The Xhosa Of South Africa from Central africa into the southern africa areas. The indigenous people they meton their migrations were the Khoisan (Bushmen and Hottentot) peoples. http://edncd.schoolnet.org.za/edn-jan03/Finding Information/CONTENT/THE XHOSA OF
Marula Tree Kenya Umganu Fruits Fruit *the Africa Bark Eaten Kamba (Kenya) muua; kwangali - ufuongo; Lovedu - marula; MaasaiThe Maasai or Masaiare an indigenous African tribe of semi- nomadic people located primarily http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Marula.htm
Extractions: var GLB_RIS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); A1('s',':','html'); Non User A B C ... Marula Scientific classification Kingdom: Plant ae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Sapindales Family: Anacardiaceae Genus: Sclerocarrya The Marula Sclerocarrya birrea ) is a medium-sized dioecious tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa and the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa. The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterised by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands. The fruit s are used in the liqueur Amarula . The trees are not cultivated; the fruits are harvest ed from wild trees. When ripe, the fruits have a light yellow skin, with white flesh, rich in vitamin C , around a large stone . They are said to be succulent and tart when eaten.
Extractions: http://www.anthropologymatters.com Mattia Fumanti (University of Manchester). The definition of what constitutes the elite is always a highly problematic one for social scientists. Pareto (1981) and Mosca (1972) define them as the chosen ones, Putnam (1976) as the most powerful in public decision making and Marxist scholars of the Gramscian tradition tend to present elites as the bourgeois capitalist class who own the means of production and control the bureaucratic apparatus. Of course, as various anthropologists have pointed out, the identification of the elite should be contextual. Chris Shore and Stephen Nugent (2002) in their recently edited volume Elite Cultures define the elites as those who collectively occupy the most influential positions or roles in the governing institutions of the community, the leaders, rulers and decision makers. Similarly Marcus defines the elites as, 'Those with political power and who control the distribution of resources in their locales' (Marcus 1998). All these definitions are valid in their own terms but for the purpose of this paper I will leave the definition of elites widely open and adopt a broader approach. I want to go beyond that body of elite studies which concerns itself purely with the ways in which a group or groups of individuals emerge, whether through publicly recognized merit, inheritance, or even force, into a position of prominence within a community (Mosca 1972, Putnam 1976, Scott 1990, Wright Mills 1956). Here my aim is to open the analysis of elites in the direction of subjectivity and foreground what I call, after Pareto's usage, the 'subjective dimension' of the elites-that is the values, ideals and expectations which constitute them (Pareto 1901, 1981).
Namibia white population, German 32%, indigenous languages Oshivambo Herero, Damara/Nama,Lozi, kwangali and few leaders South West africa People s Organization (SWAPO http://www.fortunecity.com/skyscraper/straylight/653/namibia.html
Extractions: territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, coal, iron ore Land use:
Africa & Slavery, Gert Jan Bestebreurtje Antiquarian Booksellers 254 DAMMANN, E. Studien zum kwangali. (Westafrika). Grammatik, Texte, Glossar . Studies in the cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples. http://www.gertjanbestebreurtje.com/catlists/cat116.html
Extractions: SCHOLARLY WORKS ON HISTORY AND ART, AND TRAVEL ACCOUNTS Prices are quoted in Dutch guilders (Hfl.) to which postage and insurance will be added. For clients within the European Community VAT (currently 6% on books) will be added to the prices. A VAT registered customer in another EC country will be zero-rated if the customers' VAT number is known to us. We always enjoy meeting our customers personally in Vianen (only 15 km from Utrecht or 45 km from Amsterdam) from Monday through Friday, on Saturday visitors are welcome by appointment. We recommend though, that you call in advance, to be certain we will be there for your arrival.
US Department Of State Post Report The main indigenous languages are Oshiwambo, spoken by the Ovambo; kwangali, In the 1999 general election, the ruling South West africa Peoples http://foia.state.gov/MMS/postrpt/pr_view_all.asp?CntryID=104
DX LISTENING DIGEST 3-031, February 23, 2003 Edited By Glenn From 1968 the South West african People`s Organization, SWAPO, was involved services on FM for the indigenous peoples, as was the case in South africa. http://www.worldofradio.com/dxld3031.txt
** Southern African MSFS ** People Of Namibia The Kavango people have four separate dialects (kwangali, Mbunza, are generallyaccepted to be the oldest indigenous inhabitants of southern africa, http://www.msfssa.iway.na/people.htm
Extractions: Contact Us Links Bushmen Herero Himba Ovambo House People of Namibia Namibia Christianity in Namibia Namibia is a blend of many different peoples and cultures. It is home to the Bushmen, the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa. Namibia is estimated to have a population of about 1.7 million people which represents one of the lowest population densities on the African continent amounting to 1.5 people per km². Three quarters of the Namibian population live in rural areas, the modern trend seems to indicate a rather uncontrolled population influx to urban centres like e.g. Windhoek. Namibia's population consists of at least eleven major ethnic groups, ranging from pastoralists and hunter/ gatherers, commercial and communal farmers to town dwellers. During the colonial German and South African occupation ethnic groupings were heavily influenced by the cultural classification practiced by these countries. Since independence conscious effort has been made to emphasize and preserve the identity and dignity of individual groups while at the same time working towards a common national identity (in the spirit of nation-building, "national reconciliation"). In the past a lot of havoc has been caused by indiscriminate often inaccurate classifications of so-called different language and cultural groups, which makes it difficult in the present context to make generalisations. What follows is a brief outline of the historical context and distinctive traits of each major cultural group in Namibia: Ethnic groups covered:
UN Notes On Namibia - October 2000 The six, all said to be members of the kwangali tribe, were allegedly accused with the Working Group of indigenous Minorities in Southern africa (Wimsa) http://www.namibia.de/english/pops/UN-arch/2000/un10_00.html
Extractions: Three West African nationals thrown overboard from a Chinese vessel in which they had allegedly stowed away have been rescued by the Namibian maritime authorities, 'The Namibian' reported on Tuesday. It quoted them as saying they had boarded a Chinese vessel, the 'Rouohe Rong Cheang', in Monrovia on 11 October. "They were discovered on the ship eight days later by the captain who threw them overboard with a raft," it said. They told officials a fourth companion had drowned. They were identified as Ghanaians Papa Kay August, 29, and Michael Appiah, 24, and a Liberan, Junitor Geay Moseroy, 17. It said August had been spotted off the coast by an aircraft on Saturday, which relayed his position to a maritime rescue boat. The other two, who had sought refuge on a small island off the coast were also picked up. The paper said all three were taken to hospital, discharged, and were now being held by police pending a decision by the immigration department on whether they should be deported. IRIN News Briefs, 26 October
EBALL EBALL = Electronic Bibliography for african Languages and Linguistics. In africa s indigenous peoples first peoples or marginalised minorities ?, http://goto.glocalnet.net/maho/eballsamples/sample_w310.html
The Early History And Migration Of The People Of The Kavango The Mashi River is one of the rivers in africa with the most names. Hyena clan (Vakwasipika) which later separated into the kwangali and Mbundza people; http://www.economist.com.na/2001/261001/story21.htm
Extractions: The early history and migration of the people of the Kavango By Oswald Theart, Ngandu Safari Lodge, Rundu RUNDU: The extensive waterless areas which isolate the Kavango from the rest of Namibia is possibly the major reason why this area was only discovered by Europeans very late during the nineteenth century. This may also be the reason why the Kavango was very scarcely populated by indigenous people during the middle of that century. Prior to the Europeans' arrival in the Kavango these people's history and migratory routes were not recorded in writing. Without recorded information it is not only difficult but almost impossible to establish their history and migratory routes with accuracy. For this reason one necessarily have to relate to folklore and folktales, which form part of an extensive but varied oral tradition regarding their origins. To establish specific patterns referring to their history and migratory routes one also have to rely on logical deductions. With this in mind, there are quite a few indicators available which serve as clues from which deductions can be made in order to record their general history and migratory patterns. Stone age Period One of these clues is the discovery of many stone age tools dating back to as far as the oldest stone age period (Paleaolithic era), the later mesolithic and younger neolothic era. Based on this it is assumed that the Kavango has been inhabited by people for at least a hundred thousand years. However not much of the history of these earliest inhabitants are known today.
The Mongongo Nut, Ricinodendron Rautanenii indigenous people have been reported as eating around 100300 fruit a day in Muller, Hans 1988 A trip to africa a personal report on african fruit and http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautane
Extractions: Ricinodendron rautaneii is a large (up to 15 metres) straight trunked tree, with a broad spreading crown with dark green compound leaves of 5 to 7 ovate to elliptical leaflets at the end of a stalk up to 15cm (6 inches) long, not unlike those of Casimiroa edulis dried flesh of each manketti fruit. The big value is in the seed. The skin takes up 10% of the fruit by volume, the flesh 20%. The remaining 70% is the nut-like seed, including the wide hard shell around it. The 'shell' (endocarp) around the 'kernel' is very thick indeed, and although porous, it is very hard and tough. So hard that even elephants, which love the sweet fruit, can't crack them. "A forester in Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] set this author some Manketti nuts and on the package under the scientific name Ricinodendron , he had written "recovered from elephant dung". This startled me. The nuts are like oversized pecans which have had smallpox and were covered with pockmarks. I wrote the forester to ask why the special inscription, and he replied that there are three reasons: (1) The elephants eat the fruits greedily and it is much easier to let the elephants do the job of picking; (2) The seed will not germinate until it has spent a week inside the elephant, and (3) The elephant enjoys the fruit but his digestive mechanism does not affect the extremely hard shell and the nut inside. The natives of Rhodesia, therefore, follow the elephant, recover the hardshelled nuts where they have been dropped, clean and dry them, then crack the extremely hard shell, and find the contents perfectly delicious."
People Of Namibia Today the Kavango consist of five individual tribes, namely the kwangali, European settlers came into contact with the indigenous Khoisan people. http://www.holidaytravel.com.na/index.php?fSectionId=4
Economic Development And Cultural Change Many other developing countries both in subSaharan africa and elsewhere also Studies of the impact of economic development on indigenous people tend to http://www.mindspring.com/~okavango/bnr.html
Extractions: Economic Development and Cultural Change among the Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana By John Bock, PhD In many ways, Botswana has had one of the most intense, and most successful, economic development experiences among sub-Saharan nations in the post-colonial era. This development has largely depended on mining and cattle, and has been extractive and export driven (Valentine 1993). Recently, due to concerns regarding the diminishing returns of extractive industry, environmental costs, and the vulnerability of the cattle industry to both importers' decisions and disease, tourism has played an increasingly important role in planning for Botswana's economic future (Lilywhite and Lilywhite 1991). Many other developing countries both in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere also see tourism as a sustainable and clean way to earn foreign exchange as well as provide relatively large numbers of skilled and unskilled jobs and infrastructural development (Hitchcock 1991, Young 1995). Lastly, because indigenous peoples and other minority groups often have different languages, cultural histories and traditions, and subsistence economies from those embodied in national institutions, economic development can bring rapid, unanticipated, and detrimental change in each of these areas (Hitchcock 1997).
Angola The hyphen between kwangali and Gcikuru implies mutual intelligibility were hardshipswell known to the Angolan people. the early days of the indigenous kingdoms http://wrc.lingnet.org/Angola.htm
Extractions: Angola Angola In the southeastern corner of the country the Portuguese distinguished a set of Bantu-speaking people, described on a map prepared by José Redinha in 1973 as the Xindonga. The sole linguistic group listed in this category was the Cussu. The Language Map of Africa , prepared under the direction of David Dalby for the International African Institute, noted two sets of related languages in southeastern Angola. The first set included Liyuwa, Mashi, and North Mbukushu. These languages and other members of the set were also found in Zambia and Namibia. The members of the second set, Kwangali-Gcikuru and South Mbukushu, were also found in Namibia and Botswana. The hyphen between Kwangali and Gcikuru implies mutual intelligibility. Little is known of these groups; in any case, their members were very few. All of these southern Angolan groups relied in part or in whole on cattle raising for subsistence. Formerly, the Herero were exclusively herders, but they gradually came to engage in some cultivation. Although the Ovambo had depended in part on cultivation for a much longer time, dairy products had been an important source of subsistence, and cattle were the chief measure of wealth and prestige. The southwestern groups, despite their remoteness from the major centers of white influence during most of the colonial period, were to varying degrees affected by the colonial presence and, after World War II, by the arrival of numbers of Portuguese in such places as Moçâmedes (present-day Namibe) and Sá da Bandeira (present-day Lubango). The greatest resistance to the Portuguese was offered by the Ovambo, who were not made fully subject to colonial rule until 1915 and who earned a considerable reputation among the Portuguese and other Africans for their efforts to maintain their independence. In the nationalist struggle of the 1960s and early 1970s and in the postindependence civil war, the Ovambo tended to align themselves with the Ovimbundu-dominated UNITA. Many also sympathized with the cause of SWAPO, a mostly Ovambo organization fighting to liberate Namibia from South African rule.
Namibia Language, Namibia indigenous ethnic languages are the first language of 90% of the population. USIS English Teacher Training Activities in SubSaharan africa http://creekin.net/k15353-n128-namibia-language-namibia.html
Extractions: English is Namibias official language, but is very few Namibians first tongue. Indigenous ethnic languages are the first language of 90% of the population. Afrikaans is widely spoken; German is also used extensively. The main indigenous languages are Oshiwambo, spoken by the Ovambo; Kwangali, spoken by the Kavango; Otjiherero, spoken by the Herero; Nama-Damara, a click language spoken by both the Nama and Damara; Lozi spoken by Caprivians; and Setswana, spoken by the Tswana. ... [ Read More Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Disability, Language, or Social Status ... The Government owned and operated the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) Radio and Television. NBC television and nine radio services that broadcast in English and indigenous languages were the most widely heard and influential media in the country. During the year, there were reports of government influence on and self-censorship by the staff of NBC operations and editorial content. In January, a new director general of NBC was appointed, and in May, President Nujoma named a new Minister of Information and Broadcasting, relinquishing the State House's nominal direct control over the portfolio. ... [
Extractions: thea.k.dunn@uwrf.edu The apartheid dispensation, which was responsible for inequitable funding, resources, and access to education, left as its legacy teachers with eight to ten years of education, student-teacher ratios of 60:1, and dropout and failure rates of 82 percent (Amukugo, 1993). As they dismantled the discriminatory and inequitable Bantu educational system, the newly independent Namibian government embarked upon the process of developing a new praxis. Modeling their transformed educational system along democratic, empowering, and reconstructive lines, the Namibian government mandated reforms based upon the goals of access, equity, quality, and democracy (MEC, 1993). At Ombuwa, the students who are enrolled in mathematics classes in which first-year algebra content is included in the syllabus are typically fifteen to nineteen years old. Like their teachers, the students who attend Ombuwa are culturally diverse and represent a cross-section of educational backgrounds. Although the surrounding community attracts migratory laborers from throughout the country, and many students live with guardians rather than their parents, the student population is remarkably stable. must Believing the teacher is in a privileged position and that learning mathematics is a process of internalization, the teachers at Ombuwa employed drill-and-practice and teacher-centered instruction. This is in direct contradiction to the student-centered pedagogical reforms mandated by the government of Namibia. Rosalia, a teacher with five years of teaching experience, made a comment that suggests that there is a discontinuity between her beliefs about teaching mathematics under the new regime and what actually transpired in the mathematics classroom during the apartheid era:
Marula -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article a mediumsized dioecious tree, indigenous to the Hausa - dania; Kamba (Kenya) - muua;kwangali - ufuongo; Lovedu member of the tall Negroid people of southeast http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/M/Ma/Marula.htm
Extractions: Marula (A living organism lacking the power of locomotion) Plant ae (Comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)) Magnoliophyta (Comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and dist) Magnoliopsida (An order od dicotyledonous plants) Sapindales (The cashew family; trees and shrubs and vines having resinous (sometimes poisonous) juice; includes cashew and mango and pistachio and poison ivy and sumac) Anacardiaceae Sclerocarrya The Marula Sclerocarrya birrea ) is a medium-sized dioecious tree, indigenous to the (Click link for more info and facts about miombo) miombo woodlands of Southern (The second largest continent; located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean) Africa and the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa. The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterised by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands. The
Marula - Iridis Encyclopedia a mediumsized dioecious tree, indigenous to the Hausa - dania; Kamba (Kenya) - muua;kwangali - ufuongo; Lovedu movie, Animals are Beautiful People by Jamie http://www.iridis.com/Marula
Extractions: Marula Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Sapindales ... Anacardiaceae Sclerocarrya The Marula Sclerocarrya birrea ) is a medium-sized dioecious tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa and the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa. The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterised by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands. The fruits are used in the liqueur Amarula . The trees are not cultivated; the fruits are harvested from wild trees. When ripe, the fruits have a light yellow skin, with white flesh, rich in vitamin C , around a large stone . They are said to be succulent and tart when eaten. Common names: maroela ( Afrikaans ), Boran ( Kenya ) - didissa ; English - jelly plum, cat thorn, morula, cider tree, marula, maroola nut/plum; Hausa - dania; Kamba (Kenya) - muua; Kwangali - ufuongo; Lovedu - marula; Maasai (Kenya) - ol-mangwai; Meru (Kenya) - mura; Ndebele - iganu, ikanyi, umganu, umkano; Pedi [fruits] - lerula, marula; Pedi [tree] - morula, merula; Pokot (Kenya) - oruluo; Portuguese (Mozambique) - canhoeiro; Ronga (Mozambique) - ncanhi; Sebei (Kenya) - katetalum; Shangaan - nkanyi, inkanyi; Shona - mutsomo, mukwakwa, mushomo, muganu, mupfura; Shona [fruits] - pfura; Shona [tree] - mufura, mafuna, marula; Swahili, Diga (Kenya) - mngongo; Swati - umganu; Swazi - umganu; Tonga - tsua, tsula, umganu;
