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Burundi Geography: more detail

Geographie Du Burundi by CL. VANDER VELPEN, 1970

Background notes, Burundi (SuDoc S 1.123:B 95/991) by U.S. State Department, 1991

The ecology of malnutrition in middle Africa;: Ghana, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, and the former French Equatorial Africa (Food geography series) by Jacques M May, 1965

Ethnicity and political violence in Africa: The challenge to the [An article from: Political Geography] by P. Daley, 2006-08-01

Burundi (Places and Peoples of the World) by Marian Frances Wolbers, 1989-07

lists with details

Geography Of Burundi
Geography of Burundi. Map of Burundi. Location Central Africa, east of DemocraticRepublic of the Congo. Geographic coordinates 3 30 S, 30 00 E
http://www.abacci.com/atlas/geography.asp?countryID=161
Government
burundi geography of Burundi People of Burundi Government of Burundi Economy ofBurundi burundi geography Burundi Government Burundi People
http://www.siftthru.com/burundi_gov.htm
Geography Of Burundi - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
See also. Burundi. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi .Categories Geography by country Geography of Burundi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi

Extractions: border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Terrain: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains Elevation extremes:
Burundi - Percevia
burundi geography. Africa Click for a larger map. Continent. Continent.Central Africa. Geographic coordinates. Geographic coordinates. 3 30 S, 30 00 E
http://www.percevia.com/explorer/db/world_fact_book/obj/321/target.aspx

Extractions: google_ad_client = "pub-6807505051178037"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; google_ad_format = "728x90_as"; google_ad_channel =""; google_color_border = "FFFFFF"; google_color_bg = "DFEFD1"; google_color_link = "333333"; google_color_url = "333333"; google_color_text = "000000"; Click for a larger map of Burundi. Independence Day, 1 July (1962) Bujumbura 39.72 per 1000 People 17.8 per 1000 People Central Africa 27,830 sq. km $3.8 Billion $.13 Billion $.18 Billion .18 Billion/kWH $.14 Billion $1.14 Billion 6,000 People
Geography - Merriam-Webster's Atlas
Burundi Location of Burundi Ethnic Composition. Official name Republika y uBurundi (Rundi); République du Burundi (French) (Republic of Burundi).
http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/nytmaps.pl?burundi
WoYaa!: COUNTRIES/BURUNDI
burundi geography 2003 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, NaturalResources, CurrentIssues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics
http://www.woyaa.com/links/COUNTRIES/BURUNDI/more19.html
1Up Travel : Burundi Geography And Facts
Travel portal offers the countrys geography. Includes details on topography,location, terrain, map references, area, land boundaries, climate,
http://www.1uptravel.com/geography/burundi.html

Extractions: Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
1Up Travel > Burundi Geography - Geographic Facts On Burundi Can Be Read Here.
Find all the geographical facts on Burundi related to Location, Geographiccoordinates, Map references, Area, Area comparative, Land Boundaries, Coastline,
http://www.1uptravel.com/international/africa/burundi/geography.html

Extractions: Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Burundi Geography
burundi geography covering natural resources, climate, location, and more.
http://www.countryfacts.com/burundi/geography/

Extractions: border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Terrain: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
CIA WORLD FACTBOOK 1995 Via The Libraries Of The University Of Missouri-St. Loui
Match 43 DB Rec 7495 Dataset-WOFACT Title Burundi Text burundi geographyLocation Central Africa, east of Zaire Map references Africa Area total
http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1995/wf950042.htm

Extractions: The World Factbook IN National Trade Data Bank: The Export Connection (disk 2 of a 2 disk set), January, 1996, United States Department of Commerce ( http://www.doc.gov/ ),Economics and Statistics Administration ( http://www.doc.gov/resources/ESA_info.html SuDoc No: C1.88:996/2/v.2 This publication is also available online from the CIA ( http://www.odci.gov/cia ) as 1995 World Factbook http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/index.html The printed version of this item can be found under the title:
Access To THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993 Provided Courtesy Of The
Annually ID number CI WOFACT 042 Title BURUNDI Data type TEXT End year Keywords 3 BURUNDI Text burundi geography Location Central Africa,
http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1993/wf940041.txt
Country Information - CountryReports.org
Water Area 2180 sq km Highest Point Mount Heha 2670 m Lowest Point LakeTanganyika 772 m » Additional burundi geography Information
http://www.countryreports.org/country.aspx?countryid=42&countryName=Burundi
BURUNDI Geography Population Map City And Cities Coordinates Location
Geographical database, places and cities in the whole world.
http://www.tageo.com/index-e-by.htm
Geography And Environment Burundi
Geography and Environment Burundi. Includes online maps, links to other mapcollections, flags, climate, weather, natural resources.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/corc.oclc.org/WebZ/XPathfinderQuery2c55.html
MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Geography Of Burundi
Geography of burundi geography of Burundi. Burundi Countryside Burundi Countryside.Geography of Burundi. Area, 27834 sq km 10747 sq mi. Coastline, 0 km
http://encarta.msn.com/media_701702789_761573494_-1_1/Geography_of_Burundi.html

Extractions: Web Search: Encarta Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Multimedia from Encarta Go to article View all multimedia Appears in Area 27,834 sq km 10,747 sq mi Coastline km mi Highest point Karonje 2,760 m/9,055 ft Appears in these articles: Burundi Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Join Now Â© 2005 Microsoft MSN Privacy Legal Advertise Feedback ... Help
MSN Encarta - Related Items - Burundi
geography and environment Bujumbura, formerly Usumbura, city in westernBurundi, capital of the country and of Bujumbura Province, at the northeastern
http://encarta.msn.com/related_761573494/Burundi.html

Extractions: var fSendSelectEvents = true; var fSendExpandCollapseEvents = true; var fCallDisplayUAText = false; Web Search: Encarta Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Related Items from Encarta Burundi capital city Hutu-Tutsi power sharing arts, culture, and religion business and economy ... , formerly Usumbura, city in western Burundi, capital of the country and of Bujumbura Province, at the northeastern end of Lake Tanganyika.... View article Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Join Now Â© 2005 Microsoft MSN Privacy Legal Advertise Feedback ... Help
BURUNDI
Geography Burundi is a landlocked country located in east central Africa borderingRwanda to its north, Tanzania to the east and south and to the west by
http://packages.orbitz.com/packages/show_country.asp?countryid=BI
World Factbook 2000 [A] - BURUNDI (by The CIA)
burundi geography. Location Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of theCongo. Geographic coordinates 3 30 S, 30 00 E. Map references Africa
http://www.authorama.com/world-2000-a-42.html

Extractions: Public Domain Books Background: Between 1993 and 1999, ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions in Burundi created hundreds of thousands of refugees and left at least 250,000 dead. Although many refugees have returned from neighboring countries, continued ethnic strife has forced others to flee. Burundian troops, seeking to secure their borders, have intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Location: Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo Geographic coordinates: 3 30 S, 30 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 27,830 sq km land: 25,650 sq km water: 2,180 sq km Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland Land boundaries: total: 974 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Terrain: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
Transportation (from Burundi) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
burundi geography Overview of this landlocked republic in eastcentral Africa.Provides notes on geography, government, economy, society, transportation,
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-40667

Extractions: Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction The land Relief and drainage Soils Climate Plant and animal life ... Settlement patterns The people Ethnic composition Linguistic composition Religion Demographic trends ... Trade Transportation Administration and social conditions Government Education Health and welfare Cultural life The arts Recreation Press and broadcasting History ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Burundi Page 16 of 26 Burundi... (75 of 4205 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Burundi."
US Department Of State Background Note Burundi November 2003
US Department of State Background Note Burundi November 2003 PROFILE OFFICIALNAME Republic of burundi geography Location Central Africa.
http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0317/$fi

Extractions: U.S. Department of State Background Note: Burundi November 2003 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Burundi Geography Location: Central Africa. Bordering nationsTanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda. Area: 27,830 sq. km. (10,747 sq. mi.); about the size of Maryland. Cities: CapitalBujumbura (pop. 300,000). Other citiesCibitoke, Muyinga, Ngozi, Bubanza, Gitega, Bururi. Climate: Warm but not uncomfortable in Bujumbura; cooler in higher regions. Terrain: Hilly, rising from 780 meters (2,600 ft.) at the Shore of Lake Tanganyika to mountains more than 2,700 meters (9,000 ft.) above sea level. People Nationality: NounBarundi (sing. and pl.); adjectiveBurundian(s). Population (2002 est.): 6.85 million. Annual growth rate (2002): 4.5 %; (2003 est.): -1.5%. Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%; Twa 1.0%. Religions: Roman Catholic 60%-65%; Protestant 10%-15%; traditional beliefs 15%-20%; Muslim 5%. Languages: OfficialKirundi, French; otherKiswahili, English. Education: Years compulsory6. Attendance84.05% male, 62.8% female. Literacy34% adult. Health (2002 est.): Life expectancy40.5 yrs. (men), 42 yrs. (women). Infant mortality rate129/1,000. Government Type: Republic; 3-year transitional government as of November 1, 2001. Independence: July 1, 1962 (from Belgium). Constitution: A transitional Constitution was adopted October 18, 2001. Branches: Executivetransitional president, transitional vice president, 26-member Counsel of Ministers. Legislative186-member National Assembly (85 elected, 101 appointed by the signatories to the Arusha Peace Accords), 54-member Senate, 3 seats reserved for former presidents, including one for former transitional President Buyoya, 3 seats reserved for the ethnic Twa minority, 2 from each of the 16 provinces and the city of Bujumbura, one Hutu and one Tutsi, plus 14 appointed by the president according to his own criteria. Judicialconstitutional and subsidiary courts. Administrative subdivisions: 16 provinces plus the city of Bujumbura, 117 communes. Political parties: Multi-party system consisting of 21 registered political parties, of which FRODEBU (the Front for Democracy in Burundi, predominantly Hutu with some Tutsi membership) and UPRONA (the National Unity and Progress Party, predominantly Tutsi with some Hutu membership) are national, mainstream parties. Other Tutsi and Hutu opposition parties and groups include, among others, PARENA (the Party for National Redress, Tutsi), ABASA (the Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation, Tutsi), PRP (the People's Reconciliation Party, Tutsi), CNDD (the National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Hutu), PALIPEHUTU (the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People, Hutu) and FROLINA/FAP (the Front for the National Liberation of Burundi/Popular Armed Forces, Hutu). Suffrage: Universal adult; elections to be held in accordance with the Arusha Peace Accords and the transitional Constitution before November 2004. Economy GDP (2002): $628.06 million; (2003 est.) $583.09 million. Real growth rate (2002): 4.5%; (2003 est.) -1.5. Per capita GDP (2002): $104.7; (2003 est.) $97.2. Inflation rate (2002): -1.4%; (2003 est.) 11%. Central government budget: Receipts(2002) $127.2 million; (2003 est.) $116.6 million; spending(2002) $162.9 million; (2003 est.) $172.8 million. Natural resources: Nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum deposits not yet exploited, vanadium. Agriculture (2002, 41% of GDP): Productscoffee, tea, sugar, cotton fabrics and oil, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca), beef, milk, hides, livestock feed, rice. Arable land44%. Industry (2002, 18.5% of GDP): Typessugar refining, coffee processing, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, food processing, chemicals (insecticides), public works construction, light consumer goods, assembly of imported components. Services (2002): 40.5% of GDP. Mining: Commercial quantities of alluvial gold, nickel, phosphates, rare earth, vanadium, and other; peat mining. Trade (2002): Exports$31.2 million: coffee (50% of export earnings), tea, sugar, cotton fabrics, hides. Major marketsU.K., Germany, Benelux, Switzerland. Imports$103.9 million: food, beverages, tobacco, chemicals, road vehicles, petroleum and products. Major suppliersBenelux, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Japan. Total external debt (2002): $1.136 billion. PEOPLE At 206.1 persons per sq. km., Burundi has the second-largest population density in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil. The population is made up of three major ethnic groupsHutu, Tutsi, and Twa. Kirundi is the most widely spoken language, French and Kiswahili also are widely spoken. Intermarriage takes place frequently between the Hutus and Tutsis. The terms "pastoralist" and "agriculturist," often used as ethnic designations for Tutsi and Hutu, respectively, are only occupational titles which vary among individuals and groups. Although Hutus encompass the majority of the population, historically Tutsis have been politically and economically dominant. HISTORY In the 16th century, Burundi was a kingdom characterized by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange. A king (mwani) headed a princely aristocracy (ganwa) which owned most of the land and required a tribute, or tax, from local farmers and herders. In the mid-18th century, this Tutsi royalty consolidated authority over land, production, and distribution with the development of the ubugabirea patron-client relationship in which the populace received royal protection in exchange for tribute and land tenure. Although European explorers and missionaries made brief visits to the area as early as 1856, it was not until 1899 that Burundi came under German East African administration. In 1916 Belgian troops occupied the area. In 1923, the League of Nations mandated to Belgium the territory of Ruanda-Urundi, encompassing modern-day Rwanda and Burundi. The Belgians administered the territory through indirect rule, building on the Tutsi-dominated aristocratic hierarchy. Following World War II, Ruanda-Urundi became a United Nations Trust Territory under Belgian administrative authority. After 1948, Belgium permitted the emergence of competing political parties. Two political parties emerged: the Union for National Progress (UPRONA), a multi-ethnic party led by Tutsi Prince Louis Rwagasore and the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) supported by Belgium. In 1961, Prince Rwagasore was assassinated following an UPRONA victory in legislative elections. Full independence was achieved on July 1, 1962. In the context of weak democratic institutions at independence, Tutsi King Mwambutsa IV established a constitutional monarchy comprising equal numbers of Hutus and Tutsis. The 1965 assassination of the Hutu prime minister set in motion a series of destabilizing Hutu revolts and subsequent governmental repression. In 1966, King Mwambutsa was deposed by his son, Prince Ntare IV, who himself was deposed the same year by a military coup lead by Capt. Michel Micombero. Micombero abolished the monarchy and declared a republic, although a de facto military regime emerged. In 1972, an aborted Hutu rebellion triggered the flight of hundreds of thousands of Burundians. Civil unrest continued throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1976, Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza took power in a bloodless coup. Although Bagaza led a Tutsi-dominated military regime, he encouraged land reform, electoral reform, and national reconciliation. In 1981, a new Constitution was promulgated. In 1984, Bagaza was elected head of state, as the sole candidate. After his election, Bagaza's human rights record deteriorated as he suppressed religious activities and detained political opposition members. In 1987, Maj. Pierre Buyoya overthrew Colonel Bagaza. He dissolved opposition parties, suspended the 1981 constitution, and instituted his ruling Military Committee for National Salvation (CSMN). During 1988, increasing tensions between the ruling Tutsis and the majority Hutus resulted in violent confrontations between the army, the Hutu opposition, and Tutsi hardliners. During this period, an estimated 150,000 people were killed, with tens of thousands of refugees flowing to neighboring countries. Buyoya formed a commission to investigate the causes of the 1988 unrest and to develop a charter for democratic reform. In 1991, Buyoya approved a Constitution that provided for a president, multi-ethnic government, and a parliament. Burundi's first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, of the Hutu-dominated FRODEBU Party, was elected in 1993. He was assassinated by factions of the Tutsi-dominated armed forces in October 1993. The country was then plunged into civil war, which killed tens of thousands of people and displaced hundreds of thousands by the time the FRODEBU government regained control and elected Cyprien Ntaryamira president in January 1994. Nonetheless, the security situation continued to deteriorate. In April 1994, President Ntayamira and Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana died in a plane crash. This act marked the beginning of the Rwandan genocide, while in Burundi, the death of Ntaryamira exacerbated the violence and unrest. Sylvestre Ntibantunganya was installed as president for a 4-year term on April 8, but the security situation further deteriorated. The influx of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees and the activities of armed Hutu and Tutsi groups further destabilized the regime. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS In November 1995, the presidents of Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zaire announced a regional initiative for a negotiated peace in Burundi facilitated by former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. In July 1996, former Burundian President Buyoya returned to power in a bloodless coup. He declared himself president of a transitional republic, even as he suspended the National Assembly, banned opposition groups, and imposed a nationwide curfew. Widespread condemnation of the coup ensued, and regional countries imposed economic sanctions pending a return to a constitutional government. Buyoya agreed in 1996 to liberalize political parties. Nonetheless, fighting between the army and Hutu militias continued. In June 1998, Buyoya promulgated a transitional Constitution and announced a partnership between the government and the opposition-led National Assembly. After Facilitator Julius Nyerere's death in October 1999, the regional leaders appointed Nelson Mandela as Facilitator of the Arusha peace process. Under Mandela the faltering peace process was revived, leading to the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 2000 by representatives of the principal Hutu (G-7) and Tutsi (G-10) political parties, the government, and the National Assembly. However, the FDD and FNL armed factions of the CNDD and Palipehutu G-7 parties refused to accept the Arusha Accords, and the armed rebellion continued. In November 2001, a 3-year transitional government was established under the leadership of Pierre Buyoya (representing the G-10) as transitional president and Domitien Ndayizeye (representing the G-7) as transitional vice president for an initial period of 18 months. In May 2003, Mr. Ndayizeye assumed the presidency for 18 months with Alphonse Marie Kadege as vice president. While the establishment of a transitional government represents significant progress toward representative government and elections, failure to reach agreement with the rebel factions on an end to the fighting has delayed implementation of military reform and other social and political measures called for by the Arusha Accords. A permanent cessation of hostilities will be essential for the complete implementation of the democratization and security provision of the Arusha Accords. President Ndayizeye continues to negotiate with the CNDD-FDD on an integration plan under the auspices of Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa. There are plans for local and national elections before the conclusion of the transitional period in November 2004. Principal Government Officials PresidentDomitien Ndayizeye Vice PresidentAlphonse Marie Kadege Speaker of the National AssemblyJean Minani President of the SenateLibere Bararunyeretse Minister of DefenseVincent Niyungeko Minister of External Relations and CooperationTerence Sinunguruza Minister of Internal Affairs and Public SecuritySalvator Ntihabose Ambassador to the United StatesAntoine Ntamobwa Ambassador to the United NationsMarc Nteturuye Burundi maintains an embassy in the United States at Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20007 (tel. 202-342-2574). ECONOMY The mainstay of the Burundian economy is agriculture, accounting for 41% of GDP in 2002. Agriculture supports more than 90% of the labor force, the majority of whom are subsistence farmers. Although Burundi is potentially self-sufficient in food production, the ongoing civil war, overpopulation, and soil erosion have contributed to the contraction of the subsistence economy by 30% in recent years. Large numbers of internally displaced persons have been unable to produce their own food and are dependent on international humanitarian assistance. Burundi is a net food importer, with food accounting for 9.4% of imports in 2002. The main cash crop is coffee, which accounted for 50% of exports in 2002. This dependence on coffee has increased Burundi's vulnerability to fluctuations in seasonal yields and international coffee prices. Coffee processing is the largest state-owned enterprise in terms of income. In recent years, the government has tried to attract private investment to this sector, with some success. Efforts to privatize other publicly held enterprises have stalled. Other principal exports include tea, sugar, and raw cotton. In 2003, a combination of floods and insect infestation resulted in a severe drop in coffee production. Revenues are estimated to be less than one-fifth those in 2002. Little industry exists except the processing of agricultural exports. Although potential wealth in petroleum, nickel, copper, and other naturalresources is being explored, the uncertain security situation has prevented meaningful investor interest. Industrial development also is hampered by Burundi's distance from the sea and high transport costs. Lake Tanganyika remains an important trading point. The trade embargo, lifted in 1999, negatively impacted trade and industry. Burundi is heavily dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totaling $1.136 billion in 2002. A series of largely unsuccessful 5-year plans initiated in July 1986 in partnership with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) attempted to reform the foreign exchange system, liberalize imports, reduce restrictions on international transactions, diversify exports, and reform the coffee industry. IMF structural adjustment programs in Burundi were suspended following the outbreak of the crisis in 1993; the IMF re-engaged in Burundi in 2002 with a post-conflict credit. The World Bank has identified key areas for potential growth, including the productivity of traditional crops and the introduction of new exports, light manufactures, industrial mining, and services. Other serious problems include the state's role in the economy, the question of governmental transparency, and debt reduction. To protest the 1996 coup by President Buyoya, neighboring countries imposed an economic embargo on Burundi. Although the embargo was never officially ratified by the UN Security Council, most countries refrained from official trade with Burundi. Following the 1996 coup, the United States suspended all but humanitarian aid to Burundi. The regional embargo was lifted on January 23, 1999, based on progress by the government in advancing national reconciliation through the Burundi peace process. FOREIGN RELATIONS Burundi's relations with its neighbors have often been affected by security concerns. Hundreds of thousands of Burundian refugees have at various times crossed to neighboring Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians are in neighboring countries as a result of the ongoing civil war. Most of them, more than 750,000 since 1993, are in Tanzania. Some Burundian rebel groups have used neighboring countries as bases for insurgent activities. The 1993 embargo placed on Burundi by regional states negatively impacted its diplomatic relations with its neighbors; relations have improved since the 1999 suspension of these sanctions. Burundi is a member of various international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the African Development Bank, and will become a member of COMESA, the free-tariff zone of east and south Africa, in January 2004. U.S.-BURUNDI RELATIONS Burundi is an important factor in regional stability in the Great Lakes region. The United States encourages political stability, democratic change, respect for human rights, and shared economic development in Burundi. The United States supports the Arusha/Tanzania peace process aimed at national reconciliation and the eventual formation of a constitutional government, and encourages a peaceful solution to the civil conflict in Burundi. In the long term, the United States seeks to strengthen the process of internal reconciliation and democratization within all the states of the region to promote a stable, democratic community of nations that will work toward mutual social, economic, and security interests on the continent. The United States has provided financial support for the peace process. U.S. bilateral aid with the exception of humanitarian assistance was ended following the 1996 coup. In view of progress in the peace talks, the United States and other international donors are reconsidering their policy of assistance. A State Department Travel Advisory was listed for Burundi in August 1999. Principal U.S. Officials AmbassadorJames Yellin Deputy Chief of MissionAlex Laskaris Economic OfficerJohn Marietti Political OfficerScott Stepien Management OfficerJohn Moos Consular OfficersJohn Marietti, Scott Stepien Regional Security OfficerGordon Hills General Service OfficerDavid Womble The U.S. Embassy is located at Avenue des Etats Unis (Boite Postale 1720), Bujumbura (tel. [257] 22-34-54). TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings, and Public Announcements. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page: http://travel.state.gov. Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad are on the internet and hard copies can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250. Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call 202-647-4000. Passport information can be obtained by calling the National Passport Information Center's automated system ($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute). The number is 1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of $4.95) may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648). It also is available on the internet. Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800. Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal holidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government Officials" listing in this publication). U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas are encouraged to register at the Consular section of the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country by filling out a short form and sending in a copy of their passports. This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency. Further Electronic Information Department of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes; daily press briefings; Country Commercial Guides; directories of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information. *********************************************************** See http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/ for all Background notes ************************************************************ To change your subscription, go to http://www.state.gov/www/listservs_cms.html

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