Roman Catholicism & The Black Madonna fifth century at Oxford and Cambridge universities, among other places. Applying the Masonic axiom As Above, So Below to the pyramids of Egypt http://watch.pair.com/egypt.html
Extractions: When reporting Pope John Paul IIs visit to Egypt in February of 2000, the Papal News Service stated: "Christianity and the worlds culture owe much to the Church of Egypt. This statement indicates an unhealthy interest in the very Masonic conspiracy which the Vatican of previous centuries pledged to eradicate. Is Pope John Paul II's rapprochement with Freemasonry high treason in the Vatican? Or is it the case that, as Pharaoh entreated Moses, Roman Catholicism has never been far removed from Egypt in the first place? And Pharaoh said, I will let you go that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away. . . Exodus 8:28 Religion Today, January 21, 2000 "For the first time, a Roman Catholic pope is going to the land of the pharaohs. John Paul II will visit Egypt Feb. 24-26 as part of a series of trips to biblical sites in 2000, Reuters said. He will meet with government and religious leaders, including President Hosni Mubarak, Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda, and the country's top Islamic leader. The pope will cel ebrate Mass in the Catholic Coptic Cathedral in Cairo, then visit the monastery of St. Catherine in the Sinai desert, thought to be near the site where Moses received the Ten Commandments."
Sacred Sites: Places Of Peace And Power The Great Pyramid sacred site in Cairo, Egypt by anthropologist, In otherwords, no firm evidence in any way connects the pyramids of the Giza plateau http://www.sacredsites.com/africa/egypt/great_pyramid.html
Extractions: View sacred sites maps and locations worldwide. ... The Geomancy Foundation, a non-profit company, needs financial support to continue it's worldwide research. All donations are welcome. Read more... Subscribe to the Sacred Sites newsletters to receive updates, activities, announcements, book reviews, and links to related websites. Don't wait, Subscribe Now! Order copies of the Geography of Religion, with many photographs by Martin Gray, from from Amazon.com Giza pyramids soaring above the city of Cairo, Egypt The foolishness of the common assumption, that the Giza plateau pyramids were built and utilized by fourth Dynasty kings as funerary structures, cannot be overstated. It is a matter of archaeological fact that none of the fourth Dynasty kings put their names on the pyramids supposedly constructed in their times, yet from the fifth Dynasty onwards, the other pyramids had hundreds of official inscriptions, leaving us no doubt about which kings built them. The mathematical complexity, engineering requirements, and sheer size of the Giza plateau pyramids represent an enormous, seemingly impossible leap in abilities over the third dynasty buildings. Contemporary Egyptological explanation cannot account for this leap, nor can they account for the clear decline in mathematics, engineering and size of the constructions of the fifth dynasty. Textbooks speak of "religious upheaval" and "civil wars," but there is no evidence whatsoever of these having occurred.
Ancient Egyptian Social Life Finally, at the top of the social pyramid was the pharaoh. On the other hand,egyptian women enjoyed far more rights and privileges than in other lands, http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Egypt/social_report.html
Extractions: Social Life In Ancient Egypt there were definite social classes which were dictated by an egyptian's profession. This social stratification is like a pyramid. At the bottom of the "Social Pyramid" were soldiers, farmers, and tomb builders, who represented the greatest percent of the Egyptian population. The workers supported the professionals above them, just as the base of the pyramid supports the rest of the structure. Above the workers were skilled craftsmen, such as artists, who used primitive tools to make everything from carts to coffins. Above the craftsmen were the scribes. The scribes were the only Egyptians who knew how to read and write, and therefore had many types of job opportunity. A scribe's duties ranged from writing letters for townspeople, to recording harvests, to keeping accounts for the Egyptian army. Above these scribes were more scholarly scribes, who had advanced to higher positions such as priests, doctors, and engineers. Priests were devoted to their religious duties in the temples at least three months out of every year, during which time they never left the temple. At other times the worked as judges and teachers. The medical profession of Ancient Egypt had its own hierarchy. At the top was the chief medical officer of Egypt. Under him were the superintendents and inspectors of physicians, and beneath then were the physicians. Egyptian doctors were very advanced in their knowledge of herbal remedies and surgical techniques. Also part of Egyptian medicine were magic, charms, and spells, which had only psychological effects, if any, on a patient.
Egypt's Monuments And Other Ancient Sites For Kids Great pyramids of Giza in Egypt Later, during a period known as the Old The first was a place called Saqqara, where the earliest pyramids were built. http://www.touregypt.net/kids/monuments.htm
Extractions: Egypt Kids History Monuments ... Stories There are many different types of ancient Egyptian sites. Some can be considered monuments, while others are ancient towns that are more than a single monument. However, we can usually describe ancient monuments as temples, tombs, including pyramids, huge statues, government buildings, including palaces, and private property, such as houses. Most of the best preserved monuments of ancient Egypt are Temples and tombs, because they were built to last longer than such places as houses or palaces. In fact, many temples and tombs were meant to last for a million years. Therefore, they built them out of tough stone, while they built houses, palaces and other government buildings out of bricks made of mud. Temples Tombs, Including Pyramids Other Ancient Pharaonic Sites After the Pharaohs in Egypt Temples We can divide the types of Egyptian Temples into three kinds, though all of them served ancient Egyptian "Gods" in one form or another. The largest and grandest of the temples were those built by the Egyptian State for important national "Gods". However, common people were usually not allowed into much of these temples. Therefore, a second type of temple, much smaller and less grand, were sometimes built by common people for their own worship of the gods. The final kind of temple was the mortuary temples, built for kings, who were also considered gods. In ancient Egypt, Temples were not built for the same reasons that we build Temples, Churches and Mosques today. The gods were not so much worshipped in Egypt's ancient temples as they were taken care of by the priests. Common people were usually not allowed into most of the temples, where priests washed, clothed and delivered food to statues of the Gods.
Extractions: Travel Egypt US Office! A great selection of classic tours, cruises, adventure and specialty tours from one of the most experienced Egyptian travel companies in the US. Egypt Travel also offers exceptional specials! Al Sorat Unique Horseback Riding Tours Experience the charm of Egypt with a bilingual university educated leader and well-trained, well cared for, well equipped horses. Custom-tailored rides are our specialty. Misr Travel Co. Extraordinary Egypt US$ 999.00 buys you a round trip economy air ticket on Egyptairs non stop service from JFK to Cairo, 5 nights at the deluxe Sheraton Royal Gardens Hotel or Movenpick Hotel, Buffet Breakfast daily, Airport transfers and 2 half day guided tours. Hotel Longchamps Great Pricing A boutique hotel located in the heart of upscale Zamalek where Egyptologists, diplomats and informed tourists mingle in comfortable garden surroundings. Great shopping district too! Flats in Luxor Anglo/Egyptian couple offer luxury flats at economy prices on West Bank, Luxor, Egypt. Large roomy apartments with A/C. Swimming pool and jacuzzi. We can arrange other aspects of your stay in Luxor including guided tours and other trips.
Extractions: Tell us about the mummification. 6th Grade Student, Natrona, PA, USA Mummification was only practiced in a few societies, with Egypt being the most prominent. In pre-dynastic times, the deceased were placed in shallow graves, in the fetal position. Burial in the desert conditions resulted in natural mummification. Once they started the new practice of constructing formal tombs for burial, some form of artificial mummification was needed. Mummification was highly developed, by Old Kingdom times. It became very elaborate by the late New Kingdom. It then required some seventy days to complete the process. Many of the best preserved royal mummies date from the New Kingdom. Less complex mummification versions were performed on ordinary citizens. John Anthony West described in his book, The Travelers Key to Ancient Egypt , the process of a royal mummification as follows: (1) The brain extracted through the nostrils. (2) Removal of the viscera through an incision in the flank. (3) Sterilization of body cavity and viscera. (4) Viscera cleaned, treated, dehydrated, anointed, and coated with molten resin. (5) Body packed temporarily with natron (a naturally occurring mixture of carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate of sodium, an effective dehydrating and preserving agent). (6) Body packed in natron for forty days. (7) Temporary packing materials removed. (8) Subcutaneous packing of limbs with sand, clay or other earthy material. (9) Body packed with resin-soaked linens, and fragrances such as myrrh and cinnamon. (10) Anointing with unguents. (11) Final treating and anointing of the body surfaces. (12) Elaborate wrapping in fine linen gauze, with innumerable amulets, magic symbols, and jewelry included in the wrapping.
Extractions: HOME Temples and Tombs Pyramids of Giza Thebes Valley of the Kings Egypt TEMPLES AND TOMBS A journey along the Nile The waters of the mighty Nile allowed the otherwise dry land of Egypt to become a cradle for one of the world's greatest ancient civilizations. From the start of the Old Kingdom around 2686 BC, an era of rule by pharaohs of more than 30 family dynasties continued almost unbroken for nearly 3000 years. After the glorious New Kingdom, the age of the Egyptian pharaohs ended with decline and rule by the Ptolemies. Today, we can travel along the Nile and explore a succession of old temples and tombs that are testimonies to the remarkable achievements of the people of ancient Egypt. The Old Kingdom: AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS The ancient Egyptian civilization of the Nile Valley came of age under Old Kingdom rulers of dynasties 3 to 6. Their greatest legacies are the huge Giza Pyramids, the results of a spectacular program of pyramid building. The Pyramids of Giza epitomize ancient Egypt, but they were the results of a short period of pyramid building during the Old Kingdom. The Giza Pyramids were built as tombs for the fourth dynasty kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure who ruled Egypt through 2589-2504 BC. The largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. But the ancient Egyptians did not think of the pyramids just as resting places for the dead. They believed their rulers were divine god-kings who would ascend from the pyramid to take their place among the gods in the afterlife.
Dead Pharoahs The pyramid was built during the egyptian Third Dynasty in Djoser which is It has little information about other parts of Egypt as it is focused on the http://www.providence.edu/dwc/egypt2.htm
Extractions: Location: http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/GIZ/NN_Fall92/NN_Fall92.html This site is an extremely well researched and detailed account of the archeological finds at Giza. It includes over twenty pictures and maps of the site. It has a fascinating and detailed representation of each item. A student could write and entire paper just from the material present on this site. Joe Creamer Location: http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/giza.htm This site has some decent photographs. The photographs may appear small at first, but if one clicks on them, the site links you to much larger pictures. Information provided by this site is somewhat lacking. It is recommended to go elsewhere if looking for history or architectural information, but if one is looking for images, this is a nice place to go. Sery Bounphasaysonh Location: http://pharos.bu.edu/Egypt/Wonders/pyramid.html I would only recommend this document if anyone is looking for a specific example of a pyramid. It tells very little about the Egyptian culture in general, but it does make reference to the fact that we do not know how the Egyptians constructed the pyramids. It also describes the pyramid in detail. Once in this document, one is also able to observe other items from Egyptian culture such as a tomb or a piece of art. Julie Burke Location: http://guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/
Online Egypt Travel Guide From Discount Hotel Reservations Egypt is the oldest tourist place on earth especially recommended by discount arriving here every year to watch magnificent pyramids and other amazing http://www.abouttrip.com/egypt.html
Extractions: Hotels in Egypt Egypt Egypt is the oldest tourist place on earth especially recommended by discount hotel reservations. This ancient land keeps many ineresting stories and miracles. It includes diving along the Red Sea coasts, oases and camel riding to the mountains of Sinai. The life source of this land is the River Nile and this used to be from long before. Today Egypt is the place for millions of tourists arriving here every year to watch magnificent pyramids and other amazing historical trails which can't leave people indifferent. GETTING AROUND Egyptian public transport today is an efficient network consisting of rail connecting the Nile Valley, Delta and Canal Zone. Another choice making your travel easier is bus and taxi service. Cruise boats is another means for Nile travel, and camel-riding is your desert choice. EgyptAir and Air Sinai also provide flights network for those who likes faster travel. City transport Flights Egyptian domestic air fares are not advisable by discount hotel reservations for low budget tourists since the price are high enough. That's why if you on tight budget and are not in a hurry it is better to avoid using this service. Of course, to look at the desert and Nile from air is another fascinating picture but if your budget is important to you then you should leave this idea. Prices are calculated in US$ but you should pay it in Egyptian currency.
Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, Temples And Other Great Architecture Ancient Egypt pyramids, Temples and other Great Architecture Mark Lehner sweb site about the excavation that took place from 1988-1991. Giza pyramids http://architecture.about.com/od/ancientegypt/
Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Architecture The Ancient World Ancient Egypt Architecture Essentials Architecture Basics About Your House ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); Sign Up Now for the Architecture newsletter! See Online Courses Search Architecture Explore the pyramids, tombs, temples, and other great architecture of ancient Egypt. These resources have photos, diagrams, construction details, histories, and more. Alphabetical Recent Up a category The Cache at Deir el Bahri From your Guide to Archaeology, a virtual tour of a temple built by architects for an ancient Egyptian queen. King Tut's Tomb The discovery of King Tut's tomb is chronicled by your Guide to 20th Century History. An extensive resource, with floor plan of the burial chamber. Pyramids of Ancient Egypt From your Guide to Ancient and Classical History, a look at the history of the Pyramids and the Egyptian view of death, with quotes and resources. Ancient Egypt Resource Center An index of information on ancient Egypt (Kemet): its pharaohs, hieroglyphs, pyramids, the gods and goddesses, archaeology, art, egyptologists, and more, from your Guide to Ancient and Classical History.
The Seven Wonders: The Great Pyramid Of Giza The tradition of pyramid building started in Ancient Egypt as a Today, theGreat Pyramid is enclosed, together with the other pyramids and the Sphinx, http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/pyramid.html
Extractions: It is the one and only Wonder which does not require a description by early historians and poets. It is the one and only Wonder that does not need speculations concerning its appearance, size, and shape. It is the oldest, yet it is the only surviving of the Seven Ancient Wonders. It is the Great Pyramid of Giza. At the city of Giza, a necropolis of ancient Memphis, and today part of Greater Cairo Egypt Contrary to the common belief, only the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), not all three Great Pyramids , is on top of the list of Wonders. The monument was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC to serve as a tomb when he dies. The tradition of pyramid building started in Ancient Egypt as a sophistication of the idea of a mastaba or "platform" covering the royal tomb. Later, several stacked mastabas were used. Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of King Zoser (Djoser) at Saqqara by the famous Egyptian architect, Imhotep, illustrate this connection.
Before The First Pyramids One cannot compare the pyramids in China to those in Egypt for every purpose The possibility that other grand structures predated the pyramids in other http://matrixbookstore.biz/pyramids.htm
Extractions: rent this article The centuries immediately preceding the building of the ancient pyramids in Egypt and China is a time of great curiosity 10,000 BC until 5,000 BC. It was a time when the human race was undergoing its most radical transformation since the beginning. Humans began to leave behind isolationism, their world of independent clans and tribes, and headed down a path towards a world of networking associations later to be known as kingdoms and countries and this transformation led to the building of structures, massive structures never before seen. As a result these structures became the visual representations of civilization. The first territory to be marked off and claimed as the exclusive property of a tribe would have occurred much earlier however perhaps hundreds of thousands of years earlier. Just as bears or mountain lions inherently believe they have the exclusive right to an expanse of territory, so did man have this inherent belief. Except then, man wasnt preparing to build monumental structures. While it would be interesting to know when man first began to defend an expanse of territory which he considered his, nameless expanses, the boundaries of which were only visualized, this could have occurred 200,000-300,000 years ago, yet that time period is actually less of a mystery. The most profound and mystifying time period were those centuries immediately preceding mans building aspirations. The mighty questions are what in the world caused man to want to build? And how was it possible that his first projects were engineering marvels? Or were the stone pyramids really his first?
Pyramids. Ancient Egypt. Giza. Pharaohs ANCIENT NILE S ANCIENT EGYPT pyramids History of the egyptian pyramids When Pharaoh turned to the Pyramid as his favoured burial place, http://www.ancientnile.co.uk/pyramids.php
Extractions: Left click - load to screen - save to hard drive (floppy disc icon on acrobat toolbar). 1. Mastabas were early, single tier burial tombs, with sloping walls, so the flat roof area was smaller than that of the base. 2. Mastaba comes from the arabic word. 'mastabah', and means 'stone bench'. 3. A mastaba basically consisted of two parts. A deep underground burial area, and a chapel area within the structure itself where offerings could be made to the deceased. 4. The earliest were made of unfired mud bricks. (Most commonly used construction material in ancient Egypt) 5. The very large mastabas have stone walls around them, which often took the form of a palace-facade. 6. Later mastabas became more complex with numerous chambers. 7. In the mastaba of Mereruka, at Saqqara, there are 32 chambers. 8. The interiors also became more ornate, with coloured bas-reliefs. 9. Decorative scenes would include; feasting, hunting, dancing, music, agriculture, fishing, boats etc.
Orientation Of The Egyptian Pyramids Orientation of the egyptian pyramids. Place your magnetic compass near yourMarch 20 or September 22 line of marks and take a piece of dark string and http://www.science-projects.com/Pyramid.htm
Extractions: Previous and a few Future Projects in the South Hill Enterprise There are many remaining mysteries as to how the ancient Egyptians constructed their royal pyramid tombs. For example: how did they get all those tons and tons of large stone blocks up the sides? Two things we know for sure: the methods had to be simple and low-tech, and that they had plenty of time to think up their clever ideas. Before we start considering a possible method they might have used to orient their pyramids so precisely to the compass directions, let's try to gain some inspiration from the discovery of how they made the foundation surfaces for the pyramids so precisely flat and level. Remember we are not talking about a small area as the base of the largest pyramid covered nearly 13 acres (about 750 feet on a side). Go outside and see just how much that is - several city blocks, if you live in a city. No, this was not a small "building" even by today's standards! What the Egyptians did was clear away the sand down to the bedrock, and then they hacked away at the rock to make a level, flat surface. But how did they know that they had made a "level" surface? Simple and low-tech, of course! It was discovered that there is a shallow groove completely around the bases of all the pyramids. When these grooves were cleaned out of all the wind-blown sand, and water was dumped in, the water level was "level" all the way around the pyramid. Thus the flat surface of the foundation was carved away until every portion of it was exactly the same distance above the water level. Simple! Low-tech! Neat, hey?
Surveying For Your Own Egyptian Pyramid Surveying for Your Own egyptian Pyramid. string in half and cutting it.place one piece on the shadow line and the other where you think the pyramid s http://www.science-projects.com/PyrMake/PyrMake.htm
Extractions: www . Science-Projects . com Surveying for Your Own Egyptian Pyramid Site's Table of Contents Site's Index PLEASE NOTE: The following scheme is only that of this one author. You may have even better ways to do this. This is only offered to plant ideas in your thinking. Starting materials INTRODUCTION Need to find a solid base upon which to build the pyramid. This is obvious: build it on bedrock, whicht the Eqyptians were smart enough to do. Need to make that base level so that no point is higher than any other point. How the Eqyptians did this was figured out in the past 50 years. For orientation purposes, we need to find the cardinal compass directions (N, E, S, W). Magnetic compasses are not allowed. The North Star, Polaris, is usually lost in the horizon haze in the Egyptian latitudes.
The Pyramids The pyramids. During the Old Kingdom in Egypt, under the Fourth, Fifth, for some reason or other, the builders of the pyramids concealed the object of http://www.varchive.org/ce/pyramids.htm
Extractions: During the Old Kingdom in Egypt, under the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Dynasties, huge pyramids were erected at Giza, at Sakkara, and in other places of the land. That of King Khufu (Cheops of the Greek authors) is the largest, of the best workmanship, and the most famous. Alongside it is the second largest pyramid, built by the son of Khufu, Khafra (Chephren), and a smaller one built by Menkaure (Mycerinus), also a descendant of Khufu. The later pyramids are of poorer workmanship and smaller than those of Khufu and Khafra. The stones were carried from the desert quarries and ferried over the Nile. For what purpose were the pyramids erected? No hint was found in the hieroglyphic literature. Already in antiquity Greek authors debated this question. In the fifth century before the present era Herodotos gave a detailed account of their construction, but no indication of their purpose. Greek and Roman historians proposed some explanations, but they were rofessedly only hypothetical, like those advanced by historians of later times. Diodorus of Sicily
Egyptian Art Lessons #3 Pyramids This page is on egyptian pyramids. The lesson has followup questions and Djoser was the first pharaoh to build a pyramid for his burial place. http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/egypt_art3.htm
Extractions: Egyptian Art Lesson #3 Pyramids The following is a lesson on Egyptian Art. The lesson will cover the three areas of sculpture, architecture, and painting. This page is on Egyptian Pyramids. The lesson has follow-up questions and additional links are included to follow for more study and illustrations. Pyramids of Ancient Egypt The rich and famous of Egypt were buried in a building known as a Mastabas. A Mastabas was a flat roofed building with sloping sides. It had a shaft in the middle of the building down to another chamber where the body and goods of the deceased would be housed. Djoser was the first pharaoh to build a pyramid for his burial place. Originally Inhopet, the designer, built a large Mastabas for Djoser. On the Mastabas he then constructed a four step pyramid. Later it was expanded again to a six step pyramid which still can be seen today. The step pyramid is rectangular with six levels over 195 feet in height. He built the pyramid about 25 miles south of current day Cairo at a complex know as Saqqara. In the Forth Dynasty the pyramid changed to the smooth pyramids of which the Cheops and is the most famous near Cairo. The Cheops pyramid measures 479 feet high. It has 2,300,000 stones each weighing an average of 2.5 tons.
Visit Historical Places Of Egypt Visit the most historical places of Egypt and see an exhibition of photographsshowing the It is the largest and the oldest of the pyramids of Giza http://www.summittoursegypt.com/historicalinfo3.htm
Extractions: Historical Places Visit the most historical places of Egypt and see an exhibition of photographs showing the different historical places. Abu Simbel( Ramesses II, Nefertari Temples) Vestibule and Central Tomb Chamber Abydos (Abtu) Graeco-Roman Museum ... Catacombs of Kom es-Shouqafa How the Great Pyramid was built is a question that may never be answered. Herodotus said that it would have taken 30 years and 100,000 slaves to have built it. Another theory is that it was built by peasants who were unable to work the land while the Nile flooded between July and November. They may have been paid with food for their labor. The flooded waters would have also aided in the moving of the casing stones. These stones were brought from
Egypt This is where my creational theory of the egyptian pyramid comes into play. The images and diagrams are the copyright of Alan Alford or of other http://www.eridu.co.uk/Author/egypt/pyramid.html
Extractions: The Symbolism of the Great Pyramid benbenet However, according to my cult of creation theory, the true pyramid was actually a creational symbol, as evidenced by the fact that its capstone, benbenet The Size and Precision of the Great Pyramid The huge size of the Great Pyramid is unexplained by Egyptology. No king needed a tomb this big; nor does solar symbolism explain it. Some Egyptologists therefore regard the Pyramid as a colossal waste of time and energy, whilst others suspect that it, and the other giant pyramids, functioned as job creation schemes and mechanisms for the creation of the state. My creational approach to the Great Pyramid provides a unique explanation of its size and precision. However, the rationale is too sensitive to be recounted here and must be reserved for readers of my books. Suffice to say that the Pyramid is to be understood as a labour of religious devotion, its size and precision symbolising the idea of perfection that its shape represented.
