GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Antigua And Barbuda history. antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ( stone people ) whosesettlements date antigua AND BARBUDA HEADLINES. regional PAGE. Latin America http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=96&RegionID=4
Caribbean CHOICE - One Love. One People. All Caribbean ! To learn more of the history visit the antigua and Barbuda museum, antiguanBarbuda is a partner of the regional University of the West Indies. http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/antiguabarbuda/
Our History Additional regional seminars were held in Seoul, Korea in 1983; Brisbane, bullet, antigua, West Indies in 1988. bullet, Monterey, Mexico in 1989 http://www.wmei.ws/about/our_history.htm
Extractions: World Methodist Evangelism Institute Early beginnings st Quinquennium (1982 - 1987) nd ... Quinquennium (2002 - 2007) During the 1970's, leaders in the World Evangelism movement began envisioning an institute which would raise up a new generation of faithful evangelism leaders around the world. In 1979, Dr. Joe Hale, General Secretary of the World Methodist Council said, "We are seeking to develop an Institute for World Evangelization which will enable leadership from East to West, South to North, Orient to Occident to be trained and motivated in world Evangelism - for Methodism to be a movement in the world." In 1979, a pilot seminar was held at Emory University by Dr. George E. Morris, the Arthur J. Moore Professor of Evangelism at Candler School of Theology ; Rev. Sir Alan Walker, World Director of Evangelism, World Methodist Council, and Dr. Joe Hale. Subsequently, the World Methodist Council's meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii in July, 1981 voted to establish the World Methodist Evangelism Institute, a ministry of World Evangelism, World Methodist Council and Candler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Bishop William R. Cannon, President of the World Methodist Council; Dr. James T. Laney, President of Emory University, and Dr. Jim L. Waits, Dean of Candler School of Theology were key supporters for the Institute during its formation. Dr. George E. Morris was named the first Director of the Institute.
Country Home Page on a country to view a listing of USAID Reports and Project history documents . Central America regional Latin American regional antigua/Barbuda http://www.dec.org/country/index.cfm
Extractions: Antigua/Barbuda ... Contact DEC To view PDF files, download Accessibility: Many of the documents on this site are provided in Adobe Acrobat format. To download the Adobe Access plugin, or to submit an Acrobat file to Adobe's on-the-fly PDF to HTML conversion engine, visit access.adobe.com If you have difficultly accessing this page, please contact the webmaster The Development Experience Clearinghouse is operated for USAID/PPC/DEI by the
LyricsVault: History Of Music; Cultural And Regional Genres Of Music Music of antigua and Barbuda (steeldrum) Music of Argentina (rock nacional, By province, region or other subnational entity. Canada. Music of Alberta http://www.lyricsvault.net/history/CulturalRegionalGenres.html
Website Directory: Regional > Antigua And Barbuda (1) Overview of antigua, a former British colony well known for its plentiful beaches,sailing, and a history rich in sugar plantations. http://www.thisisouryear.com/?p=category&c=150
Extractions: It is the largest and most mountainous of the the Windward Islands, with an area of 289.5 sq. miles. It is 29 miles long and 16 miles at its widest. The formal name Commonwealth of Dominica is often used to distinguish it from the Dominican Republic , while the Zip code ensures mail isn't mis-sent there. Related Links FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) about Dominica
A History Of Dominica's Carnival Dominica won the antigua Caribbean Queen Show title twice in the 1970 s with in antigua in 1986, while Marcella La Rocque won regional crowns in St. http://www.avirtualdominica.com/carnival99/history.htm
Extractions: CarnivalCam 98 By Raymond Lawrence Persons who remember Carnival in the 1950's and early 1960's would remember all different types of costumes associated with Carnival such as 'sensay', 'cowboys' and 'sooswell soowi'. There were also those which are hardly found in Carnival today such as Indians and Wob Dwiyet bands. Of course other aspects of Carnival such as 'la po kabwit' and steel band features prominently. These were the two main types of music on the road. One major Carnival event in those days was the Float Parade on Carnival Sunday afternoon at the Windsor Park. Business places and various organizations would build very creative and attractive floats with some special theme. The trucks or trailers used for these floats were so well covered that you couldn't even see the driver. Floats would also come into town from the rural areas with the participants on the floats singing some Carnival songs to 'la po kabwit' rhythms. Carnival band presentation were always spectacular and band organizers went all out to ensure that costumes were well designed and representative of whatever theme they were depicting. The categories of judging then were usually historical, original, and advertising. The Thunderbirds of Newtown started organizing bands many years ago and has always staged impressive presentations.
Extractions: Background Notes: OASPA/PCSource: Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public AffairsDate: Sep 15, 19919/15/91Category: Country DataRegion: South America, Central America, Caribbean, North AmericaSubject: Travel, History, International Organizations, Trade/Economics, OAS, Human Rights, Terrorism, Narcotics, Democratization, Environment[TEXT]September 1991Official Name: Organization of American StatesPROFILEHeadquarters: Washington, DC.Established: April 14, 1890, as the "Internat ... [ Read More U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATEBACKGROUND NOTES: ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATESPUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRSNOVEMBER 1994Official Name: Organization of American StatesPROFILEHeadquarters: Washington, DC.Established: April 14, 1890, as the International Union of American Republics. Became the Pan American Union in 1910, then the Organization of American States in 1948 with the adoption of the OAS Charter in Bogota, Colombia.Purposes: To strengthen peace and security in the hemisphere, promote representative democracy, ensure the peaceful settlement of disputes among members, provide for common action in the event of aggression, and promote economic, social, and cultural development.Members: 35Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba(1), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, P ... [
History Of Coffee Coffee Equipment,history of Coffee,Decaf Coffee Tea,Herbal Tea. The mostfamous regional marketing names are antigua, Coban and Huehuetenango. http://www.bisuzscoffee.com/coffee_history.htm
Extractions: The history of the coffee bean does not want for drama. Since its first documented use and probably long before stories involving coffee have been rife with intrigue, passion, revolution, and idiosyncratic charm. Of Goats and Holy Men Legend has it that the stimulant properties of coffee were discovered sometime before the ninth century by an Abyssinian goatherd named Kaldi . Bored and mischievous, the young man's goats began snacking on coffee cherries while he napped nearby. Waking to find his goats pirouetting off rocks and the surrounding canyon walls, Kaldi collected a handful of the bright red fruit and hastened home to his village imam . As an experiment, the religious leader boiled the cherries in water and then drank the concoction himself. He became alert and lively, so much so that maintaining wakefulness during evening prayers was uncharacteristically effortless. These stimulating properties made coffee an instant hit among the ranks of the faithful, and its use rapidly became routine. As coffee gained in popularity, the sixteenth-century Mohammedans found reason to complain. Ironically, they considered coffee to be a threat to religious sobriety, especially upon witnessing that followers were more likely to frequent street side cafes than they were to visit the mosques. Consumption was discouraged, and rumors linking the beverage with impotence, among other "ills," spread wildly. Still, there was no scarcity of coffee drinkers.
Country Search Engines And Regional Search Engines Link checking history Last updated February 2005. Links checked on 24/07/04. antigua. Cariblinkup http//www.cariblinkup.com/anb.asp http://www.philb.com/countryse.htm
Extractions: Saint Kitts to Zimbabwe Country search engines and regional search engines - currently a total of 2,608 search engines and 216 countries, territories and regions. When 2 versions of a search engine were available I simply listed the search engine in English. I've tried to match the name to the title of the search engine when possible. Failing that I've used the search engine URL as the name. If you are aware of other search engines that should be included in the list but that have not been listed please send me an email and I'll do my best to include them! The majority of the search engines should simply cover the country or region as appropriate, but in some instances general search engines may have been included in non-English languages. Please do not expect an immediate reply, since I only update this page every three months or so, and consequently it will be a while if your link gets included. Once it is included, I'll send you an email confirming this.
Networks Journal: Integrating Haiti Into The Caribbean Family defining moment in regional history. He said There are few people I know, region, whether it s Haiti, Jamaica, antigua or Trinidad. So even in http://www.islandsystems.com/networks/index.php?mode=disp_article&article_id=3&p
THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS AND HERITAGE Clearly in today s Caribbean Museum, regional history is no longer at the fringe of and the negga houses , exemplified by the Negga Museum of antigua, http://www.oas.org/culture/series4_a.html
Extractions: THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS AND HERITAGE INSTITUTIONS IN THE PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE CULTURAL PATRIMONY INTRODUCTION There are few regions of the world where migration has become such an integral part of people's existence as the Caribbean. Forced, indentured, and later voluntary migration has been the essence of Caribbean history for the past 500 years. Examining the processes of migration, colonization, exile, assimilation, evaluation, destruction and reconstruction of identity must all be part and parcel of the work of Caribbean museums today. Few institutions however, are willing to exhibit the difficult aspects of the Caribbean past. Fewer still wrestle effectively with issues of violence, riots, and the devastating effects of generations of poverty and discrimination. I am not arguing that museums focus only on the harsh and unpleasant, or depict people solely as victims of history. Nevertheless, Caribbean museums must do better job of mirroring the willingness of academic scholarship to examine the complexities and ambiguities of Caribbean life. However this will require a three way partnership between the public, the museum and the historian, a partnership which has not fully developed in most Caribbean countries, although more opportunities now exist than in the past.
Inter-American Economic Council delegation in history to the Dominican Republic and antigua The Council sgoal is to work with subregional groups within Latin America including http://www.inter-american.org/index2.cfm?catID=24
Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere PEOPLE AND history antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ( stone people ), antigua also benefits from a number of regional US Agency for http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/wha/antigua9411.html
Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere PEOPLE AND history antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ( stone people ) The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/wha/antigua9803.html
US Department Of State, April 2000 Background Notes Antigua And history antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ( quot;stone people quot;) The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0154/$fi
Extractions: U.S. Department of State, April 2000 Background Notes: Antigua and Barbuda Released by the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Official Name: Antigua and Barbuda PROFILE Geography Area: Antigua 281 sq. km. (108 sq. mi.); Barbuda 161 sq. km. (62 sq. mi.). Cities: Capital St. John's (pop. 30,000). Terrain: Generally low-lying, with highest elevation 405 m. (1,330 ft.). Climate: Tropical maritime. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s). Population (1998): 69,006. Annual population growth rate (1998): 1.5%. Ethnic groups: Almost entirely of African origin; some of British, Portuguese, and Levantine Arab origin. Religions: Principally Anglican, with evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic minorities. Language: English. Education: Years compulsory 9. Literacy about 90%. Health: Life expectancy 71 yrs. male; 75 yrs. female. Infant mortality rate 18/1,000. Work force (32,000): Commerce and services, agriculture, other industry. Unemployment (1996): 7.0% Government Type: Constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style Parliament. Constitution: 1981. Independence: November 1, 1981. Branches: Executive governor general (representing Queen Elizabeth II, head of state), prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. Legislative a 17-member Senate appointed by the governor general (mainly on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition) and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. Judicial magistrate's courts, Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (High Court and Court of Appeals, privy council in London). Administrative subdivisions: Six parishes and two dependencies (Barbuda and Redonda). Political parties: Antigua Labor Party (ALP, incumbent), United Progressive Party (UPP), Barbuda People's Movement (BPM). Suffrage: Universal at 18. Economy GDP (1999, current U.S. dollars): $175.7 million. GDP growth rate (1998): 3.9%. Per capita GDP (1999): $2,745. Natural resources: Negligible. Agriculture (1998, 4.0% of GDP): Products cotton, livestock, vegetables, pineapples. Services: Tourism, banking, and other financial services. Trade (1998): Exports $41 million OECS (26%), United States (.03%), Trinidad and Tobago (2%), Barbados (15%). Imports $373.6 million United States (27%), U.K. (16%), OECS (3%). HISTORY Antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ("stone people") whose settlements date at least to 2400 BC. The Siboney were succeeded by the Arawaks who originated in Venezuela and gradually migrated up the chain of islands now called the Lesser Antilles. The warlike Carib people drove the Arawaks from neighboring islands but apparently did not settle on either Antigua or Barbuda. Christopher Columbus landed on the islands in 1493 naming the larger one "Santa Maria de la Antigua." The English colonized the islands in 1632. Sir Christopher Codrington established the first large sugar estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased Barbuda to raise provisions for his plantations. Barbuda's only town is named after him. Codrington and others brought slaves from Africa's west coast to work the plantations. Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834 but remained economically dependent on the plantation owners. Economic opportunities for the new freedmen were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit, and an economy built on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a royal commission urged the formation of a trade union movement. The Antigua Trades and Labor Union, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for Vere Cornwall Bird who became the union's president in 1943. The Antigua Labor Party (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections and became the majority party in 1951 beginning a long history of electoral victories. Voted out of office in the 1971 general elections that swept the progressive labor movement into power, Bird and the ALP returned to office in 1976; the party won renewed mandates in the general elections in 1984 and 1989. In the 1989 elections, the ruling ALP won all but two of the 17 seats. During elections in March 1994, power passed from Vere Bird to his son, Lester Bird, but remained within the ALP which won 11 of the 17 parliamentary seats. In the last elections in March 1999, the ALP gained another seat resulting in a distribution of 12 seats to the ALP, four seats to the opposition United Progressive Party (UPP) led by Baldwin Spencer, and one seat to the Barbuda People's Movement (BPM). GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet. Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature: a 17-member Senate appointed by the governor general mainly on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House and conducts affairs of state with the cabinet. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament. Elections must be held at least every five years but may be called by the prime minister at any time. Antigua and Barbuda has a multiparty political system with a long history of hard fought elections, two of which have resulted in peaceful changes of government. The opposition, however, claims to be disadvantaged by the ruling party's longstanding monopoly on patronage and its control of the electronic media. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the eastern Caribbean court system. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. Principal Government Officials Chief of State Queen Elizabeth II Governor General Sir James Carlisle Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Lester Bryant Bird Ambassador to the U.S. and the OAS Lionel A. Hurst Ambassador to the United Nations Patrick Albert Lewis Antigua and Barbuda maintain an embassy in the United States at 3216 New Mexico Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016 (tel. 202-362-5122). ECONOMY Tourism is the key industry and the principal earner of foreign exchange in Antigua and Barbuda. However, a series of violent hurricanes since 1995 resulted in serious damage to tourist infrastructure and periods of sharp reductions in visitor numbers. Overall economic growth for 1998 was 3.9%. Inflation has been moderate, averaging 3%-4% annually, since 1993. Antigua and Barbuda is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. Its 1995 exports to the U.S. were valued at $3 million and its U.S. imports totaled $97 million. It also belongs to the predominantly English-speaking Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). FOREIGN RELATIONS Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighboring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS). As a member of CARICOM, Antigua and Barbuda supported efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of Haiti's de facto authorities from power. The country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994. In May 1997, Prime Minister Bird joined 14 other Caribbean leaders and President Clinton for the first-ever U.S.-regional summit in Bridgetown, Barbados. The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counter-narcotics issues, finance and development, and trade. U.S.-ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA RELATIONS The United States has maintained friendly relations with Antigua and Barbuda since its independence. The United States has supported the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of living. However, concerns over the lack of adequate regulation of the financial services sector prompted the U.S. Government to issue a financial advisory for Antigua and Barbuda in 1999. The U.S. also has been active in supporting post-hurricane disaster assistance and rehabilitation through USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Peace Corps. Following the closure in July 1996 of the USAID regional mission for the eastern Caribbean, U.S. assistance is channeled primarily through multilateral agencies such as the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, and the Caribbean Development Bank. In addition, Antigua and Barbuda receives counter-narcotics assistance and benefits from U.S. military exercise-related and humanitarian civic assistance construction projects. Antigua and Barbuda is strategically situated in the Leeward Islands near maritime transport lanes of major importance to the United States. Antigua has long hosted a U.S. military presence. The former U.S. Navy support facility, turned over to the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1995, is now being developed as a regional Coast Guard training facility. The U.S. Air Force continues to maintain a space-tracking facility on Antigua. The U.S. embassy in Antigua closed on June 30, 1994. Antigua and Barbuda's location close to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico makes it an attractive transshipment point for narcotics traffickers. International concerns have also been raised by the vulnerability of the off-shore financial sector to money laundering. To address these problems, the U.S. and Antigua and Barbuda have signed a series of counter-narcotic and counter-crime treaties and agreements, including a maritime law enforcement agreement (1995), subsequently amended to include overflight and order-to-land provisions (1996); a bilateral extradition treaty (1996); and a mutual legal assistance treaty (1996). In 1997, Antigua and Barbuda had more than 57,000 U.S. visitors. It is estimated that 4,500 Americans reside in the country. Principal U.S. Embassy Officials Ambassador vacant Charge d'Affaires Rolland W. Bullen Political/Economic Counselor Brent D. Hardt Consul General Theophilus J. Rose Defense Attache Lt. Col. John Churchill Regional Labor Attache Terrence Daru Public Affairs Officer Emilia Puma Peace Corps Director Earl Phillips (resident in St. Lucia) The United States maintains no official presence in Antigua. The ambassador and embassy officers are resident in Barbados and travel to Antigua frequently. However, a U.S. consular agent resident in Antigua assists U.S. citizens in Antigua and Barbuda. The U.S. embassy in Barbados is located in the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (tel: 246-436-4950; fax: 246-429-5246). Consular Agent Juliet Ryder Hospital Hill, English Harbor Antigua Tel: (268) 463-6531 Other Contact Information U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Trade Information Center 14th and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20230 Tel: 1-800-USA-Trade Caribbean/Latin American Action 1818 N Street, NW Suite 310 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-466-7464 Fax: 202-822-0075 TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings, and Public Announcements. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page at http://travel.state.gov. Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad are on the internet and hard copies can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250. Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call 202-647-4000. Passport information can be obtained by calling the National Passport Information Center's automated system ($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute). The number is 1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of $4.95) may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648). It also is available on the internet. Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800. Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal holidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see Principal Government Officials listing in this publication). U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas are encouraged to register at the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country (see Principal U.S. Embassy Officials listing in this publication). This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency. Further Electronic Information Department of State Foreign Affairs Network. Available on the Internet, DOSFAN provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information. Updated daily, DOSFAN includes Background Notes; daily press briefings; Country Commercial Guides; directories of key officers of Foreign Service posts; etc. DOSFAN's World Wide Web site is at http://www.state.gov. U.S. Foreign Affairs on CD-ROM (USFAC). Published on an annual basis by the U.S. Department of State, USFAC archives information on the Department of State Foreign Affairs Network, and includes an array of official foreign policy information from 1990 to the present. Contact the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order, call (202) 512-1800 or fax (202) 512-2250. National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information. [end of document]
US Department Of State Background Note Antigua And Barbuda history antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ( stone people ) whosesettlements date and the Eastern Caribbean s regional Security System (RSS). http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0159/$fi
Extractions: U.S. Department of State Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda November 2003 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda Geography Area: Antigua281 sq. km. (108 sq. mi.); Barbuda161 sq. km. (62 sq. mi.). Cities: CapitalSt. John's (pop. 30,000). Terrain: Generally low-lying, with highest elevation 405 m. (1,330 ft.). Climate: Tropical maritime. People Nationality: Noun and adjectiveAntiguan(s), Barbudan(s). Population (2001 Antiguan census): 75,401. Annual population growth rate (1999): 1.1%. Ethnic groups: Almost entirely of African origin; some of British, Portuguese, and Levantine Arab origin. Religions: Principally Anglican, with evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic minorities. Language: English. Education: Years compulsory9. Literacyabout 90%. Health: Life expectancy71 yrs. male; 75 yrs. female. Infant mortality rate 18/1,000. Work force (31,300): Commerce and services, agriculture, other industry. Unemployment (Labor Commission est. 2002): 11-13%. Government Type: Constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style Parliament. Constitution: 1981. Independence: November 1, 1981. Branches: Executivegovernor general (representing Queen Elizabeth II, head of state), prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. Legislativea 17-member Senate appointed by the Governor General (mainly on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition) and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. Judicialmagistrate's courts, Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (High Court and Court of Appeals, Privy Council in London). Administrative subdivisions: Six parishes and two dependencies (Barbuda and Redonda). Political parties: Antigua Labor Party (ALP, incumbent), United Progressive Party (UPP), Barbuda People's Movement (BPM). Suffrage: Universal at 18. Economy GDP ( 2002): $710 million. GDP growth rate (2002): 2.7%. Per capita GDP (est. 2000): $9,690. Natural resources: Negligible. Agriculture (2001, 4% of GDP): Productscotton, livestock, vegetables, and pineapples. Services: Tourism, banking, and other financial services. Trade (est. 2001): Exports$17 million Trade partners (2000): OECS (24%), U.S. (10%), Trinidad and Tobago (7%), Barbados (21%). Imports $375 millionU.S. (27%), U.K. (10%), OECS (1%). HISTORY Antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ("stone people") whose settlements date at least to 2400 BC. The Arawaks who originated in Venezuela and gradually migrated up the chain of islands now called the Lesser Antilles succeeded the Siboney. The warlike Carib people drove the Arawaks from neighboring islands but apparently did not settle on either Antigua or Barbuda. Christopher Columbus landed on the islands in 1493 naming the larger one "Santa Maria de la Antigua." The English colonized the islands in 1632. Sir Christopher Codrington established the first large sugar estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased Barbuda to raise provisions for his plantations. Barbuda's only town is named after him. Codrington and others brought slaves from Africa's west coast to work the plantations. Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834 but remained economically dependent on the plantation owners. Economic opportunities for the new freedmen were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit, and an economy built on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a royal commission urged the formation of a trade union movement. The Antigua Trades and Labor Union, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for Vere Cornwall Bird who became the union's president in 1943. The Antigua Labor Party (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections and became the majority party in 1951 beginning a long history of electoral victories. Voted out of office in the 1971 general elections that swept the progressive labor movement into power, Bird and the ALP returned to office in 1976 and the party has won renewed mandates in every subsequent election. During elections in March 1994, power passed from Vere Bird to his son, Lester Bird. In the last elections in March 1999, the ALP gained a 12-seat majority, while the opposition United Progressive Party (UPP) led by Baldwin Spencer retained four seats, and the Barbuda People's Movement (BPM) retained one seat. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet. Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature: a 17-member Senate appointed by the governor general mainly on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House and conducts affairs of state with the cabinet. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament. Elections must be held at least every 5 years but may be called by the prime minister at any time. National elections are anticipated to occur prior to March of 2004.Antigua and Barbuda has a multiparty political system with a long history of hard-fought elections, two of which have resulted in peaceful changes of government. The opposition, however, claims to be disadvantaged by the ruling party's longstanding monopoly on patronage and its control of the electronic media. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the eastern Caribbean court system. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. Principal Government Officials Chief of StateQueen Elizabeth II Governor GeneralSir James Carlisle Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign AffairsLester Bryant Bird Ambassador to the U.S. and the OASLionel A. Hurst Ambassador to the United NationsPatrick Albert Lewis Antigua and Barbuda maintain an embassy in the United States at 3216 New Mexico Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016 (tel. 202-362-5122). ECONOMY Antigua and Barbuda's economy is service-based, with tourism, financial and government services representing the key sources of employment and income. Tourism also is the principal earner of foreign exchange in Antigua and Barbuda. However, a series of violent hurricanes since 1995 resulted in serious damage to tourist infrastructure and periods of sharp reductions in visitor numbers. Antigua and Barbuda's tourist sector continues to recover from past hurricanes and a downfall in numbers after the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. In 2002, more than half a million tourists visited Antigua and Barbuda, the majority from Europe and the U.S. Cruise ship arrivals numbered over 300,000, more than half the total number of arrivals. Tourism receipts totaled $240 million in 2002. The economy grew at a rate of 2.7% in 2002. To lessen its vulnerability to natural disasters, Antigua has sought to diversify its economy. Transportation, communications, and financial services are becoming important. Antigua is a member of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). All members of the ECCU share a common currency issued by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB). The ECCB also manages monetary policy, and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in its member countries. Antigua and Barbuda is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. In 2001, its exports totaled $17 million, of which 22% went to the U.S. Antigua and Barbuda imported 28.5% of its goods from the U.S. Overall, imports totaled $335 million in 2001. It also belongs to the predominantly English-speaking Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). FOREIGN RELATIONS Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighboring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS). As a member of CARICOM, Antigua and Barbuda supported efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of Haiti's de facto authorities from power. The country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force, which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994. U.S.-ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA RELATIONS The United States has maintained friendly relations with Antigua and Barbuda since its independence. The United States has supported the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of living. However, concerns over the lack of adequate regulation of the financial services sector prompted the U.S. Government to issue a financial advisory for Antigua and Barbuda in 1999. The advisory was lifted in 2001, but the U.S. Government continues to monitor the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's regulation of financial services. The U.S. also has been active in supporting post-hurricane disaster assistance and rehabilitation through USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Peace Corps. U.S. assistance is primarily channeled through multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), and through the newly opened USAID satellite office in Bridgetown, Barbados. In addition, Antigua and Barbuda receives counter-narcotics assistance and benefits from U.S. military exercise-related and humanitarian civic assistance construction projects. Antigua and Barbuda is strategically situated in the Leeward Islands near maritime transport lanes of major importance to the United States. Antigua has long hosted a U.S. military presence. The former U.S. Navy support facility, turned over to the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1995, is now being developed as a regional Coast Guard training facility. The U.S. Space Command continues to maintain a space-tracking facility on Antigua. The U.S. embassy in Antigua closed on June 30, 1994. Antigua and Barbuda's location close to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico makes it an attractive transshipment point for narcotics traffickers. To address these problems, the U.S. and Antigua and Barbuda have signed a series of counter-narcotic and counter-crime treaties and agreements, including a maritime law enforcement agreement (1995), subsequently amended to include overflight and order-to-land provisions (1996); a bilateral extradition treaty (1996); and a mutual legal assistance treaty (1996). In 2002, Antigua and Barbuda had 198,000 stay-over visitors, with over 60,000 from the United States. It is estimated that 4,500 Americans reside in the country. Principal U.S. Embassy Officials Ambassador(vacant) Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.Marcia Bernicat Political/Economic OfficerPaul Belmont Consular OfficerRobert Fretz Regional Labor Attaché(vacant) Economic-Commercial AffairsViki Limaye Public Affairs OfficerKathleen Boyle Peace Corps DirectorEarl Phillips (resident in St. Lucia) The United States maintains no official presence in Antigua. The ambassador and embassy officers are resident in Barbados and travel to Antigua frequently. However, a U.S. consular agent resident in Antigua assists U.S. citizens in Antigua and Barbuda. The U.S. embassy in Barbados is located in the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (tel: 246-436-4950; fax: 246-429-5246). Consular Agent, Juliet Ryder, Hospital Hill, English Harbor, Antigua, Tel: (268) 463-6531. Other Contact Information U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Trade Information Center 14th and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20230 Caribbean/Latin American Action 1818 N Street, NW Suite 310 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-466-7464 Fax: 202-822-0075 Eastern Caribbean American Chamber of Commerce P.O. Box 111 St. Michael, Barbados Tel: 246-436-9493 Fax: 246-9494 Email: ecamcham@cariaccess.com Website: www.ecamcham.org TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings, and Public Announcements. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page: http://travel.state.gov. Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad are on the internet and hard copies can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250. Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call 202-647-4000. Passport information can be obtained by calling the National Passport Information Center's automated system ($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute). The number is1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of $4.95) may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648). It also is available on the internet. Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800. Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal holidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government Officials" listing in this publication). U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas are encouraged to register at the Consular section of the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country by filling out a short form and sending in a copy of their passports. This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency. Further Electronic Information Department of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes; daily press briefings; Country Commercial Guides; directories of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information. *********************************************************** See http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/ for all Background notes ************************************************************ To change your subscription, go to http://www.state.gov/www/listservs_cms.html
Caribbean Construction Contractor - Who We Are runways in Belize and then antigua followed by a small contract in Montserrat . regional history Following its first Caribbean contract in Cayman in http://www.johnstonint.com/content/view/22/42/
Extractions: contact ), goes back ten years when Johnston International Ltd. was purchased from the Johnston PLC (UK) group by BHI (Belize Holdings Inc) in October 1994. BHI is a multi-national conglomerate whose Chairman is Lord Michael Ashcroft. Subsequently, as part of a management buyout, in May 1999 Johnston International Ltd was purchased by Oxford Ventures Ltd. Prior to 1994 what is now known as Johnston International was operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Johnston Group PLC, a publicly traded UK company founded in 1904. The construction company of the group was established in 1924. Until 1971 Johnston International was called Hadsphaltic and in fact the regional office in the Caymans is still called Hadsphaltic International Ltd (
History Barbados (CPC) (Also directly served by this office antigua and Barbuda, The following regional and subregional centers are under the technical and http://www.unesco.org/archives/guide/uk/paho/historique.htm
Extractions: Brief administrative history The International Sanitary Bureau, precursor of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, was established by the First General International Sanitary Convention of the American Republics held in Washington, DC., in 1902. The Bureau, "according to the resolutions adopted", consisted of a board of seven health officials, residing in five countries, who were assigned the responsibility for the receipt and distribution of information on health conditions in the American Republics and to formulate sanitary agreements and regulations so that quarantine requirements would be reduced to a minimum in respect of cholera, yellow fever, bubonic plaque, smallpox and "any other serious pestilential outbreak". These functions and responsibilities were adopted both by the Second Conference of American States (1901) and by the First General International Sanitary Convention. Five other international sanitary conferences held in the Americas between 1902 and 1920 approved resolutions to the effect that the Bureau would undertake the investigation of outbreaks of communicable diseases, the facilitation of commerce through the improvement of sanitary conditions in the sea-ports of the American Republics, through sewage disposal, drainage of the soil, and the destruction of mosquitoes and other vermin. However, resources available at the time in terms of staff, office space, travel and other expenses were not appropriate to allow compliance with these Conference resolutions.
