Air & Space Power Journal: Fuel Cells: Powerful Implications mention are methane hydrates. Methane is the chief constituent of natural gas . (44) Although natural gas is a fossil fuel, the campaign promoting http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NXL/is_1_18/ai_n6120611/pg_3
Extractions: Most Americans are familiar with natural gas as an energy resource, especially for domestic applications. But few consumers are aware of its uses beyond heating and cooking purposes. As a potential source of hydrogen for fuel cells, natural gas boasts an established delivery infrastructure and significantly reduces greenhouse-gas emissions. Outside that established infrastructure, however, the need to compress natural gas and to use special dispensing equipment reduces its appeal as a source of hydrogen. (36) Lastly, because natural gas is nonrenewable, reliance on it as a fuel offers meager benefits for long-term energy security. But another development promises to make natural gas the fuel of the twenty-first century. Especially worthy of mention are methane hydrates. Methane is "the chief constituent of natural gas." (37) Although no consensus exists regarding the total amount of natural gas discovered and/or producible, one may assume a reasonable figure of 5,000 trillion cubic feet. (38) Additionally, if the accuracy of the US Geological Survey of 1995 is within even one order of magnitude, the US portion of gas-hydrate reserves approaches 200,000 trillion cubic feet. (39) Despite tremendous obstacles, if only a small fraction of these hydrates could be recovered in the form of usable gas, the potential for natural gas as a source of energy takes on staggering dimensions. (40) As a source of fuel for fuel cells, this mother lode presents tremendous opportunities. Whether pure hydrogen, liquid hydrocarbons, or natural gas emerges as the primary source for fuel cells, the development of each is assured.
Extractions: Paper No. 8-7 Presentation Time: 10:40 AM-11:00 AM PROSPECTS OF NATURAL GAS, CONDENSATES, AND GAS HYDRATES IN THE SCOTIAN MARGIN, EASTERN CANADA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO EAST COAST ENERGY STRATEGY BEYOND 2010 MUKHOPADHYAY, Prasanta K. , Global Geoenergy Rsch Ltd, P. O. Box 9469, Station A, (1657 Barrington Street, Suite 427), Halifax, NS B3K 5S3 Canada, muki@global-geoenergy.com. The Scotian Margin, one of the least explored sectors covering the area from the Laurentian Channel to the Georges Bank in the North Atlantic, is considered to be one of the major gas provinces (gas, condensate, and gas hydrates). The comprehensive fluid flow visualization of three major units of the Petroleum System approach (play characteristics, hydrocarbon expulsion component, and hydrocarbon preservation structure) has provided a basic framework for such predictions. The entire petroleum system within the Scotian Margin is, however, dependent on the hydrocarbon saturation, nature of reservoir hydrocarbons and the stability of each individual plays. The hybrid fluid flow in various play types of both the inner and outer Scotian Slope has been controlled by heat flow related to basement fractures, thickness of sedimentary packages, salt tectonics, source rock anoxicity, and timing of the transmissibility or sealing behavior of the major growth faults. Accordingly, the expected hydrocarbon families in the Scotian Slope would be different compared to the shelf and shelf-break petroleum. However, the concept of a petroleum system using geochemical data (from earlier DSDP/ODP and other wells), hydrocarbon pockmarks (seepages), and comprehensive fluid flow modeling suggest that late Triassic to Early Cretaceous organic-rich oil- and gas-prone source rocks could be the key contributors for future gas and condensate discoveries (both for natural gas and gas hydrates) in the slope.
Petroleum Conservation Research Association The commercial include fossil fuels (Coal, oil, and natural gas), gas hydratesare formed when sufficient quantity of natural gas is present along with http://www.pcra.org/petroleum.html
Extractions: VARIOUS OPTIONS TO MEET ENERGY REQUIREMENTS The world is only a few years away from the depletion of its fossil fuel stock. The need of the hour is the commercialization of renewable and non-conventional sources of energy besides sustained oil conservation. The article examines the Indian possibilities for such new initiatives. THE NEED TO CONSERVE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Today every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources, which can broadly be categorized as commercial and noncommercial. The commercial include fossil fuels (Coal, oil, and natural gas), hydroelectric power and nuclear power, while the noncommercial sources include wood, animal wastes and agriculture wastes. Per capita energy consumption in developing countries remains low despite rapid advances. The world noncommercial fuels contribute approximately 60% of the total primary energy consumption. The subject of alternate energy sources are not only the energy for tomorrow but for today also. Heavy and constant use of fossil fuels in the developed world and the irrational use of the firewood in the developing countries has resulted in environmental degradation. The basic goals of a country are to achieve energy self-sufficiency and preservation of environment.
Extractions: February 2-3, 2004, Mumbai Address by Mr Mukesh Ambani, Chairman and Managing Director, Reliance Industries Limited Ladies and Gentlemen, I am happy to be here this morning. I thank you, Mr. Proshanto Banerjee, for the opportunity to participate in the Second Asian Gas Buyers Meet. This conclave of international gas experts could not have come at a more opportune place and time. It is staged at the most happening place in the gas business in the world. It is happening at the most exciting time in the history of the gas business. I would like to compliment FICCI for organizing this important meet at a very opportune moment. Global Gas Revolution Friends, The world of energy is on the verge of tumultuous changes. A major shift from oil to gas in the energy mix is in the offing. From a supply standpoint, the center of gravity of world energy will shift from the Middle East to Russia, Central Asia and this part of the world.
Methane Hydrates Methane hydrates, a promising natural gas resource, are believed to reside Lorie Langley, who is leading ORNLs gas Hydrate program for the fossil http://www.ornl.gov/reporter/no16/methane.htm
Extractions: June 2000 M The fuel of the future may be ice that burns Methane hydrates, a promising natural gas resource, are believed to reside throughout the globe in sea-floor sediments and permafrost. Lorie Langley, who is leading ORNLs Gas Hydrate program for the Fossil Energy Program, believes ORNL can contribute significantly to DOEs and Congresss research agenda. Last month President Clinton signed the Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act, which authorizes approximately $50 million over five years to develop an understanding of the nature, behavior and abundance of this clean-burning energy resource. Explains Langley, Gas hydrates are clathrate compounds. A clathrate is simply a structure in which water molecules under certain conditions bond to form an ice-like cage that encapsulates a gas molecule, known as a guest molecule. When that guest is a methane molecule, you have methane hydrate. Methane hydrates, which form at low temperature and high pressure, are found in sea-floor sediments and the arctic permafrost. They can be scattered through several-hundred-meter depths and at various concentrations. The gas hydrates being evaluated by ORNL researchers are methane hydrates and carbon dioxide hydrates. Although some research has been carried out in the past, little is known about the location, formation, decomposition, or actual quantities of methane hydrates. However, national and international research and exploration over the last 20 years by various governmental and industrial entities have resulted in general agreement that methane hydrates should be evaluated as a potential primary energy source for the future.
Science -- Sign In natural gas hydrates have been known to exist in marine sediments since the 1970s, of all known fossil fuel sources, may be stored in gas hydrates (3). http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/285/5427/543
Extractions: You do not have access to this item: Full Text : Haq, NATURAL GAS DEPOSITS:Methane in the Deep Blue Sea, Science You are on the site via Free Public Access. What content can I view with Free Public Access If you have a personal user name and password, please login below. SCIENCE Online Sign In Options For Viewing This Content User Name Password this computer. Help with Sign In If you don't use cookies, sign in here Join AAAS and subscribe to Science for free full access. Sign Up More Info Register for Free Partial Access including abstracts, summaries and special registered free full text content. Register More Info Pay per Article 24 hours for US $10.00 from your current computer Regain Access to a recent Pay per Article purchase Need More Help? Can't get past this page? Forgotten your user name or password? AAAS Members activate your FREE Subscription
Marine Environmental Geology: Fluid Flow gas hydrates recovered from the Cascadia accretionary margin off Newport, all known fossil fuel deposits (including coal, crude oil, and natural gas). http://www.geomar.de/sci_dpmt/umwelt/gas_hydr/
Extractions: An international team of researchers, sailing on the German research vessel RV SONNE, recently recovered a dramatic quantity of solid "methane gas hydrates" from the seafloor off Newport, Oregon. A giant TV-guided grab sampler retrieved more than 100 lb. of this remarkable material, an ice-like solid substance made of methane gas and pure water. Formed under conditions of high pressure and low temperature, the gas hydrates slowly decompose when brought to the surface releasing methane gas and water. As an impressive demonstration of their natural gas content, these snow-white 'icecubes' are flamable. The research is part of a German-U.S.-Canadian project to study fluids and gases which are being expelled from the seafloor off the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. This fluid expulsion is a global process which is active along the entire plate collision boundaries of the earth. It results from the compression of water-rich sediments which are carried piggy-back on the moving oceanic plates towards the continents. The mechanical stress building up at the collission zones, usually the deep-sea trenches, forces the fluids back to the ocean. The fluids contribute as-yet unknown quantities of certain chemicals to the oceans and atmosphere and hence are the object of intense research by all major marine science institutions from around the world.
American Natural Gas Supply Fact Sheet The demand for natural gas in the US continues to grow. conservatively estimatedat twice the energy contained in all known fossil fuels on earth, ie, http://www.ngvc.org/ngv/ngvc.nsf/bytitle/supplyfactsheet.html
Extractions: The demand for natural gas in the U.S. continues to grow. Its clean burning characteristics, coupled with the fact that nearly all the natural gas used in North America is produced in North America, makes natural gas an increasingly popular fuel as the nation wrestles with major energy and environmental problems including dependence on imported oil, poor urban air quality and global warming. As a result, it is forecasted that natural gas use will continue to grow in every U.S. energy sector - residential, commercial, industrial and, especially, power generation. Using natural gas to power vehicles is yet another market that has grown significantly over the past decade. Moreover, groundbreaking legislation currently under consideration by the U.S. Congress, if passed, would provide valuable tax incentives for the purchase and use of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and natural gas fueling infrastructure. This would stimulate further growth in that market.
The Energy Resources Program Generate conceptual GIS framework to interrelate fossil fuel resource natural gas hydrates gas hydrates are naturally occurring icelike solids in which http://energy.usgs.gov/oilgas.html
Extractions: Oil and natural gas are the lifeblood of the U.S. economy. Together they account for more than 60 percent of the energy consumed in the United States. Although the United States is a mature producing region, over 40 percent of oil consumed comes from domestic fields (the rest is imported from foreign sources), and two-thirds of all the oil discovered in the country remains in the ground. Natural gas resources are plentiful, but as demand increases, U.S. production must increasingly come from more difficult-to-produce, technically challenging resources and settings. Methane Hydrate- The Gas Resource of the Future
About Offshore Oil And Gas natural gas is generally considered a nonrenewable fossil fuel. natural gas iscalled a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of tiny sea http://www.noia.org/info/natgas.asp
Extractions: About Natural Gas What is Natural Gas? Natural gas is generally considered a nonrenewable fossil fuel. Natural gas is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants that died 200-400 million years ago. When these tiny sea animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans where they were buried by layers of sand and silt. Over the years, the layers of sand and silt became thousands of feet thick, subjecting the energy-rich plant and animal remains to enormous pressure. Most scientists believe that the pressure, combined with the heat of the earth, changed this organic mixture into petroleum and natural gas. Eventually, the natural gas became trapped in the rock layers, like water becomes trapped in a sponge. Raw natural gas is a mixture of different gases. Its main ingredient is methane, a natural compound that is formed whenever plant and animal matter decays. By itself, methane is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. As a safety measure, natural gas companies add a chemical odorant called mercaptan (it smells like rotten eggs) so escaping gas can be detected. Natural gas should not be confused with gasoline, which is made from petroleum. History of Natural Gas The ancient peoples of Greece, Persia, and India discovered natural gas many centuries ago. The people were mystified by the burning springs created when natural gas seeping from cracks in the ground was ignited by lightning. They sometimes built temples around these eternal flames so they could worship the fire.
BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Ocean Methane Stocks 'overstated' gas hydrates contain huge quantities of natural gases mainly methane - and aretipped as gas hydrates contain twice the methane of other fuel deposits http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3493349.stm
Extractions: Commercial exploitation of hydrates may still be possible Stocks of a potential new source of natural gas in the sea-floor are much smaller than previous estimates have suggested, an expert claims. Gas hydrates contain huge quantities of natural gases - mainly methane - and are tipped as a future energy source. Estimates of hydrate-bound gas fell steadily in the last 30 years due to growing knowledge of their distribution and concentration in sediments. The findings are presented in the academic journal Earth Science Reviews. Gas hydrates are deposits of ice-like crystals that trap natural gas under conditions of high pressure and low temperature such as those found in sea-floor sediments or in permafrost. Limited reservoir One widely cited estimate proposes that 10,000 gigatonnes (Gt) of methane carbon is bound up as hydrate on the ocean floor.
Natural Gas Hubbert Peak Of Oil Production US natural gas supplies could fall as much as 10% in as little as six months is the environmentally preferred fossil fuel and therefore the fossil fuel http://www.hubbertpeak.com/gas/
Extractions: Schoolhouse Overview ... LNG terminal plans proliferate in Baja California , EcoAmericas [April 2002] "... [O]ur gas-related drilling boom ... was real and ... came to an end last August [2001] when gas prices collapsed. By the bottom of its collapse, gas drilling had fallen by 45%. Most gas analysts and many industry executives think that gas supplies will fall by 2% to 4% this year, even though gas drilling fell by 45%. They are making the classic mistake of ... misunderstanding depletion, which caused the supply flatness in the first place, despite a drilling boom. "Texas represents 31% of total U.S. daily gas supply. ... U.S. natural gas supplies could fall as much as 10% in as little as six months from now. The drop could be close to double this amount by the time it bottoms. "If this happens, it will jolt the U.S. economy far worse than the 1973 Oil Embargo. And unfortunately, there is no quick fix to this supply crisis. Americas electricity grid is highly dependent on an abundant supply of natural gas that must grow by 35% over the next 8 years. "If gas supplies drop by even 5%, there is a good chance that the industry will not be able to get supplies back to the flat levels we enjoyed for the past 8 years.
Natural Gas, Oil Occur Naturally natural gas, Oil Occur naturally Are Not a Limited fossil Fuel, Thatsmethane hydrate. Any place on the ocean floor that is cold and high pressure http://www.americanfreepress.net/RFA_Articles/Natural_Gas__Oil_Occur_Natural/nat
Extractions: Instead, according to Dr. Gold, these resources are constantly being manufactured within the Earth by natural processes that are little understood and which point toward new, relatively unexplored realms in science. In his book, The Deep Hot Biosphere: The Myth of Fossil Fuels, which is available in most bookstores, Dr. Gold has outlined the entirety of his theory. Y The astronomers have been able to find that hydrocarbons, as oil, gas and coal are called, occur on many other planetary bodies. They are a common substance in the universe. You find it in the kind of gas clouds that made systems like our solar system. You find large quantities of hydrocarbons in them. Is it reasonable to think that our little Earth, one of the planets, contains oil and gas for reasons that are all its own and that these other bodies have it because it was built into them when they were born? I will tell you why this had to be so and why I became convinced. In the whole petroleum and coal story, there is this extraordinary paradox that all of these substances contain some biological material. But the chemistry in detail fits it better, as many chemists have said, with the theory of a primordial hydrocarbon mixture (say an oil or gas mixture) to which biological products have been added. That was one aspect that has been quite firmly noted by many Nobel laureate chemists and others. So every time they find oil deep in the ground and they analyze it chemically, they are effectively supporting your theory?
Extractions: Published on 28 Jun 2005 by Energy Bulletin Archived on 28 Jun 2005. by Shepherd Bliss Politics and Economics Headlines - 12 September, 2005... The Countdown for the Peak of Oil Production has Begun but what are the Views of the Most Important International Energy Agencies... China outlines ten programs for energy efficiency... Japan's sustainable society in the Edo period (1603-1867)... ... Australian LNG showdown in California Its all about the game (part 2)... Oil fueled the 20th century. Coal energized the 19th century. Since oil seems to be peaking, what will be the primary energy source for the 21st century? Natural gas, nuclear energy, and hydrogen are the main contenders. Each has certain advantages and significant problems. Many conservationists look to wind and solar. But solar and wind together cannot supply the massive amount of energy that humanity already demands. An expanded global population that is becoming more industrialized, especially in China and India, will require even more energy to feed its growing consumption.
Extractions: Published on 4 Apr 2005 by The Guardian (UK) Archived on 4 Apr 2005. by David Adam Environment Headlines - 21 September, 2005... One more oil boom... The Countdown for the Peak of Oil Production has Begun but what are the Views of the Most Important International Energy Agencies... China outlines ten programs for energy efficiency... ... Japan's sustainable society in the Edo period (1603-1867)... Britain may miss out on any future methane hydrate boom - the North Sea is too shallow and no deposits have been found in the deeper waters further north - but other countries have recognised their potential. Japan, India and Korea, as well as the United States, are investing millions of pounds in hydrate research.
Centre For Energy Sales grade natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Unconventional gasis the same substance as conventional natural gas. http://www.centreforenergy.com/generator.asp?xml=/silos/ong/UNGOverview01XML.asp
GAS HYDRATES: Energy For The Future gas hydrates may offer a new source of fuel for countries around the world. Methane is natural gas and it can just be burned using the systems we have http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Oct96/1315.html
Extractions: The sea is full of wonders. One of them, buried beneath the ocean floor, could be a solution to the Earth's energy problems. I'm Jim Metzner, and this is the Pulse of the Planet. "The amount of methane in the ocean sediments is immense. One conservative estimate suggests that the amount of methane is twice as much as the amount in all fossil fuels on earth." Buried in the sea floor, gas hydrates are deposits of crystallized methane. William Dillon, a scientist at the Wood's Hole Geological Survey, studies these packets of potential underwater energy. "Gas hydrates are ice-like materials that form out of water molecules. But unlike ice, which is the same sort of thing, a gas hydrate has a gas molecule stuffed into its crystal structure, generally methane. Gas hydrates look exactly like ice. The only thing that's different about them is that if you struck a match, this ice would burn." "Gas hydrate will form wherever temperature and pressure conditions are suitable for them to form. You can't stop it from forming. So whenever the pressure is moderately high and the temperature is moderately low and the gas and water are available, you'll form gas hydrates."
Fossil Fuel Replacements - Briefing Document Methane hydrate is the most abundant natural form of clathrate, a unique class of The worlds gas system was originally designed for gas from coal. http://www.abelard.org/briefings/fossil_fuel_replacements.htm
Extractions: This document assesses the scale of fossil-fuel-replacement options other than nuclear power. Nuclear power is discussed with in Is nuclear power really really dangerous? Nuclear power is the only current technology that can fully meet the issues raised in Current reserves of pumpable oil are reckoned to be about one trillion barrels, another trillion barrels is estimated to be in
12/12/00 -- Frozen Methane May Offer Hope As Alternate Fuel a greenhouse gas produced in part by the burning of fossil fuels. To safelyexploit methane hydrate, scientists need to know how much gas makes it http://www.climateark.org/articles/2000/4th/frmemayo.htm
Extractions: By Alexandra Witze But this frozen fuel might give the planet indigestion. Dig up a chunk of the ice, and it will sputter into nothingness within a few minutes of reaching air. Touch a match to it quickly, and it will burn. The stuff seems utterly alien. That's because it's not ordinary ice, but a frozen form of the gas methane. If the ice leaves its birthplace, deep beneath the ocean floor, it begins to fizzle like Alka-Seltzer, burping into methane gas and water droplets. And if the ice makes it to the ocean surface without dissolving, it blasts more methane a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, where it may worsen the planet's global warming problem. "There are a lot of things we simply do not know" about the methane ices, said Charles Paull, a geologist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing, Calif. "We die under the conditions in which they form. They decompose under the conditions in which we live," he said last month in Reno, at a meeting of the Geological Society of America. But new research may help. At the meeting, Paull and his colleagues reported the first experimental evidence showing how quickly the ice chunks fizzle into methane gas. The work could help scientists decide whether it's worth the time and money to try harvesting the ice from the sea floor.
