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Cameroon Geography:     more books (42)

Culture and Customs of Cameroon (Culture and Customs of Africa) by John Mukum Mbaku, 2005-06-30 Cartobibliography of the Cameroon (O'Dell Memorial Monograph,) by V. Viban Ngo, 1987-01 Major Soil Classification Systems Used in the Tropics:: Soils of Cameroon by Dr. Bernard P.K. Yerima, E. Van Ranst, 2005-11-28 Centre Region (Cameroon) East Region (Cameroon) Far North Region (Cameroon) An alternate role for the International Court of Justice: applied to Cameroon v. Nigeria.: An article from: Denver Journal of International Law and Policy by Joe C. Irwin, 1998-06-22 The Overloaded Ark by Gerald Durrell, 1987-04 The urban development of Buea: An essay in social geography : paper presented to International Colloquium of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ... de Géographie Tropicale, Bordeaux by G Courade, 1972 Migration history of Bafut and a few of her tradition by Ndumu Lucas Taniform, 1997 Clearing the Global Health Fog: A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Integration of Health Systems and Targeted Interventions (World Bank Working Papers) by Rifat Atun, Thyra de Jongh, et all 2009-03-26 Journal of an Expedition Up the Niger and Tshadda Rivers Undertaken by MacGregor Laird...in 1854 (Cass Library of African Studies. Missionary Researches and T) by Samuel Crowther, 1970-10-28 Apercu de la Situation de L'exploitation Forestiere au Cameroun/An Overview of Logging in Cameroun (Global Forest Watch Reports) (French Edition) by Global Forest Watch, 2000-07

lists with details

41. The Royce Fellowship | Brown University
    After chatting about cameroon geography for a bit (he thwacked periodically ona map on the wall with a telescoping metal wand that he pulled from the  
    http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Swearer_Center/Royce/program/fieldnotes/Louisa.
    
    Extractions: Louisa graduated from Brown in May 2003 with a degree in Development Studies. Her Royce project was titled "Defining Justice and Reconciliation in Post-genocide Rwanda." Since 1994's genocide, Rwandans have searched for a way to define and engender justice and reconciliation. Louisa explored that process by observing Gacaca, a traditional form of justice that has recently been introduced, and talking to people about their experiences to understand the complexities of the interests at stake. After graduation Louisa assisted with research for a study for Small Arms Survey, a research institute, on small arms in Central African Republic. Specifically, she focused on the socio-economic effects of small arms trafficking: direct effects, such as mortality and morbidity, as well as the harder-to-quantify indirect effects, such as displacement of people, disruption of health care, education and economic structures, and derailed development efforts. To do so, she interviewed key actors in Paris, Cameroon and Central African Republic, including government officials, NGO directors, surgeons, and businesspeople.

42. US Department Of State Background Note Cameroon, May 2002 PROFILE
    PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME Republic of cameroon geography Area 475000 sq. km . Mt. Cameroon (13353 ft.) in the southwest is the highest peak in West  
    http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0326/$fi
    
    Extractions: U.S. Department of State Background Note: Cameroon, May 2002 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cameroon Geography Area: 475,000 sq. km. (184,000) sq. mi.), about the size of California. Cities (2000 census): CapitalYaounde (pop. 1,000,000). Other major citiesDouala (1.5 million), Garoua (170,000), Maroua (150,000), Bafoussam (140,000), Bamenda (130,000), Nkongsamba (110,000), and Ngaoundere (100,000). Terrain: Northern plains, central and western highlands, southern and coastal tropical forests. Mt. Cameroon (13,353 ft.) in the southwest is the highest peak in West Africa and the sixth in Africa. Climate: Northern plains, the Sahel regionsemiarid and hot (7-month dry season); central and western highlands where Yaounde is locatedcooler, shorter dry season; southern tropical forestwarm, 4-month dry season; coastal tropical forest, where Douala is locatedwarm, humid year-round. People Nationality: English noun and adjectiveCameroonian(s); French noun and adjectiveCamerounais(e). Population (2001 est.): 15.2 million (52% in rural areas). Annual growth rate: 2.5%. Ethnic groups: About 250. Religions: Christian 53%, Muslim 22%, indigenous African 25%. Languages: French and English (both official) and about 270 African languages and dialects, including Pidgin, Fulfulde, and Ewondo. Education: Compulsory between ages 6 and 14. Attendance-65%. Literacy75%. Health: Infant mortality rate(1999) 9.5%. Life expectancy(1999)50 years. Work force: Agriculture70%. Industry and commerce13%. Government Type: Republic; strong central government dominated by president. Independence: January 1, 1960 (for areas formerly ruled by France) and October 1, 1961 (for territory formerly ruled by Britain). Constitution: June 2, 1972, last amended in January 1996 Branches: Executivepresident (chief of state) 7-yr. term, renewable once; appointed prime minister (head of government). Legislativeunicameral National Assembly (180 members, 5-yr. terms; meets briefly three times a yearMarch, June, November); a new Senate is called for under constitutional changes made in early 1996. Judicialfalls under the executive's Ministry of Justice. Administrative subdivisions: 10 provinces, 58 departments or divisions, 349 subprefectures or subdivisions. Political parties: Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) or its predecessor parties have ruled since independence. Major opposition parties: the Social Democratic Front (SDF), the National Union for Democracy and Progress (NUDP), and the Cameroon Democratic Union (CDU). Suffrage: Universal at 20. Flag: Green, red, and yellow vertical bands with one yellow star in center. Economy GDP (1996): $9.4 billion. Annual growth rate (2001-02): 5.7%. Natural resources: Oil, timber, hydroelectric power, natural gas, cobalt, nickel,. Agriculture (2000): 29% of GDP. Productstimber, coffee, tea, bananas, cocoa, rubber, palm oil, pineapples and cotton. Arable land3%. Manufacturing (2000): 31% of GDP. Services (2000): 40% of GDP. Trade (1997): Exports$2.1 (2000) billion: crude oil, timber and finished wood products, cotton, cocoa, aluminum and aluminum products, coffee, rubber and bananas. Major marketsEuropean Union, UDEAC/CEMAC, China, U.S., Nigeria (informal). Imports$1.6 billion (2000): crude oil, vehicle, pharmaceuticals, aluminum oxide, rubber, foodstuffs and grains, agricultural inputs, lubricants, and used clothing. Major suppliersFrance, Nigeria, Italy, U.S., Germany, Belgium, Japan. PEOPLE Cameroon's estimated 250 ethnic groups form five large regional-cultural groups: western highlanders (or grassfielders), including the Bamileke, Bamoun, and many smaller entities in the northwest (est. 38% of population); coastal tropical forest peoples, including the Bassa, Douala, and many smaller entities in the Southwest (12%); southern tropical forest peoples, including the Ewondo, Bulu (subgroup of Beti), Fang (subgroup of Beti), Maka and Pygmies (officially called Bakas) (18%); predominantly Islamic peoples of the northern semi-arid regions (the Sahel) and central highlands, including the Fulani, also known as Peuhl in French (14%); and the "Kirdi", non-Islamic or recently Islamic peoples of the northern desert and central highlands (18%). The people concentrated in the southwest and northwest provincesaround Buea and Bamendause standard English and "pidgin," as well as their local languages. In the three northern provincesAdamaoua, north, and far northeither French or Fulfulde, the language of the Fulani, is widely spoken. Elsewhere, French is the principal second language, although pidgin and some local languages such as Ewondo, the dialect of a Beti clan from the Yaounde area, also are widely spoken. Although Yaounde is Cameroon's capital, Douala is the largest city, main seaport, and main industrial and commercial center. The western highlands are the most fertile in Cameroon and have a relatively healthy environment in higher altitudes. This region is densely populated and has intensive agriculture, commerce, cohesive communities, and historical emigration pressures. From here, Bantu migrations into eastern, southern, and central Africa are believed to have originated about 2,000 years ago. Bamileke people from this area have in recent years migrated to towns elsewhere in Cameroon, such as the coastal provinces, where they form much of the business community. About 20,000 non-Africans, including more than 6,000 French and 1,000 U. S. citizens, reside in Cameroon. HISTORY The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were probably the Bakas (Pygmies). They still inhabit the forests of the south and east provinces. Bantu speakers originating in the Cameroonian highlands were among the first groups to move out before other invaders. During the late 1770s and early 1800s, the Fulani, a pastoral Islamic people of the western Sahel, conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants. Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroon's coast in the 1500s, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available. The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network. The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-l9th century. Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life. Beginning in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the German colony of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this colony was partitioned between Britain and France under a June 28, 1919 League of Nations mandate. France gained the larger geographical share, transferred outlying regions to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaounde. Britain's territorya strip bordering Nigeria from the sea to Lake Chad, with an equal populationwas ruled from Lagos. In 1955, the outlawed Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based largely among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic groups, began an armed struggle for independence in French Cameroon. This rebellion continued, with diminishing intensity, even after independence. Estimates of death from this conflict vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. French Cameroon achieved independence in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the largely Muslim northern two-thirds of British Cameroon voted to join Nigeria; the largely Christian southern third voted to join with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The formerly French and British regions each maintained substantial autonomy. Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-educated Fulani, was chosen president of the federation in 1961. Ahidjo, relying on a pervasive internal security apparatus, outlawed all political parties but his own in 1966. He successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state. Ahidjo resigned as president in 1982 and was constitutionally succeeded by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a career official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic group. Ahidjo later regretted his choice of successors, but his supporters failed to overthrow Biya in a 1984 coup. Biya won single-candidate elections in 1984 and 1983 and flawed multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997. His CPDM party holds a sizeable majority in the legislature116 deputies out of a total of 180. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS The 1972 constitution as modified by 1996 reforms provides for a strong central government dominated by the executive. The president is empowered to name and dismiss cabinet members, judges, generals, provincial governors, prefects, sub-prefects, and heads of Cameroon's parastatal (about 100 state-controlled) firms, obligate or disburse expenditures, approve or veto regulations, declare states of emergency, and appropriate and spend profits of parastatal firms. The president is not required to consult the National Assembly. The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Court may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. The 180-member National Assembly meets in ordinary session three times a year (March/April, June/July, and November/December), and has seldom, until recently, made major changes in legislation proposed by the executive. Laws are adopted by majority vote of members present or, if the president demands a second reading, of a total membership. Following government pledges to reform the strongly centralized 1972 constitution, the National Assembly adopted a number of amendments in December 1995 which were promulgated in January 1996. The amendments call for the establishment of a 100-member senate as part of a bicameral legislature, the creation of regional councils, and the fixing of the presidential term to 7 years, renewable once. One-third of senators are to be appointed by the President, and the remaining two-thirds are to be chosen by indirect elections. As of March 1998, the government has not established the Senate or regional councils. All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets. While the president, the minister of justice, and the president's judicial advisers (the Supreme Court) top the judicial hierarchy, traditional rulers, courts, and councils also exercise functions of government. Traditional courts still play a major role in domestic, property, and probate law. Tribal laws and customs are honored in the formal court system when not in conflict with national law. Traditional rulers receive stipends from the national government. The government adopted legislation in 1990 to authorize the formation of multiple political parties and ease restrictions on forming civil associations and private newspapers. Cameroon' s first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held in 1992 followed by municipal elections in 1996 and another round of legislative and presidential elections in 1997. Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1977 presidential election, which Biya easily won. The leader of one of the opposition parties, Bello Bouba Maigari of the NUDP, subsequently joined the government. In December 2000, the National Assembly passed legislation creating the National Elections Observatory (NEO), an election watchdog body. Its eleven members were appointed in October 2001 and NEO has since played an active role in preparing the country for local and legislative elections in June 2002. Cameroon has a number of independent newspapers. Censorship was abolished in 1996, but the government sometimes seizes or suspends newspapers (although none in 2001) and occasionally arrests journalists. Radio and television continue to be a virtual monopoly of the state-owned broadcaster, the Cameroon Radio-Television Corporation (CRTV) despite the effective liberalization of radio and television in 2000. There are nevertheless half a dozen private radio stations which continue to broadcast in Yaounde in defiance of government orders. Radio coverage extends to about 80% of the country but television is a significant medium only in Douala. The Cameroonian Government's human rights record has been improving over the years but remains flawed. There continue to be reported abuses, including beatings of detainees, arbitrary arrests, and illegal searches. The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence. Principal Government Officials PresidentPaul Biya President of the National AssemblyDjibril Cavaye Yeguie Prime MinisterPeter Mafany Musonge Ambassador to the United StatesJerome Mendouga Ambassador to the United NationsMartin Belinga Cameroon maintains an embassy in the United States at 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel.: 202-265-8790). ECONOMY For a quarter century following independence, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous countries in Africa. The drop in commodity prices for its principal exportsoil, cocoa, coffee, and cottonin the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued currency and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long recession. Real per capita GDP fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal deficits widened, and foreign debt grew. The government embarked upon a series of economic reform programs supported by the World Bank and IMF beginning in the late 1980s. Many of these measures have been painful; the government slashed civil service salaries by 65% in 1993. The CFA francthe common currency of Cameroon and 13 other African stateswas devalued by 50% in January 1994. The government failed to meet the conditions of the first four IMF programs. The Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) signed recently by the IMF and Government of Cameroon calls for greater macroeconomic planning and financial accountability; privatization of most of Cameroon's nearly 100 remaining nonfinancial parastatal enterprises; elimination of state marketing board monopolies on the export of cocoa, certain coffees, and cotton; privatization and price competition in the banking sector; implementation of the 1992 labor code; a vastly improved judicial system; and political liberalization to boost investment. Recent signs, however, are encouraging. In October 2000 the IMF commended the government for sound macroeconomic management and market-oriented reforms which have led to strong growth, low inflation, and contained budget deficits. Cameroon consequently qualified for $2 billion debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative. In December 2000, the IMF also approved a new 3-year program worth $133.7 million aimed at reducing poverty and improving social services. By the end of 2001, four of Cameroon's 11 state-owned enterprises earmarked for privatization were sold to the private sector under this aegis of this program. Legal and political obstacles as well as difficult negotiations with the government on issues such as the sale price, financial disclosure, tax arrears, and cross debts have delayed the privatization of remaining major parastatals. France is Cameroon's main trading partner and source of private investment and foreign aid. Cameroon has an investment guaranty agreement and a bilateral accord with the United States. U.S. investment in Cameroon is about $1 million, most of it in the oil sector. For further information on Cameroon's economic trends, trade, or investment climate, contact the International Trade Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230, and Commerce Department district office in any local federal building. FOREIGN RELATIONS Cameroon's noncontentious, low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues. It supports the principles of noninterference in the affairs of third countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries. Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations, where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping, the rule of law, environmental protection, and Third World economic development. In the UN and other human rights fora, Cameroon's nonconfrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries. Cameroon sits on the UN Security Council in the Africa rotational seat since January 2002 for a 2-year term. Cameroon enjoys good relations with the United States and other developed countries. It has particularly close ties with France, with whom it has numerous military, economic, and cultural agreements. China has a number of health and infrastructure projects underway in Cameroon. Cameroon enjoys generally good relations with its African neighbors, except for Nigeria, with whom it is engaged in a sporadic border dispute and armed conflict in the oil-rich Bakassi Peninsula. Cameroon has repeatedly demonstrated its preference for resolving this conflict through peaceful legal means and has submitted its case to the International Court of Justice. Cameroon is a member of CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) and supports UN peacekeeping activities in Central Africa. DEFENSE The Cameroonian military generally has been an apolitical force dominated by civilian control. Traditional dependence on the French defense capability, although reduced, continues to be the case as French military advisers remain closely involved in preparing the Cameroonian forces for deployment to the contested Bakassi Peninsula. The armed forces number approximately 28,000 personnel in ground, air, and naval forces, the majority being the army and naval ground forces. U.S.-CAMEROONIAN RELATIONS U.S.-Cameroonian relations have been affected by concerns over human rights abuses and the pace of political and economic liberalization, as well as U.S. budget realities. There is no longer a bilateral USAID program in Cameroon. However, approximately 140 Peace Corps volunteers continue to work successfully in agroforestry, community development, education, and health. The Public Affairs section of the U.S. embassy in Yaounde organizes and funds diverse cultural, educational, and information exchanges. It maintains a library and helps to foster the development of Cameroon's independent press by providing information in a number of areas, including U.S. human rights and democratization policies. The United States and Cameroon work together in the United Nations and a number of other multilateral organizations. Since joining the UN Security Council earlier this year, Cameroon has worked closely with the United States on a number of initiatives. The U.S. Government continues to provide substantial funding for international financial institutions, such as the World Bank, IMF, and African Development Bank, that provide financial and other assistance to Cameroon. Principal U.S. Officials AmbassadorGeorge M. Staples. Deputy Chief of MissionFrances T. Jones Administrative OfficerStephanie L. Brown Public Affairs OfficerAndree Johnson Political/Economic/Commercial OfficerHarry R. Sullivan Defense AttachéLt. Col. Scott Rutherford Peace Corps DirectorJames Dobson Consular OfficerJ. Marinda Harpole The U.S. embassy in Cameroon is located on Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde (te1: 237 - 22-25-89/23-40-14; fax: 237-23-07-53, B. P. 817, Yaounde. The U. S. mailing address is American Embassy Yaounde, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2520 [end of document] *********************************************************** See http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/ for all Background notes ************************************************************ To change your subscription, go to http://www.state.gov/www/listservs_cms.html

43. US Department Of State Background Note Cameroon, May 2002 PROFILE
    US Department of State Background Note Cameroon, May 2002 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAMERepublic of cameroon geography Area 475000 sq. km. (184000) sq. mi.  
    http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0329/$fi
    
    Extractions: U.S. Department of State Background Note: Cameroon, May 2002 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cameroon Geography Area: 475,000 sq. km. (184,000) sq. mi.), about the size of California. Cities (2000 census): CapitalYaounde (pop. 1,000,000). Other major citiesDouala (1.5 million), Garoua (170,000), Maroua (150,000), Bafoussam (140,000), Bamenda (130,000), Nkongsamba (110,000), and Ngaoundere (100,000). Terrain: Northern plains, central and western highlands, southern and coastal tropical forests. Mt. Cameroon (13,353 ft.) in the southwest is the highest peak in West Africa and the sixth in Africa. Climate: Northern plains, the Sahel regionsemiarid and hot (7-month dry season); central and western highlands where Yaounde is locatedcooler, shorter dry season; southern tropical forestwarm, 4-month dry season; coastal tropical forest, where Douala is locatedwarm, humid year-round. People Nationality: English noun and adjectiveCameroonian(s); French noun and adjectiveCamerounais(e). Population (2001 est.): 15.2 million (52% in rural areas). Annual growth rate: 2.5%. Ethnic groups: About 250. Religions: Christian 53%, Muslim 22%, indigenous African 25%. Languages: French and English (both official) and about 270 African languages and dialects, including Pidgin, Fulfulde, and Ewondo. Education: Compulsory between ages 6 and 14. Attendance-65%. Literacy75%. Health: Infant mortality rate(1999) 9.5%. Life expectancy(1999)50 years. Work force: Agriculture70%. Industry and commerce13%. Government Type: Republic; strong central government dominated by president. Independence: January 1, 1960 (for areas formerly ruled by France) and October 1, 1961 (for territory formerly ruled by Britain). Constitution: June 2, 1972, last amended in January 1996 Branches: Executivepresident (chief of state) 7-yr. term, renewable once; appointed prime minister (head of government). Legislativeunicameral National Assembly (180 members, 5-yr. terms; meets briefly three times a yearMarch, June, November); a new Senate is called for under constitutional changes made in early 1996. Judicialfalls under the executive's Ministry of Justice. Administrative subdivisions: 10 provinces, 58 departments or divisions, 349 subprefectures or subdivisions. Political parties: Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) or its predecessor parties have ruled since independence. Major opposition parties: the Social Democratic Front (SDF), the National Union for Democracy and Progress (NUDP), and the Cameroon Democratic Union (CDU). Suffrage: Universal at 20. Flag: Green, red, and yellow vertical bands with one yellow star in center. Economy GDP (1996): $9.4 billion. Annual growth rate (2001-02): 5.7%. Natural resources: Oil, timber, hydroelectric power, natural gas, cobalt, nickel,. Agriculture (2000): 29% of GDP. Productstimber, coffee, tea, bananas, cocoa, rubber, palm oil, pineapples and cotton. Arable land3%. Manufacturing (2000): 31% of GDP. Services (2000): 40% of GDP. Trade (1997): Exports$2.1 (2000) billion: crude oil, timber and finished wood products, cotton, cocoa, aluminum and aluminum products, coffee, rubber and bananas. Major marketsEuropean Union, UDEAC/CEMAC, China, U.S., Nigeria (informal). Imports$1.6 billion (2000): crude oil, vehicle, pharmaceuticals, aluminum oxide, rubber, foodstuffs and grains, agricultural inputs, lubricants, and used clothing. Major suppliersFrance, Nigeria, Italy, U.S., Germany, Belgium, Japan. PEOPLE Cameroon's estimated 250 ethnic groups form five large regional-cultural groups: western highlanders (or grassfielders), including the Bamileke, Bamoun, and many smaller entities in the northwest (est. 38% of population); coastal tropical forest peoples, including the Bassa, Douala, and many smaller entities in the Southwest (12%); southern tropical forest peoples, including the Ewondo, Bulu (subgroup of Beti), Fang (subgroup of Beti), Maka and Pygmies (officially called Bakas) (18%); predominantly Islamic peoples of the northern semi-arid regions (the Sahel) and central highlands, including the Fulani, also known as Peuhl in French (14%); and the "Kirdi", non-Islamic or recently Islamic peoples of the northern desert and central highlands (18%). The people concentrated in the southwest and northwest provincesaround Buea and Bamendause standard English and "pidgin," as well as their local languages. In the three northern provincesAdamaoua, north, and far northeither French or Fulfulde, the language of the Fulani, is widely spoken. Elsewhere, French is the principal second language, although pidgin and some local languages such as Ewondo, the dialect of a Beti clan from the Yaounde area, also are widely spoken. Although Yaounde is Cameroon's capital, Douala is the largest city, main seaport, and main industrial and commercial center. The western highlands are the most fertile in Cameroon and have a relatively healthy environment in higher altitudes. This region is densely populated and has intensive agriculture, commerce, cohesive communities, and historical emigration pressures. From here, Bantu migrations into eastern, southern, and central Africa are believed to have originated about 2,000 years ago. Bamileke people from this area have in recent years migrated to towns elsewhere in Cameroon, such as the coastal provinces, where they form much of the business community. About 20,000 non-Africans, including more than 6,000 French and 1,000 U. S. citizens, reside in Cameroon. HISTORY The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were probably the Bakas (Pygmies). They still inhabit the forests of the south and east provinces. Bantu speakers originating in the Cameroonian highlands were among the first groups to move out before other invaders. During the late 1770s and early 1800s, the Fulani, a pastoral Islamic people of the western Sahel, conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants. Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroon's coast in the 1500s, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available. The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network. The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-l9th century. Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life. Beginning in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the German colony of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this colony was partitioned between Britain and France under a June 28, 1919 League of Nations mandate. France gained the larger geographical share, transferred outlying regions to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaounde. Britain's territorya strip bordering Nigeria from the sea to Lake Chad, with an equal populationwas ruled from Lagos. In 1955, the outlawed Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based largely among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic groups, began an armed struggle for independence in French Cameroon. This rebellion continued, with diminishing intensity, even after independence. Estimates of death from this conflict vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. French Cameroon achieved independence in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the largely Muslim northern two-thirds of British Cameroon voted to join Nigeria; the largely Christian southern third voted to join with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The formerly French and British regions each maintained substantial autonomy. Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-educated Fulani, was chosen president of the federation in 1961. Ahidjo, relying on a pervasive internal security apparatus, outlawed all political parties but his own in 1966. He successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state. Ahidjo resigned as president in 1982 and was constitutionally succeeded by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a career official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic group. Ahidjo later regretted his choice of successors, but his supporters failed to overthrow Biya in a 1984 coup. Biya won single-candidate elections in 1984 and 1983 and flawed multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997. His CPDM party holds a sizeable majority in the legislature116 deputies out of a total of 180. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS The 1972 constitution as modified by 1996 reforms provides for a strong central government dominated by the executive. The president is empowered to name and dismiss cabinet members, judges, generals, provincial governors, prefects, sub-prefects, and heads of Cameroon's parastatal (about 100 state-controlled) firms, obligate or disburse expenditures, approve or veto regulations, declare states of emergency, and appropriate and spend profits of parastatal firms. The president is not required to consult the National Assembly. The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Court may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. The 180-member National Assembly meets in ordinary session three times a year (March/April, June/July, and November/December), and has seldom, until recently, made major changes in legislation proposed by the executive. Laws are adopted by majority vote of members present or, if the president demands a second reading, of a total membership. Following government pledges to reform the strongly centralized 1972 constitution, the National Assembly adopted a number of amendments in December 1995 which were promulgated in January 1996. The amendments call for the establishment of a 100-member senate as part of a bicameral legislature, the creation of regional councils, and the fixing of the presidential term to 7 years, renewable once. One-third of senators are to be appointed by the President, and the remaining two-thirds are to be chosen by indirect elections. As of March 1998, the government has not established the Senate or regional councils. All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets. While the president, the minister of justice, and the president's judicial advisers (the Supreme Court) top the judicial hierarchy, traditional rulers, courts, and councils also exercise functions of government. Traditional courts still play a major role in domestic, property, and probate law. Tribal laws and customs are honored in the formal court system when not in conflict with national law. Traditional rulers receive stipends from the national government. The government adopted legislation in 1990 to authorize the formation of multiple political parties and ease restrictions on forming civil associations and private newspapers. Cameroon' s first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held in 1992 followed by municipal elections in 1996 and another round of legislative and presidential elections in 1997. Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1977 presidential election, which Biya easily won. The leader of one of the opposition parties, Bello Bouba Maigari of the NUDP, subsequently joined the government. In December 2000, the National Assembly passed legislation creating the National Elections Observatory (NEO), an election watchdog body. Its eleven members were appointed in October 2001 and NEO has since played an active role in preparing the country for local and legislative elections in June 2002. Cameroon has a number of independent newspapers. Censorship was abolished in 1996, but the government sometimes seizes or suspends newspapers (although none in 2001) and occasionally arrests journalists. Radio and television continue to be a virtual monopoly of the state-owned broadcaster, the Cameroon Radio-Television Corporation (CRTV) despite the effective liberalization of radio and television in 2000. There are nevertheless half a dozen private radio stations which continue to broadcast in Yaounde in defiance of government orders. Radio coverage extends to about 80% of the country but television is a significant medium only in Douala. The Cameroonian Government's human rights record has been improving over the years but remains flawed. There continue to be reported abuses, including beatings of detainees, arbitrary arrests, and illegal searches. The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence. Principal Government Officials PresidentPaul Biya President of the National AssemblyDjibril Cavaye Yeguie Prime MinisterPeter Mafany Musonge Ambassador to the United StatesJerome Mendouga Ambassador to the United NationsMartin Belinga Cameroon maintains an embassy in the United States at 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel.: 202-265-8790). ECONOMY For a quarter century following independence, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous countries in Africa. The drop in commodity prices for its principal exportsoil, cocoa, coffee, and cottonin the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued currency and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long recession. Real per capita GDP fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal deficits widened, and foreign debt grew. The government embarked upon a series of economic reform programs supported by the World Bank and IMF beginning in the late 1980s. Many of these measures have been painful; the government slashed civil service salaries by 65% in 1993. The CFA francthe common currency of Cameroon and 13 other African stateswas devalued by 50% in January 1994. The government failed to meet the conditions of the first four IMF programs. The Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) signed recently by the IMF and Government of Cameroon calls for greater macroeconomic planning and financial accountability; privatization of most of Cameroon's nearly 100 remaining nonfinancial parastatal enterprises; elimination of state marketing board monopolies on the export of cocoa, certain coffees, and cotton; privatization and price competition in the banking sector; implementation of the 1992 labor code; a vastly improved judicial system; and political liberalization to boost investment. Recent signs, however, are encouraging. In October 2000 the IMF commended the government for sound macroeconomic management and market-orientedreforms which have led to strong growth, low inflation, and contained budget deficits. Cameroon consequently qualified for $2 billion debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative. In December 2000, the IMF also approved a new 3-year program worth $133.7 million aimed at reducing poverty and improving social services. By the end of 2001, four of Cameroon's 11 state-owned enterprises earmarked for privatization were sold to the private sector under this aegis of this program. Legal and political obstacles as well as difficult negotiations with the government on issues such as the sale price, financial disclosure, tax arrears, and cross debts have delayed the privatization of remaining major parastatals. France is Cameroon's main trading partner and source of private investment and foreign aid. Cameroon has an investment guaranty agreement and a bilateral accord with the United States. U.S. investment in Cameroon is about $1 million, most of it in the oil sector. For further information on Cameroon's economic trends, trade, or investment climate, contact the International Trade Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230, and Commerce Department district office in any local federal building. FOREIGN RELATIONS Cameroon's noncontentious, low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues. It supports the principles of noninterference in the affairs of third countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries. Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations, where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping, the rule of law, environmental protection, and Third World economic development. In the UN and other human rights fora, Cameroon's nonconfrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries. Cameroon sits on the UN Security Council in the Africa rotational seat since January 2002 for a 2-year term. Cameroon enjoys good relations with the United States and other developed countries. It has particularly close ties with France, with whom it has numerous military, economic, and cultural agreements. China has a number of health and infrastructure projects underway in Cameroon. Cameroon enjoys generally good relations with its African neighbors, except for Nigeria, with whom it is engaged in a sporadic border dispute and armed conflict in the oil-rich Bakassi Peninsula. Cameroon has repeatedly demonstrated its preference for resolving this conflict through peaceful legal means and has submitted its case to the International Court of Justice. Cameroon is a member of CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) and supports UN peacekeeping activities in Central Africa. DEFENSE The Cameroonian military generally has been an apolitical force dominated by civilian control. Traditional dependence on the French defense capability, although reduced, continues to be the case as French military advisers remain closely involved in preparing the Cameroonian forces for deployment to the contested Bakassi Peninsula. The armed forces number approximately 28,000 personnel in ground, air, and naval forces, the majority being the army and naval ground forces. U.S.-CAMEROONIAN RELATIONS U.S.-Cameroonian relations have been affected by concerns over human rights abuses and the pace of political and economic liberalization, as well as U.S. budget realities. There is no longer a bilateral USAID program in Cameroon. However, approximately 140 Peace Corps volunteers continue to work successfully in agroforestry, community development, education, and health. The Public Affairs section of the U.S. embassy in Yaounde organizes and funds diverse cultural, educational, and information exchanges. It maintains a library and helps to foster the development of Cameroon's independent press by providing information in a number of areas, including U.S. human rights and democratization policies. The United States and Cameroon work together in the United Nations and a number of other multilateral organizations. Since joining the UN Security Council earlier this year, Cameroon has worked closely with the United States on a number of initiatives. The U.S. Government continues to provide substantial funding for international financial institutions, such as the World Bank, IMF, and African Development Bank, that provide financial and other assistance to Cameroon. Principal U.S. Officials AmbassadorGeorge M. Staples. Deputy Chief of MissionFrances T. Jones Administrative OfficerStephanie L. Brown Public Affairs OfficerAndree Johnson Political/Economic/Commercial OfficerHarry R. Sullivan Defense AttachéLt. Col. Scott Rutherford Peace Corps DirectorJames Dobson Consular OfficerJ. Marinda Harpole The U.S. embassy in Cameroon is located on Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde (te1: 237 - 22-25-89/23-40-14; fax: 237-23-07-53, B. P. 817, Yaounde. The U. S. mailing address is American Embassy Yaounde, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2520 [end of document] *********************************************************** See http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/ for all Background notes ************************************************************ To change your subscription, go to http://www.state.gov/www/listservs_cms.html

44. Africa.iafrica.com Countryinfo Cameroon Geography
    cameroon geography. Location Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra,between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Geographic coordinates 6 00 N, 12 00 E  
    http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/cameroon/geography/

45. CIA - The World Factbook -- Cameroon
    Features map and brief descriptions of geography, economy, government, and people.  
    http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cm.html
    
    Extractions: Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

46. UK Foreign Office - Country Profiles Cameroon
    Overview of country's geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel and current affairs.  
    http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c

47. Cameroon - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
    Hyperlinked encyclopedia article covers the history, government and politics, geography, economy, demographics, language and culture of the West African country.  
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon
    
    Extractions: The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa . It borders Nigeria Chad Central African Republic Republic of Congo ... Equatorial Guinea and the Gulf of Guinea . The former French Cameroon and part of British Cameroons merged in to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon which in was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon ; since the country is known as the Republic of Cameroon or R©publique du Cameroun (its official languages are English and French ). Cameroon has generally enjoyed stability, which has permitted the development of agriculture roads , and railways , as well as a petroleum industry . Despite movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of an ethnic oligarchy . The capital is Yaound© Republic of Cameroon

48. Flags Of Cameroon - Geography; Flags, Map, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural
    Flag of cameroon; Interactive Factbook geography, Flag, Map,geography, People,Government, Economy, Transportation, Communications.  
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49. Cameroonian Geography | Cameroon's Geography | Cameroons Geography
    cameroonian geography cameroon s geography cameroons geography TravelBlog »World Facts » cameroon » geography. Select a country, Afghanistan  
    http://www.travelblog.org/World/cm-geog.html
    
    Extractions: Travel Blog About TravelBlog World Facts Latest Travel Journals ... Cameroon Select a country Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

50. Cameroonian Background | Cameroon's Background | Cameroons Background
    cameroon s Background cameroons Background. Background geography People Government Economy cameroon. cameroons map cameroon s geography  
    http://www.travelblog.org/World/cm-info.html
    
    Extractions: Travel Blog About TravelBlog World Facts Latest Travel Journals ... World Facts Select a country Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

51. Cameroon
    The Republic of cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. 1 History;2 Politics; 3 Provinces; 4 geography; 5 Economy; 6 Demographics; 7 Culture  
    http://creekin.net/n32-cameroon.html
    
    Extractions: Cameroon West Africa The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. It borders Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Gulf of Guinea. The former French Cameroon and part of British Cameroons merged in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon which in 1972 was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon ; since 1984 the country is known as the Republic of Cameroon or R©publique du Cameroun (its official languages are English and French). Cameroon has generally enjoyed stability, which has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of an ethnic oligarchy. The capital is Yaound©. Republic of Cameroon

52. Cameroon - Geography
    Find detailed information about cameroon. Learn everything from its population,climate and average life expectancy to its position in various world  
    http://www.aneki.com/geography/Cameroon_geography.html
    
    Extractions: border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km Coastline: 402 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 50 nm Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean m

53. Cameroon - Geography - Irrigated Land
    cameroon Irrigated land. Home cameroon geography Irrigated land. 330 sqkm (1998 est.) Source CIA World Factbook  
    http://www.indexmundi.com/en/facts/2002/cameroon/irrigated_land.html

54. AllRefer.com - YaoundE (Cameroon Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
    AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon YaoundE, cameroon Political geography. Includes related research links.  
    http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/Y/Yaounde.html
    
    Extractions: Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ...

55. Cameroon - Geography
    Geographic Map General Information Natural resources Economy Population History politics Security Information Sources. cameroon geography  
    http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Cameroon/Geog.html
    
    Extractions: Diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in centre, mountains in west, plains in north Daily newspapers Radio receivers Television receivers Main telephone lines Railways - 1,104 km Roads - 34,300 of which 4,288 km paved Ports and harbours - Bonaberi, Douala, Garoua, Kribi, Tiko. There has been a significant improvement in the performance of Douala as a result of a vast restructuring programme Waterways - 2,090 km; of decreasing importance Airports with paved runways Energy provision

56. World Potato Atlas
    geography geography cameroon. cameroon. Posted by rsimon on Tuesday, geography geography Bangladesh. Bangladesh. Posted by rsimon on Tuesday,  
    http://wpa.riu.cip.cgiar.org/modules.php?name=News&file=categories&op=newindex&c

57. Cameroon : Geography, People, Politics, Government, Economy, Transport
    cameroon geography, People, Policy, Government, Economy, Communication,Transportation, Military  
    http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/infopays/wfb.php3?CODEPAYS=CAM

58. Cameroon : Geography, Population, Cities, Map, Flag, Gdp Gnp Economy, Travel Tou
    cameroon geography, maps, flag, statistics, photos and cultural informationabout cameroon.  
    http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/country_information.php?Pays=CAM

59. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Cameroon - Geography Facts And Figures
    geography information for cameroon. cameroon geography (Facts). Location,Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea  
    http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/cm/Cameroon_geography.htm
    
    Extractions: border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km Coastline: 402 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 50 nm Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean m

60. Cameroon Atlas Entry
    Background The former French cameroon and part of British cameroon merged in1961 to form cameroon geography History Anthem Politics Economy  
    http://www.abacci.com/atlas/country.asp?countryID=163

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