toolkits/lathis.shtml
The Human Rights Information Act The legislation requires Government agencies to review human rights records or human rights official of a latin American or Caribbean country who is http://www.fas.org/sgp/congress/hr2635.html
Extractions: from the Congressional Record: October 9, 1997 Page E1983-E1985 INTRODUCTION OF H.R. 2635THE HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION ACT HON. TOM LANTOS of california in the house of representatives Thursday, October 9, 1997 Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, yesterday with a number of our distinguished colleagues in the House, I introduced H.R. 2635, the Human Rights Information Act. Joining me to introduce this bill were my colleagues Constance Morella of Maryland, James McGovern of Massachusetts, Elizabeth Furse of Oregon, John Lewis of Georgia, James Oberstar of Minnesota, Martin Sabo also of Minnesota, Jose Serrano of New York, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, and Martin Meehan of Massachusetts. Our legislation is a companion bill to S. 1220, which Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut introduced in the Senate with a number of his distinguished colleagues in that House. Our legislation will dramatically improve the current declassification procedures of human rights documents pertaining to gross human rights violations in Guatemala and Honduras. This important bill strikes an appropriate balance between the need for speedy and comprehensive declassification and the need to protect legitimate U.S. national security interests. It will be of invaluable assistance to the work of my good friend, Dr. Leo Valladares, the Honduran Human Rights commissioner, who came to testify before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, which I cochair with Congressman John Edward Porter. It also will support the work of the Guatemalan Clarification Commission, as well as the people of Guatemala and Honduras in general. Only full consideration and investigation of human rights abuses in these two countries can achieve the full accountability needed to rebuild a peaceful and reconciled civil society in those areas. The Government of Guatemala and the rebels, the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity [URNG], formally ended their hostilities at the end of 1996. But peace cannot exist without truth, a principle which these parties recognized in agreeing to establish a truth commissionThe Commission for the Historical Clarification of Human Rights Violations and Acts of Violence which have Caused Suffering to the Guatemalan People. Given this monumental task, the commission has only a very short period to accomplish its important work. The commission's work by law is to take only 6 months, but that time limit can be extended for another 6 months. The clock began ticking when the work of the commission formally began on July 31, 1997. Therefore swift and comprehensive declassification of all relevant United States agency documents is critical to the success for peace and democracy in Guatemala. The same applies to Honduras. In 1979, the first disappearance took place in Honduras and dozens of others followed, along with [[Page E1984]] extrajudicial killings. This nightmare followed the implementation of the Honduran military's National Security Doctrine which embarked on a deliberate policy of eliminating people suspected of having links with insurgencies in Honduras and El Salvador or with the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. In May 1992, a law created the National Commissioner for the Protection of Human Rights and in November appointed Leo Valladares Lanza to lead this work. By December 1993, the Commissioner had published a report entitled "The Facts Speak for Themselves" detailing the disappearance of close to 200 persons since 1980. Before Dr. Valladares concluded his preliminary report, he asked the U.S. Government for files and information. With a number of members of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, I have supported the requests made by Dr. Valladares in several letters to the President and to other administration officials. Despite a Presidential Executive order, declassification of relevant documents has been very narrowly focused and extremely slow. Thus far, the State Department has responded by releasing 3,000 pages of documents, while other agencies fell dramatically short in their efforts to comply with Dr. Valladares' requests. Mr. Speaker, The Human Rights Information Act will make a number of important changes in the law that will assure prompt and complete declassification of important human rights documents, while at the same time fully respecting and protecting our legitimate national security concerns. The legislation requires Government agencies to review human rights records within 120 days after inquiries by the Honduran Human Rights Commissioner or the Guatemalan Clarification Commission and ensure the release 30 days thereafter. The legislation also applies to requests from appropriate human rights organizations in other Latin American or Caribbean countries requesting information relating to human rights abuses in their countries. The legislation will ensure that an interagency appeals panel reviews agencies' decisions to withhold information, and it provides that two outside human rights specialists suggested by human rights NGO's and appointed by the President will be members of this appeals panel. The declassification standards in this legislation follow the same standards as the Congress has already enacted in the John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Act. Yesterday, Mr. Speaker, at a press conference on the steps of the U.S. Capitol, I publicly announced the introduction of this legislation. Joining me on this occasionin addition to our colleagues Elizabeth Furse and James McGovernwere a number of outstanding leaders in the struggle for human rights in Central America. They included: Jennifer Harbury, U.S. attorney, author, and wife of disappeared Guatemalan Guerrilla commander Efrain Bamaca Velasquez; founding member of Coalition "Missing." Ms. Harbury, who now lives in Texas, came to Washington yesterday especially for this event. Sister Dianna Ortiz, OSU, an Ursuline nun subjected to horrifying torture in 1989 following her abduction. She is a human rights activist and founding member of Coalition "Missing." Calixto Torres, a Guatemalan community worker who was forced to flee because of his work. He has been granted political asylum and currently works with Guatemala Partners and the Latin American Youth Center. Meredith Larson, a human rights worker attacked by knife-wielding assailants in 1989, is a founding member of Coalition "Missing." She is a resident of the beautiful city of San Francisco and came to Washington especially for this event. Oscar Reyes, editor of Washington metro Hispanic newspaper "El Pregonero" who himself is a victim of torture in Honduras. Eileen Connolly, sister of Father Carney who disappeared in Honduras in 1983, and her husband. Mr. Speaker, I ask that the text of H.R. 2635 be placed in the Record at this point. I urge my colleagues to join me as a cosponsor of this important legislation. H.R. 2635 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "Human Rights Information Act". SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Agencies of the Government of the United States have information on human rights violations in Guatemala and Honduras. (2) Members of both Houses of Congress have repeatedly asked the Administration for information on Guatemalan and Honduran human rights cases. (3) The Guatemalan peace accords, which the Government of the United States firmly supports, has as an important and vital component the establishment of the Commission for the Historical Clarification of Human Rights Violations and Acts of Violence which have Caused Suffering to the Guatemalan People (referred to in this Act as the "Clarification Commission"). The Clarification Commission will investigate cases of human rights violations and abuses by both parties to the civil conflict in Guatemala and will need all available information to fulfill its mandate. (4) The National Commissioner for the Protection of Human Rights in the Republic of Honduras has been requesting United States Government documentation on human rights violations in Honduras since November 15, 1993. The Commissioner's request has been partly fulfilled, but is still pending. The request has been supported by national and international human rights nongovernmental organizations as well as members of both Houses of Congress. (5) Victims and survivors of human rights violations, including United States citizens and their relatives, have also been requesting the information referred to in paragraphs (3) and (4). Survivors and the relatives of victims have a right to know what happened. The requests have been supported by national and international human rights nongovernmental organizations as well as members of both Houses of Congress. (6) The United States should make the information it has on human rights abuses available to the public as part of the United States commitment to democracy in Central America. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Human rights record.The term "human rights record" means a record in the possession, custody, or control of the United States Government containing information about gross human rights violations committed after 1944. (2) Agency.The term "agency" means any agency of the United States Government charged with the conduct of foreign policy or foreign intelligence, including the Department of State, the Agency for International Development, the Department of Defense (and all of its components), the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, the Department of Justice (and all of its components), the National Security Council, and the Executive Office of the President. SEC. 4. IDENTIFICATION, REVIEW, AND PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS RECORDS REGARDING GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS. (a) In General.Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the provision of this Act shall govern the declassification and public disclosure of human rights records by agencies. (b) Identification of Records.Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act, each agency shall identify, review, and organize all human rights records regarding activities occurring in Guatemala and Honduras after 1944 for the purpose of declassifying and disclosing the records to the public. Except as provided in section 5, all records described in the preceding sentence shall be made available to the public not later than 30 days after a review under this section is completed. (c) Report to Congress.Not later than 150 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall report to Congress regarding each agency's compliance with the provisions of this Act. SEC. 5. GROUNDS FOR POSTPONEMENT OF PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS. (a) In General.An agency may postpone public disclosure of a human rights record or particular information in a human rights record only if the agency determines that there is clear and convincing evidence that (1) the threat to the military defense, intelligence operations, or conduct of foreign relations of the United States raised by public disclosure of the human rights record is of such gravity that it outweighs the public interest, and such public disclosure would reveal (A) an intelligence agent whose identity currently requires protection; (B) an intelligence source or method (i) which is being utilized, or reasonably expected to be utilized, by the United States Government; (ii) which has not been officially disclosed; and (iii) the disclosure of which would interfere with the conduct of intelligence activities; or (C) any other matter currently relating to the military defense, intelligence operations, or conduct of foreign relations of the United States, the disclosure of which would demonstrably impair the national security of the United States; (2) the public disclosure of the human rights record would reveal the name or identity of a living individual who provided confidential information to the United States and would pose a substantial risk of harm to that individual; (3) the public disclosure of the human rights record could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, and that invasion of privacy is so substantial that it outweighs the public interest; or (4) the public disclosure of the human rights record would compromise the existence of an understanding of confidentiality currently requiring protection between a Government agent and a cooperating individual or a foreign government, and public disclosure would be so harmful that it outweighs the public interest. (b) Special Treatment of Certain Information.It shall not be grounds for postponement of disclosure of a human rights [[Page E1985]] record that an individual named in the human rights record was an intelligence asset of the United States Government, although the existence of such relationship may be withheld if the criteria set forth in subsection (a) are met. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term an "intelligence asset" means a covert agent as defined in section 606(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 426(4)). SEC. 6. REQUEST FOR HUMAN RIGHTS RECORDS FROM OFFICIAL ENTITIES IN OTHER LATIN AMERICAN CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES. In the event that an agency of the United States receives a request for human rights records from an entity created by the United Nations or the Organization of American States similar to the Guatemalan Clarification Commission, or from the principal justice or human rights official of a Latin American or Caribbean country who is investigating a pattern of gross human rights violations, the agency shall conduct a review of records as described in section 4 and shall declassify and publicly disclose such records in accordance with the standards and procedures set forth in this Act. SEC. 7. REVIEW OF DECISIONS TO WITHHOLD RECORDS. (a) Duties of the Appeals Panel.The Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (referred to in this Act as the "Appeals Panel"), established under Executive Order No. 12958, shall review determinations by an agency to postpone public disclosure of any human rights record. (b) Determinations of the Appeals Panel. (1) In general.The Appeals Panel shall direct that all human rights records be disclosed to the public, unless the Appeals Panel determines that there is clear and convincing evidence that (A) the record is not a human rights record; or (B) the human rights record or particular information in the human rights record qualifies for postponement of disclosure pursuant to section 5. (2) Treatment in cases of nondisclosure.If the Appeals Panel concurs with an agency decision to postpone disclosure of a human rights record, the Appeals Panel shall determine, in consultation with the originating agency and consistent with the standards set forth in this Act, which, if any, of the alternative forms of disclosure described in paragraph (3) shall be made by the agency. (3) Alternative forms of disclosure.The forms of disclosure described in this paragraph are as follows: (A) Disclosure of any reasonably segregable portion of the human rights record after deletion of the portions described in paragraph (1). (B) Disclosure of a record that is a substitute for information which is not disclosed. (C) Disclosure of a summary of the information contained in the human rights record. (4) Notification of determination. (A) In general.Upon completion of its review, the Appeals Panel shall notify the head of the agency in control or possession of the human rights record that was the subject of the review of its determination and shall, not later than 14 days after the determination, publish the determination in the Federal Register. (B) Notice to president.The Appeals Panel shall notify the President of its determination. The notice shall contain a written unclassified justification for its determination, including an explanation of the application of the standards contained in section 5. (5) General procedures.The Appeals Panel shall publish in the Federal Register guidelines regarding its policy and procedures for adjudicating appeals. (c) Presidential Authority Over Appeals Panel Determination. (1) Public disclosure or postponement of disclosure.The President shall have the sole and nondelegable authority to review any determination of the Appeals Board under this Act, and such review shall be based on the standards set forth in section 5. Not later than 30 days after the Appeals Panel's determination and notification to the agency pursuant to subsection (b)(4), the President shall provide the Appeals Panel with an unclassified written certification specifying the President's decision and stating the reasons for the decision, including in the case of a determination to postpone disclosure, the standards set forth in section 5 which are the basis for the President's determination. (2) Record of presidential postponement.The Appeals Panel shall, upon receipt of the President's determination, publish in the Federal Register a copy of any unclassified written certification, statement, and other materials transmitted by or on behalf of the President with regard to the postponement of disclosure of a human rights record. SEC. 8. REPORT REGARDING OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS RECORDS. Upon completion of the review and disclosure of the human rights records relating to Guatemala and Honduras, the Information Security Policy Advisory Council, established pursuant to Executive Order No. 12958, shall report to Congress on the desirability and feasibility of declassification of human rights records relating to other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The report shall be available to the public. SEC. 9. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. (a) Freedom of Information Act.Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit any right to file a request with any executive agency or seek judicial review of a decision pursuant to section 552 of title 5, United States Code. (b) Judicial Review.Nothing in this Act shall be construed to preclude judicial review, under chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code, of final actions taken or required to be taken under this Act. SEC. 10. CREATION OF POSITIONS. For purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Act, there shall be 2 additional positions in the Appeals Panel. The positions shall be filled by the President, based on the recommendations of the American Historical Association, the Latin American Studies Association, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International, USA. FAS Gov't Secrecy Congressional Docs Index ... Join FAS
Communications-Related Headlines Senator John McCain (RAZ) has put a hold on appropriations legislation thatwould roll Murmura also says the recent latin American launch includes the http://www.benton.org/News/2003_09_30_archive.html
Extractions: Members of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation will hear testimony on evidence of concentration in various media markets and appropriate regulatory limits on ownership. This full committee hearing will take place on Thursday, October 2 at 9:30am ET in room SR-253. There will be a live webcast of the hearing.
Club Drugs - Facts&Figures - Drug Facts - ONDCP Rohypnol, legally produced and sold in latin America and Europe, Legislation36.MDMA, GHB, Rohypnol, and ketamine have all been scheduled under the http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/club/
Extractions: In recent years, certain drugs have emerged and become popular among teens and young adults at dance clubs and "raves." These drugs, collectively termed "club drugs," include MDMA/Ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), and ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride). Producing both stimulant and psychedelic effects, MDMA is often used at parties because it enables party-goers to dance and remain active for long periods of time. This substance is usually ingested in tablet form, but can also be crushed and snorted, injected, or used in suppository form. The tasteless and odorless depressants Rohypnol and GHB are often used in the commission of sexual assaults due to their ability to sedate and intoxicate unsuspecting victims. Rohypnol, a sedative/tranquilizer, is legally available for prescription in over 50 countries outside of the U.S. and is widely available in Mexico, Colombia, and Europe. Although usually taken orally in pill form, reports have shown that some users grind Rohypnol into a powder and snort the drug.
Initiatives On Cuba The latin American Working Group (LAWG) is at the forefront of efforts to Request to call the President on legislation which will codify the travel ban, http://www.afrocubaweb.com/laworkgroup.htm
Extractions: Urgent call on travel ban, ... s Latin American Working Group The Latin American Working Group (LAWG) is at the forefront of efforts to fight the embargo. (LAWG) is a coalition of over sixty religious, human rights, policy, grassroots and development organizations. New Omnibus Bill on U.S./Cuba Policy to be Introduced Request to call the President on legislation which will codify the travel ban Latin America Working Group calls for local U.S./Cuba Policy Advocacy, 4/11 To Stay Involved in the U.S.-Cuba Policy Debate with Timely E-mails on the Most Pertinent Issues Dear Cuba Policy Advocates: In this update: 1) Cuba policy language on counter-narcotics cooperation in the 2002 Foreign Operations bill; ACTION; 2) Food and medicine sales legislation update; ACTION; 3) Travel legislation update; 4) Anti-terrorism Act's impact on Cuba policy; 5) Cuban student visa travel restriction proposed by Senators Feinstein and Kyl; ACTION;
GFMC Links: Latin America The following list of the most important latin America links is listed in alphabetical http//www.medioambiente.gov.ar/noticias/incendios/default.asp http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/links/lat_am.html
Extractions: La Red Latinoamericana de Teledetección e Incendios Forestales (RedLaTIF) es una red regional que pretende unir esfuerzos en el campo de la observación y gestión de los incendios forestales en todos los países latinoamericanos. Esta Red está estrechamente unida al programa GOFC/GOLD-Fire (Global Observations of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics) la cual intenta contribuir en cumplir los objetivos de dicho programa.
Extractions: U.S. Department of Labor Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy www.dol.gov/asp Search / A-Z Index Find It!: By Topic By Audience By Top 20 Requested Items By Form ... By Location September 23, 2005 DOL Home About DOL History The U.S. Department of Labor Bicentennial History of The American Worker INTRODUCTION and CONTENTS It is with pleasure I note that this volume, published in the Bicentennial year, adds an important dimension to the history of the United States. It deals not with Presidents, the Congress, and the Supreme Court. Instead, it treats of the working men and women who built the nation and whose struggles and achievements deserve a central place in a people's history of the United States. This volume represents the cooperative effort of six specialists in the field of American labor history. The role of labor at the beginning of the republic, in the days of Jefferson and Jackson, during the sectional conflict, and climaxing in a great Civil War, provides a cluster of themes for Edward Pessen's illuminating chapter. As the old crafts came into competition with an emerging factory system and the use of cheap, semiskilled labor, the impulse to the rise of trade unions occurred. The free labor system was marred by the exploitation of women and children, and in the South by the pervasive system of slavery, which drove free labor out of the crafts as well as agriculture. In response to new problems, workingmen's parties appeared; workers took concerted action to secure better wages and shorter hours, despite the ever-present threat of criminal conspiracy prosecution.
US Department Of State Bureau Of European And Eurasian Affairs In 1982, the national government passed legislation to decentralize latin AmericaFrance supports strengthening democratic institutions in latin America http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0545/$fi
Extractions: U.S. Department of State Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Background Note: France February 2003 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: French Republic Geography Area: 551,670 sq. km. (220,668 sq. mi.); largest west European country, about four-fifths the size of Texas. Cities: CapitalParis. Other citiesMarseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Nice, Rennes, Lille, Bordeaux. Terrain: Varied. Climate: Temperate; similar to that of the eastern U.S. People Nationality: AdjectiveFrench. Population (June 2002 est.): 59.3 million. Annual growth rate (2001): 0.37%. Ethnic groups: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, and Basque minorities. Religion: Roman Catholic 90%. Language: French. Education: Years compulsory10. Literacy99%. Health: Infant mortality rate4.46/1,000. Work force (25 million): Services71%; industry and commerce26%; agriculture3%. Government Type: Republic. Constitution: September 28, 1958. Branches: Executivepresident (chief of state); prime minister (head of government). Legislativebicameral Parliament (577-member National Assembly, 319-member Senate). JudicialCourt of Cassation (civil and criminal law), Council of State (administrative court), Constitutional Council (constitutional law). Subdivisions: 22 administrative regions containing 96 departments (metropolitan France). Four overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and Reunion); five overseas territories (New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna Islands, and French Southern and Antarctic Territories); and two special status territories (Mayotte and St. Pierre and Miquelon). Political parties: Union for a Popular Majority (UMP) [a new coalition of center-right parties, among which are Rally for the Republic (Gaullists/ conservatives) and Liberal Democracy]; Union for French Democracy (a center-right conglomerate of smaller parties); Socialist Party; Communist Party; National Front; Greens; various minor parties. Suffrage: Universal at 18. Economy GDP (2001): $1.3 trillion. Avg. annual growth rate (2001): 1.8%. Per capita GDP: $22,500. Agriculture: Productsgrains (wheat, barley, corn); wines and spirits; dairy products; sugarbeets; oilseeds; meat and poultry; fruits and vegetables. Industry: Typesaircraft, electronics, transportation, textiles, clothing, food processing, chemicals, machinery, steel. Trade (est.): Exports (2001)$349.49 billion: aircraft, automobile spare parts, pharmaceuticals, electronic components, wine, electricity. Imports (2001)$345.95 billion: crude oil, automobiles and automobile spare parts, natural gas, pharmaceuticals, electronics, aircraft spare parts. Major trading partnersEU, U.S., Japan. PEOPLE Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, travel, and invasion. Three basic European ethnic stocksCeltic, Latin, and Teutonic (Frankish)have blended over the centuries to make up its present population. France's birth rate was among the highest in Europe from 1945 until the late 1960s. Since then, its birth rate has fallen but remains higher than that of most other west European countries. Traditionally, France has had a high level of immigration. About 90% of the people are Roman Catholic, 7% Muslim, less than 2% Protestant, and about 1% Jewish. More than 1 million Muslims immigrated in the 1960s and early 1970s from North Africa, especially Algeria. In mid-2002, there were between 4 and 6 million persons of Arab descent living in France. Education is free, beginning at age 2, and mandatory between ages 6 and 16. The public education system is highly centralized. Private education is primarily Roman Catholic. Higher education in France began with the founding of the University of Paris in 1150. It now consists of 91 public universities and 175 professional schools, such as the post-graduate Grandes Ecoles. The French language derives from the vernacular Latin spoken by the Romans in Gaul, although it includes many Celtic and Germanic words. French has been an international language for centuries and is a common second language throughout the world. It is one of five official languages at the United Nations. In Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the West Indies, French has been a unifying factor, particularly in those countries where it serves as the only common language among a variety of indigenous languages and dialects. HISTORY France was one of the earliest countries to progress from feudalism to the nation-state. Its monarchs surrounded themselves with capable ministers, and French armies were among the most innovative, disciplined, and professional of their day. During the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), France was the dominant power in Europe. But overly ambitious projects and military campaigns of Louis and his successors led to chronic financial problems in the 18th century. Deteriorating economic conditions and popular resentment against the complicated system of privileges granted the nobility and clerics were among the principal causes of the French Revolution (1789-94). Although the revolutionaries advocated republican and egalitarian principles of government, France reverted to forms of absolute rule or constitutional monarchy four timesthe Empire of Napoleon, the Restoration of Louis XVIII, the reign of Louis-Philippe, and the Second Empire of Napoleon III. After the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the Third Republic was established and lasted until the military defeat of 1940. World War I (1914-18) brought great losses of troops and materiel. In the 1920s, France established an elaborate system of border defenses (the Maginot Line) and alliances to offset resurgent German strength. France was defeated early in World War II, however, and occupied in June 1940. The German victory left the French groping for a new policy and new leadership suited to the circumstances. On July 10, 1940, the Vichy government was established. Its senior leaders acquiesced in the plunder of French resources, as well as the sending of French forced labor to Germany; in doing so, they claimed they hoped to preserve at least some small amount of French sovereignty. The German occupation proved quite costly, however, as a full one-half of France's public sector revenue was appropriated by Germany. After 4 years of occupation and strife, Allied forces liberated France in 1944. A bitter legacy carries over to the present day. France emerged from World War II to face a series of new problems. After a short period of provisional government initially led by Gen. Charles de Gaulle, the Fourth Republic was set up by a new constitution and established as a parliamentary form of government controlled by a series of coalitions. The mixed nature of the coalitions and a consequent lack of agreement on measures for dealing with Indochina and Algeria caused successive cabinet crises and changes of government. Finally, on May 13, 1958, the government structure collapsed as a result of the tremendous opposing pressures generated in the divisive Algerian issue. A threatened coup led the Parliament to call on General de Gaulle to head the government and prevent civil war. He became prime minister in June 1958 (at the beginning of the Fifth Republic) and was elected president in December of that year. Seven years later, in an occasion marking the first time in the 20th century that the people of France went to the polls to elect a president by direct ballot, de Gaulle won re-election with a 55% share of the vote, defeating François Mitterrand. In April 1969, President de Gaulle's government conducted a national referendum on the creation of 21 regions with limited political powers. The government's proposals were defeated, and de Gaulle subsequently resigned. Succeeding him as president of France have been Gaullist Georges Pompidou (1969-74), Independent Republican Valery Giscard d'Estaing (1974-81), Socialist François Mitterrand (1981-95), and neo-Gaullist Jacques Chirac (first elected in spring 1995 and reelected in 2002. While France continues to revere its rich history and independence, French leaders are increasingly tying the future of France to the continued development of the European Union. During President Mitterrand's tenure, he stressed the importance of European integration and advocated the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty on European economic and political union, which France's electorate narrowly approved in September 1992. President Jacques Chirac assumed office May 17, 1995, after a campaign focused on the need to combat France's stubbornly high unemployment rate. The center of domestic attention soon shifted, however, to the economic reform and belt-tightening measures required for France to meet the criteria for Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) laid out by the Maastricht Treaty. In late 1995, France experienced its worst labor unrest in at least a decade, as employees protested government cutbacks. On the foreign and security policy front, Chirac took a more assertive approach to protecting French peacekeepers in the former Yugoslavia and helped promote the peace accords negotiated in Dayton and signed in Paris in December 1995. The French have been one of the strongest supporters of NATO and EU policy in Kosovo and the Balkans. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in the U.S., France played a central role in the war on terrorism. French forces, including the Charles de Gaulle carrier battle group, participated in Operation Enduring Freedom. French troops also took part in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) for Afghanistan. See Political Conditions for most recent election. GOVERNMENT The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by public referendum on September 28, 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. Under the constitution, presidents have been elected directly for a 7-year term since 1958. Beginning in 2002, the term of office is now 5 years. Presidential arbitration assures regular functioning of the public powers and the continuity of the state. The president names the prime minister, presides over the cabinet, commands the armed forces, and concludes treaties. The president may submit questions to a national referendum and can dissolve the National Assembly. In certain emergency situations, the president may assume full powers. Besides the president, the other main component of France's executive branch is the cabinet. Led by a prime minister, who is the head of government, the cabinet is composed of a varying number of ministers, ministers-delegate, and secretaries of state. Parliament meets for one 9-month session each year. Under special circumstances an additional session can be called by the president. Although parliamentary powers are diminished from those existing under the Fourth Republic, the National Assembly can still cause a government to fall if an absolute majority of the total Assembly membership votes to censure. The Parliament is bicameral with a National Assembly and a Senate. The National Assembly is the principal legislative body. Its deputies are directly elected to 5-year terms, and all seats are voted on in each election. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 9-year terms, and one-third of the Senate is renewed every 3 years. The Senate's legislative powers are limited; the National Assembly has the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses. The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament. The government also can declare a bill to be a question of confidence, thereby linking its continued existence to the passage of the legislative text; unless a motion of censure is introduced and voted, the text is considered adopted without a vote. The most distinctive feature of the French judicial system is that it is divided into the Constitutional Council and the Council of State. The Constitutional Council examines legislation and decides whether it conforms to the constitution. Unlike the U.S. Supreme Court, it considers only legislation that is referred to it by Parliament, the prime minister, or the president; moreover, it considers legislation before it is promulgated. The Council of State has a separate function from the Constitutional Council and provides recourse to individual citizens who have claims against the administration. The Ordinary Courtsincluding specialized bodies such as the police court, the criminal court, the correctional tribunal, the commercial court, and the industrial courtsettle disputes that arise between citizens, as well as disputes that arise between citizens and corporations. The Court of Appeals reviews cases judged by the Ordinary Courts. Traditionally, decisionmaking in France has been highly centralized, with each of France's departments headed by a prefect appointed by the central government. In 1982, the national government passed legislation to decentralize authority by giving a wide range of administrative and fiscal powers to local elected officials. In March 1986, regional councils were directly elected for the first time, and the process of decentralization continues, albeit at a slow pace. Principal Government Officials PresidentJacques Chirac Prime MinisterJean-Pierre Raffarin Ambassador to the United StatesJean-David Levitte Ambassador to the United NationsJean-Marc Rochereau de la Sablière France maintains an embassy in the U.S. at 4101 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20007 (tel. 202-944-6000). POLITICAL CONDITIONS President Jacques Chirac and his center-right coalition won the May 2002 elections. Chirac was first elected in 1995, with an absolute majority in the National Assembly (470 out of 577 seats). During his first 2 years in office President Chirac's prime minister was Alain Juppé, who served contemporaneously as leader of Chirac's neo-Gaullist Rally for the Republic (RPR) Party. However, during the legislative elections of 1997, the left won a majority in the Assembly, and Juppé was subsequently replaced by SocialistLionel Jospin. This right-left "cohabitation" arrangement, which ended with Jospin's resignation following his defeat in the first round of the May 2002 presidential elections, was the longest lasting in the history of the Fifth Republic. During Chirac's first incumbency, a referendum was passed changing the presidential term of office from 7 to 5 years. This change means that, henceforth, presidential and legislative elections could take place at nearly the same time. As expected, in the second round of the presidential election on May 5th, 2002, Jacques Chirac comfortably defeated Jean-Marie Le Pen, a veteran leader of the far-right National Front. Mr. Chirac won the second round by the largest margin (82% to 19%) ever recorded in the second round of a French presidential election; at the same time, abstention reached a record level of 20%. The ensuing legislative elections proved to be a victory for the center-right and a reversal of the 1997 elections. The center-right coalition party led by both Chirac and a resurgent JuppéUnion for a Presidential Majority (UMP) won 399 out of 577 seats in the National Assembly, thereby securing for Chirac and his party a majority in the government. Jean-Pierre Raffarin, whom Chirac had named as interim Prime Minister in May, was confirmed. Meanwhile, the combined left, which had previously held 320 seats, took only 178, including 154 for the Socialists (PS), 21 for the Communists (PCF), and three for the Greens. The extreme-right National Front, despite the second-place finish of its leader Le Pen in the April/May presidential election, won no seats. Abstention at 39% set a new record. The UMP was rechristened the Union for a Popular Movement following the legislative elections. During the election campaign, President Chirac's team made pledges on reforms which could diminish the high level of overall structural unemployment. Experts also have called on France to reduce government spending, the budget deficit, and public debt, and to allow flexibility in the implementation of the 35-hour work week. Mounting pressure for short- and long-term reforms include more labor-market flexibility, less taxation, and an improved business climate, including further privatization and liberalization. French and EU analysts stress that longer term measures must focus on reducing the future burden of ballooning public pension and health care budgets. ECONOMY With a GDP of $1.3 trillion, France is the fourth-largest Western industrialized economy. It has substantial agricultural resources, a large industrial base, and a highly skilled work force. A dynamic services sector accounts for an increasingly large share of economic activity (72% in 1997) and is responsible for nearly all job creation in recent years. GDP growth was 1.8% in 2001, after 3 years at 3% or above. Government economic policy aims to promote investment and domestic growth in a stable fiscal and monetary environment. Creating jobs and reducing the high unemployment rate has been a top priority. The Government of France successfully reduced an unemployment rate of 12% to 9%, recently. France joined 10 other European Union countries in adopting the euro as its currency in January 1999. On January 1, 2002, France, along with the other countries of the Euro zone, dropped its national currency in favor of Euro bills and coins. Henceforth, monetary policy will be set by the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. Despite significant reform and privatization over the past 15 years, the government continues to control a large share of economic activity: Government spending, at 52.7% of GDP in 2001, is among the highest in the G-7. Regulation of labor and product markets is pervasive. The government continues to own shares in corporations in a range of sectors, including banking, energy production and distribution, automobiles, transportation, and telecommunications. Legislation passed in 1998 shortened the legal work week from 39 to 35 hours for most employees effective January 1, 2000. A key objective of the legislation was to encourage job creation, for which significant new subsidies were made available. It is difficult to assess the impact of work week reduction on growth and jobs since many of the key economic parameters, such as the impact on labor costs and a company's ability to reorganize work schedules, depend on the outcome of labor-management negotiations that are ongoing. France has been very successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, aerospace, and weapons sectors. With virtually no domestic oil production, France has relied heavily on the development of nuclear power, which now accounts for about 80% of the country's electricity production. Nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities. Membership in France's labor unions accounts for less than 10% of the private sector work force and is concentrated in the manufacturing, transportation, and heavy industry sectors. Most unions are affiliated with one of the competing national federations, the largest and most powerful of which are the communist-dominated General Labor Confederation (CGT), the Workers' Force (FO), and the French Democratic Confederation of Labor (CFDT). Trade France is the second-largest trading nation in western Europe (after Germany). After experiencing a modest deficit in its foreign trade balance in 2000, France enjoyed a $3.54 billion surplus in 2001. Total trade for 2001 amounted to $695.44 billion, or nearly 50% of GDP. Trade with EU countries accounts for 60% of French trade. In 2000, U.S.-France trade in goods and services totaled almost $75 billion. According to French trade data, U.S. exports accounted for 8.7%about $25 billionof France's total imports. U.S. industrial chemicals, aircraft and engines, electronic components, telecommunications, computer software, computers and peripherals, analytical and scientific instrumentation, medical instruments and supplies, broadcasting equipment, and programming and franchising are particularly attractive to French importers. Principal French exports to the United States are aircraft and engines, beverages, electrical equipment, chemicals, cosmetics, and luxury products. France is the ninth-largest trading partner of the United States. Agriculture France is the European Union's leading agricultural producer, accounting for about one-third of all agricultural land within the EU. Northern France is characterized by large wheat farms. Dairy products, pork, poultry, and apple production are concentrated in the western region. Beef production is located in central France, while the production of fruits, vegetables, and wine ranges from central to southern France. France is a large producer of many agricultural products and is expanding its forestry and fishery industries. The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Uruguay Round of the GATT Agreement resulted in reforms in the agricultural sector of the economy. Continued revision of the CAP and potential reforms under a still to-be-negotiated Doha round of WTO may further change French agriculture. France is the world's second-largest agricultural producer, after the United States. However, the destination of 70% of its exports is other EU member states. Wheat, beef, pork, poultry, and dairy products are the principal exports. The United States, although the second-largest exporter to France, faces stiff competition from domestic production, other EU member states, and third countries. U.S. agricultural exports to France, totaling some $600 million annually, consist primarily of soybeans and products, feeds and fodders, seafood, and consumer oriented products, especially snack foods and nuts. French agricultural exports to the United States are mainly cheese, processed products, and wine. They amount to more than $900 million annually. FOREIGN RELATIONS A charter member of the United Nations, France holds one of the permanent seats in the Security Council and is a member of most of its specialized and related agencies. Europe France is a leader in western Europe because of its size, location, strong economy, membership in European organizations, strong military posture, and energetic diplomacy. France generally has worked to strengthen the global economic and political influence of the EU and its role in common European defense. It views Franco-German cooperation and the development of a European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) as the foundation of efforts to enhance European security. Middle East France supports the Middle East peace process as revitalized by the 1991 Madrid peace conference. In this context, France backed the establishment of a Palestinian state and the withdrawal of Israel from all occupied territories. Recognizing the need for a comprehensive peace agreement, France supports the involvement of all Arab parties and Israel in a multilateral peace process. France has been active in promoting a regional economic dialogue and has played an active role in providing assistance to the Palestinian Authority. Africa France plays a significant role in Africa, especially in its former colonies, through extensive aid programs, commercial activities, military agreements, and cultural impact. In those former colonies where the French presence remains important, France contributes to political, military, and social stability. Asia France has extensive political and commercial relations with Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Southeast Asia as well as an increasing presence in regional fora. France is seeking to broaden its commercial presence in China and will pose a competitive challenge to U.S. business, particularly in aerospace, high-tech, and luxury markets. In Southeast Asia, France was an architect of the Paris Accords, which ended the conflict in Cambodia. Latin America France supports strengthening democratic institutions in Latin America. It endorses the ongoing efforts to restore democracy to Haiti and seeks to expand its trade relations with all of Latin America. Security Issues French military doctrine is based on the concepts of national independence, nuclear deterrence, and military sufficiency. France is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and has worked actively with Allies to adapt NATOinternally and externallyto the post-Cold War environment. In December 1995, France announced that it would increase its participation in NATO's military wing, including the Military Committee (the French withdrew from NATO's military bodies in 1966 while remaining full participants in the alliance's political councils). France remains a firm supporter of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and other efforts at cooperation. Outside of NATO, France has actively and heavily participated in recent peacekeeping/coalition efforts in Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkans, often taking the lead in these operations. France has undertaken a major restructuring to develop a professional military that will be smaller, more rapidly deployable and better tailored for operations outside of mainland France. Key elements of the restructuring include reducing personnel, bases, and headquarters and rationalizing equipment and the armament industry. French active-duty military at the beginning of 2001 numbered about 446,000, of which nearly 35,000 were assigned outside of metropolitan France. France completed the move to all-professional armed forces when conscription ended on December 31, 2001. France places a high priority on arms control and non-proliferation. After conducting a final series of six nuclear tests, the French signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996. France has implemented a moratorium on the production, export, and use of anti-personnel landmines and supports negotiations leading toward a universal ban. The French are key players in the adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe to the new strategic environment. France is an active participant in the major supplier regimes designed to restrict transfer of technologies that could lead to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group (for chemical and biological weapons), the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Missile Technology Control Regime. France has signed and ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. U.S.-FRENCH RELATIONS Relations between the United States and France are active and cordial. Mutual visits by high-level officials are conducted frequently. Bilateral contact at the cabinet level has traditionally been active. France and the United States share common values and have parallel policies on most political, economic, and security issues. Differences are discussed frankly and have not been allowed to impair the pattern of close cooperation that characterizes relations between the two countries. Principal U.S. Embassy Officials AmbassadorHoward H. Leach Deputy Chief of MissionAlejandro D. Wolff Minister-Counselor for Political AffairsSharon Wiener Minister-Counselor for Economic AffairsVladimir Sambaiew Minister-Counselor for Commercial AffairsRobert Kohn Minister-Counselor for Consular AffairsGuyle Cavin, Acting Minister-Counselor for Administrative AffairsHoward Kerry Wiener Minister-Counselor for Public Affairs-Renee Earle Defense AttacheGeneral Felix Dupre Counselor for Scientific and Technological AffairsRaymond Clore Consuls General Consulate General, MarseilleLeslie McBee Consulate General, StrasbourgChristopher Davis Consul, APP LyonScott Thompson Consul, APP ToulouseLaurie Farris Consul, APP RennesGary Clements Consul, APP BordeauxNancy Cooper Consul, APP LilleKatherine Koch The U.S. Embassy in France is located at 2 Avenue Gabriel, Paris 8 (tel. [33] (1) 4312-2222). The United States also is represented in Paris by its mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides ConsularInformation Sheets, Travel Warnings, and Public Announcements. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page: http://travel.state.gov. Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad are on the internet and hard copies can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250. Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call 202-647-4000. Passport information can be obtained by calling the National Passport Information Center's automated system ($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute). The number is 1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of $4.95) may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648). It also is available on the internet. Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800. Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal holidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government Officials" listing in this publication). U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas are encouraged to register at the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country (see "Principal U.S. Embassy Officials" listing in this publication). This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency. Further Electronic Information Department of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes; daily press briefings; Country Commercial Guides; directories of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information. *********************************************************** See http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/ for all Background notes ************************************************************ To change your subscription, go to http://www.state.gov/www/listservs_cms.html
E-Government And E-Democracy In Latin America To some, latin America might seem a surprising place to look for such 30,302, and 306; www.tsje.gov.py. 5. Resumen de Conclusions, Jornada de http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2005.5
Extractions: Search: Advanced Search Home Digital Library Site Map ... January/February 2005 (Vol. 20, No. 1) pp. 94-96 E-Government and E-Democracy in Latin America Julian Padget , University of Bath Full Article Text: DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2005.5 Abstract Learn about Latin America's efforts to implement governmental and democratic processes using electronic systems. In particular, read about activities reported on at last year's EU-Latin American Workshop on E-Government and E-Democracy, such as Mexico's public procurement system, CompraNet, and Chile's Agenda Digital. Back to Top Additional Information Index Terms- e-government, e-democracy, Latin America, CompraNet, Agenda Digital Citation: Julian Padget. "E-Government and E-Democracy in Latin America," IEEE Intelligent Systems , vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 94-96, January/February 2005. Abstract Contents: Abstract Index Terms Citation Free access to Electronic subscribers log in to Subscription information Get a Web account Usage of this product signifies your acceptance of the
