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Antigua & Barbuda Geography: more detail

Antigua and Barbuda Geography Introduction: All Saints, Antigua and Barbuda
Geography of Antigua and Barbuda: Great Bird Island, Antigua, Betty's Hope, Prickly Pear Island, Cape Shirley, Guadeloupe Passage
Antigua and Barbuda: Webster's Timeline History, 1493 - 2007 by Icon Group International, 2009-05-01
Jamaica bound? Marine resources and management at a crossroads in Antigua and Barbuda.(Report): An article from: The Geographical Journal by Liam M. Carr, William D. Heyman, 2009-03-01
Plants, animals, and man in the outer Leeward Islands, West Indies;: An ecological study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla, (University of California publications in Geography) by David R Harris, 1965
The vegetation of Antigua and Barbuda, Leeward Islands, the West Indies by David R Harris, 1960

lists with details

World Factbook 2000 [A] - ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (by The CIA)
antigua and barbuda geography. Location Caribbean, islands between the CaribbeanSea and the North Atlantic Ocean, eastsoutheast of Puerto Rico
http://www.authorama.com/world-2000-a-9.html

Extractions: Public Domain Books Background: The islands of Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981. Some 3,000 refugees fleeing a volcanic eruption on nearby Montserrat have settled in Antigua and Barbuda since 1995. Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico Geographic coordinates: 17 03 N, 61 48 W Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total: 442 sq km (Antigua 281 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km) land: 442 sq km water: sq km note: includes Redonda Area - comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: km Coastline: 153 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Terrain: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas
Country Information - CountryReports.org
Water Area 0 sq km Highest Point Boggy Peak 402 m Lowest Point Caribbean Sea0 m » Additional antigua and barbuda geography Information
http://www.countryreports.org/country.aspx?countryid=9&countryName=Antigua and B
The World Factbook Page On Antigua And Barbuda, Section: Geography
antigua and barbuda. (½ Thumbnail of Flag). geography. Location Caribbean,islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, eastsoutheast
http://www.dlhoffman.com/publiclibrary/factbook96/factbook/ac-l.htm
A Virtual Travel To Antigua And Barbuda - Destination Antigua And Barbuda
antigua and barbuda facts Official web sites of antigua and barbuda, links andinformation on art, culture, geography, history, travel and tourism, cities,
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/antigua_barbuda.htm

Extractions: Beside a country profile with facts and figures, the page contains links to sources which provide you with all the information you need to know about this Caribbean island nation, e.g.: official web sites of Antigua and Barbuda, country guides with extensive travel and tourism information on accomodation, tourist attractions, events and more like weather information, maps, statistics and local newspapers from Antigua and Barbuda.
Antigua And Barbuda - Info People Map Flag Economy Cities Populaction Government
Home antigua and barbuda. Select a Link to view description. antigua and barbudaCommunications antigua and barbuda GDP antigua and barbuda geography
http://www.pairgain.com/worldinfo/Description-Antigua_and_Barbuda.html
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Geography Population Map City And Cities Coordinates Locatio
Geographical database, places and cities in the whole world.
http://www.tageo.com/index-e-ac.htm

Extractions: Tageo.com provides information about 2,667,417 cities in the whole world !! Facts Antigua and barbuda Airport informations Weather Stations Major mountains Population of major cities Population Land Area Capital Saint John's Currency East Caribbean dollar (XCD) Latitude / Longitude 17 03 N, 61 48 W Antigua and barbuda general
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (GENERAL) ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Geography Population Map City
Geographical database, places and cities in the whole world.
http://www.tageo.com/index-e-ac-v-00.htm

Extractions: Tageo.com provides information about 2,667,417 cities in the whole world !! Facts Antigua and barbuda Airport informations Weather Stations Major mountains Population of major cities Population Land Area Capital Saint John's Currency East Caribbean dollar (XCD) Latitude / Longitude 17 03 N, 61 48 W All saints
Resources From Www.BiologyBrowser.org
Home geography Central America West Indies antigua and barbuda Checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of antigua and barbuda
http://www.biologybrowser.org/bb/Geography/Central_America/West_Indies/Antigua_a
Antigua And Barbuda - Wikitravel
antigua and barbuda are two Caribbean islands that form a country that liesbetween the Caribbean geography. Geographic coordinates 17 03 N, 61 48 W
http://wikitravel.org/en/Antigua_and_Barbuda

Extractions: land: 442 sq km Population 67,448 (July 2002 est.) Language English (official), local dialects Religion Christian, (predominantly Anglican with other Protestant, and some Roman Catholic) Antigua and Barbuda are two Caribbean islands that form a country that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico , off the coast of Central America . With few other natural resources, the islands have a pleasant climate that fosters tourism. Map of Antigua and Barbuda Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Regions
Antigua And Barbuda Geography
geography of antigua and barbuda. source CIA World Fact Book 1997. LocationCaribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,
http://www.postcolonialweb.org/caribbean/antigua/geography.html

Extractions: Location : Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico Geographic coordinates : 17 03 N, 61 48 W Map references : Central America and the Caribbean Area Area - comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries : km Coastline : 153 km Maritime claims Climate : tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Terrain : mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas Elevation extremes Natural resources : negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism Land use: Irrigated land: NA sq km Natural hazards : hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts
Antigua And Barbuda Geography
antigua and barbuda geography covering natural resources, climate, location, and more.
http://www.countryfacts.com/antiguaandbarbuda/geography/

Extractions: Market (2002) Antigua and Barbuda Geography Overview Geography People Government ... Transnational Issues Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico Geographic coordinates: 17 03 N, 61 48 W Map references: central america and the caribbean Area: total: 443 sq km (Antigua 280 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km)
Antigua And Barbuda
antigua And barbuda Travel geography Caribbean antigua And barbuda Landmark Visitors Guide to antigua barbuda (antigua and barbuda, 1st Ed)
http://www.bookfinder.us/Travel___Geography/Caribbean/Antigua_and_Barbuda.html
US Department Of State Background Note Antigua And Barbuda
barbuda geography Area antigua281 sq. km. (108 sq. mi.); barbuda161 sq.km. antigua and barbuda has a bicameral legislature a 17member Senate
http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0159/$fi

Extractions: U.S. Department of State Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda November 2003 PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda Geography Area: Antigua281 sq. km. (108 sq. mi.); Barbuda161 sq. km. (62 sq. mi.). Cities: CapitalSt. John's (pop. 30,000). Terrain: Generally low-lying, with highest elevation 405 m. (1,330 ft.). Climate: Tropical maritime. People Nationality: Noun and adjectiveAntiguan(s), Barbudan(s). Population (2001 Antiguan census): 75,401. Annual population growth rate (1999): 1.1%. Ethnic groups: Almost entirely of African origin; some of British, Portuguese, and Levantine Arab origin. Religions: Principally Anglican, with evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic minorities. Language: English. Education: Years compulsory9. Literacyabout 90%. Health: Life expectancy71 yrs. male; 75 yrs. female. Infant mortality rate 18/1,000. Work force (31,300): Commerce and services, agriculture, other industry. Unemployment (Labor Commission est. 2002): 11-13%. Government Type: Constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style Parliament. Constitution: 1981. Independence: November 1, 1981. Branches: Executivegovernor general (representing Queen Elizabeth II, head of state), prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. Legislativea 17-member Senate appointed by the Governor General (mainly on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition) and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. Judicialmagistrate's courts, Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (High Court and Court of Appeals, Privy Council in London). Administrative subdivisions: Six parishes and two dependencies (Barbuda and Redonda). Political parties: Antigua Labor Party (ALP, incumbent), United Progressive Party (UPP), Barbuda People's Movement (BPM). Suffrage: Universal at 18. Economy GDP ( 2002): $710 million. GDP growth rate (2002): 2.7%. Per capita GDP (est. 2000): $9,690. Natural resources: Negligible. Agriculture (2001, 4% of GDP): Productscotton, livestock, vegetables, and pineapples. Services: Tourism, banking, and other financial services. Trade (est. 2001): Exports$17 million Trade partners (2000): OECS (24%), U.S. (10%), Trinidad and Tobago (7%), Barbados (21%). Imports $375 millionU.S. (27%), U.K. (10%), OECS (1%). HISTORY Antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ("stone people") whose settlements date at least to 2400 BC. The Arawaks who originated in Venezuela and gradually migrated up the chain of islands now called the Lesser Antilles succeeded the Siboney. The warlike Carib people drove the Arawaks from neighboring islands but apparently did not settle on either Antigua or Barbuda. Christopher Columbus landed on the islands in 1493 naming the larger one "Santa Maria de la Antigua." The English colonized the islands in 1632. Sir Christopher Codrington established the first large sugar estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased Barbuda to raise provisions for his plantations. Barbuda's only town is named after him. Codrington and others brought slaves from Africa's west coast to work the plantations. Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834 but remained economically dependent on the plantation owners. Economic opportunities for the new freedmen were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit, and an economy built on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a royal commission urged the formation of a trade union movement. The Antigua Trades and Labor Union, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for Vere Cornwall Bird who became the union's president in 1943. The Antigua Labor Party (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections and became the majority party in 1951 beginning a long history of electoral victories. Voted out of office in the 1971 general elections that swept the progressive labor movement into power, Bird and the ALP returned to office in 1976 and the party has won renewed mandates in every subsequent election. During elections in March 1994, power passed from Vere Bird to his son, Lester Bird. In the last elections in March 1999, the ALP gained a 12-seat majority, while the opposition United Progressive Party (UPP) led by Baldwin Spencer retained four seats, and the Barbuda People's Movement (BPM) retained one seat. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet. Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature: a 17-member Senate appointed by the governor general mainly on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House and conducts affairs of state with the cabinet. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament. Elections must be held at least every 5 years but may be called by the prime minister at any time. National elections are anticipated to occur prior to March of 2004.Antigua and Barbuda has a multiparty political system with a long history of hard-fought elections, two of which have resulted in peaceful changes of government. The opposition, however, claims to be disadvantaged by the ruling party's longstanding monopoly on patronage and its control of the electronic media. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the eastern Caribbean court system. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. Principal Government Officials Chief of StateQueen Elizabeth II Governor GeneralSir James Carlisle Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign AffairsLester Bryant Bird Ambassador to the U.S. and the OASLionel A. Hurst Ambassador to the United NationsPatrick Albert Lewis Antigua and Barbuda maintain an embassy in the United States at 3216 New Mexico Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016 (tel. 202-362-5122). ECONOMY Antigua and Barbuda's economy is service-based, with tourism, financial and government services representing the key sources of employment and income. Tourism also is the principal earner of foreign exchange in Antigua and Barbuda. However, a series of violent hurricanes since 1995 resulted in serious damage to tourist infrastructure and periods of sharp reductions in visitor numbers. Antigua and Barbuda's tourist sector continues to recover from past hurricanes and a downfall in numbers after the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. In 2002, more than half a million tourists visited Antigua and Barbuda, the majority from Europe and the U.S. Cruise ship arrivals numbered over 300,000, more than half the total number of arrivals. Tourism receipts totaled $240 million in 2002. The economy grew at a rate of 2.7% in 2002. To lessen its vulnerability to natural disasters, Antigua has sought to diversify its economy. Transportation, communications, and financial services are becoming important. Antigua is a member of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). All members of the ECCU share a common currency issued by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB). The ECCB also manages monetary policy, and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in its member countries. Antigua and Barbuda is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. In 2001, its exports totaled $17 million, of which 22% went to the U.S. Antigua and Barbuda imported 28.5% of its goods from the U.S. Overall, imports totaled $335 million in 2001. It also belongs to the predominantly English-speaking Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). FOREIGN RELATIONS Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighboring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS). As a member of CARICOM, Antigua and Barbuda supported efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of Haiti's de facto authorities from power. The country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force, which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994. U.S.-ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA RELATIONS The United States has maintained friendly relations with Antigua and Barbuda since its independence. The United States has supported the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of living. However, concerns over the lack of adequate regulation of the financial services sector prompted the U.S. Government to issue a financial advisory for Antigua and Barbuda in 1999. The advisory was lifted in 2001, but the U.S. Government continues to monitor the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's regulation of financial services. The U.S. also has been active in supporting post-hurricane disaster assistance and rehabilitation through USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Peace Corps. U.S. assistance is primarily channeled through multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), and through the newly opened USAID satellite office in Bridgetown, Barbados. In addition, Antigua and Barbuda receives counter-narcotics assistance and benefits from U.S. military exercise-related and humanitarian civic assistance construction projects. Antigua and Barbuda is strategically situated in the Leeward Islands near maritime transport lanes of major importance to the United States. Antigua has long hosted a U.S. military presence. The former U.S. Navy support facility, turned over to the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1995, is now being developed as a regional Coast Guard training facility. The U.S. Space Command continues to maintain a space-tracking facility on Antigua. The U.S. embassy in Antigua closed on June 30, 1994. Antigua and Barbuda's location close to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico makes it an attractive transshipment point for narcotics traffickers. To address these problems, the U.S. and Antigua and Barbuda have signed a series of counter-narcotic and counter-crime treaties and agreements, including a maritime law enforcement agreement (1995), subsequently amended to include overflight and order-to-land provisions (1996); a bilateral extradition treaty (1996); and a mutual legal assistance treaty (1996). In 2002, Antigua and Barbuda had 198,000 stay-over visitors, with over 60,000 from the United States. It is estimated that 4,500 Americans reside in the country. Principal U.S. Embassy Officials Ambassador(vacant) Chargé d'Affaires, a.i.Marcia Bernicat Political/Economic OfficerPaul Belmont Consular OfficerRobert Fretz Regional Labor Attaché(vacant) Economic-Commercial AffairsViki Limaye Public Affairs OfficerKathleen Boyle Peace Corps DirectorEarl Phillips (resident in St. Lucia) The United States maintains no official presence in Antigua. The ambassador and embassy officers are resident in Barbados and travel to Antigua frequently. However, a U.S. consular agent resident in Antigua assists U.S. citizens in Antigua and Barbuda. The U.S. embassy in Barbados is located in the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (tel: 246-436-4950; fax: 246-429-5246). Consular Agent, Juliet Ryder, Hospital Hill, English Harbor, Antigua, Tel: (268) 463-6531. Other Contact Information U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Trade Information Center 14th and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20230 Caribbean/Latin American Action 1818 N Street, NW Suite 310 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-466-7464 Fax: 202-822-0075 Eastern Caribbean American Chamber of Commerce P.O. Box 111 St. Michael, Barbados Tel: 246-436-9493 Fax: 246-9494 Email: ecamcham@cariaccess.com Website: www.ecamcham.org TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings, and Public Announcements. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page: http://travel.state.gov. Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad are on the internet and hard copies can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250. Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call 202-647-4000. Passport information can be obtained by calling the National Passport Information Center's automated system ($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute). The number is1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of $4.95) may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648). It also is available on the internet. Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800. Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal holidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government Officials" listing in this publication). U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas are encouraged to register at the Consular section of the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country by filling out a short form and sending in a copy of their passports. This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency. Further Electronic Information Department of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes; daily press briefings; Country Commercial Guides; directories of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information. *********************************************************** See http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/ for all Background notes ************************************************************ To change your subscription, go to http://www.state.gov/www/listservs_cms.html
[IMAGE] Bureau Of Western Hemisphere Affairs August 2004
PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME antigua and barbuda geography Area antigua281 sq. km.(108 sq. mi.); barbuda161 sq. km. (62 sq. mi.).
http://commercecan.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/BNOTES_0155/$fi

Extractions: [IMAGE] Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs August 2004 Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda Flag of Antigua and Barbuda is red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band. 2004. PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda Geography Area: Antigua281 sq. km. (108 sq. mi.); Barbuda161 sq. km. (62 sq. mi.). Cities: CapitalSt. John's (pop. 30,000).Terrain: Generally low-lying, with highest elevation 405 m. (1,330 ft.). Climate: Tropical maritime. People Nationality: Noun and adjectiveAntiguan(s), Barbudan(s). Population (2001 Antiguan census): 75,401. Annual population growth rate (1999): 1.1%. EEthnic groups: Almost entirely of African origin; some of British, Portuguese, and Levantine Arab origin. Religions: Principally Anglican, with evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic minorities. Language: English. Education: Years compulsory9. Literacyabout 90%. Health: Life expectancy71 yrs. male; 75 yrs. female. Infant mortality rate18/1,000. Work force (31,300): Commerce and services, agriculture, other industry. Unemployment (Labor Commission est. 2002): 11-13%. Government Type: Constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style Parliament. Constitution: 1981. Independence: November 1, 1981. Branches: Executivegovernor general (representing Queen Elizabeth II, head of state), prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. Legiislativea 17-member Senate appointed by the governor general (mainly on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition) and a 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives. Judicialmagistrate's courts, Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (High Court and Court of Appeals, Privy Council in London). Administrative subdivisions: Six parishes and two dependencies (Barbuda and Redonda). Political parties: Antigua Labor Party (ALP, incumbent), United Progressive Party (UPP), Barbuda People's Movement (BPM). Suffrage: Universal at 18. Economy GDP (2002): $710 million. GDP growth rate (2002): 2.7%. Per capita GDP (est. 2000): $9,690. Natural resources: Negligible. Agriculture (2001, 4% of GDP): Productscotton, livestock, vegetables, and pineapples. Services: Tourism, banking, and other financial services. Trade (est. 22001): Exports$17 million. Trade partners (2000)OECS (24%), U.S. (10%), Trinidad and Tobago (7%), Barbados (21%). Imports$375 million. Trade partnersU.S. (27%), U.K. (10%), OECS (1%). HISTORY Antigua was first inhabited by the Siboney ("stone people") whose settlements date at least to 2400 BC. The Arawakswho originated in Venezuela and gradually migrated up the chain of islands now called the Lesser Antillessucceeded the Sibboney. The warlike Carib people drove the Arawaks from neighboring islands but apparently did not settle on either Antigua or Barbuda. Christopher Columbus landed on the islands in 1493, naming the larger one "Santa Maria de la Antigua." The English colonized the islands in 1632. Sir Christopher Codrington established the first large sugar estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased Barbuda to raise provisions for his plantations. Barbuda's only town is named after him. Codrington and others brought slaves from Africa's west coast to work the plantations. Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834 but remained economically dependent on the plantation owners. Economic opportunities for the new freedmen were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit, and an economy built on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a royal commission urged the formation of a trade union movement. The Antigua Trades and Labor Union, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for Vere Cornwall Bird, who became the union's president in 1943. The Antigua Labor Party (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections and became the majority party in 1951, beginning a long history of electoral victories. Voted out of office in the 1971 general elections that swept the progressive labor movement into power, Bird and the ALP returned to office in 1976, winning renewed mandates in every subsequent election under Vere Birds leadership until 1994 and also under the leadership of his son, Lester Bird, up until March 2004, when the ALP lost power in national elections. In the last elections on March 23, 2004, the United Progressive Party (UPP) gained a 13-seat majority, while the opposition, now led by Robin Yearwood, retained four seats. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet. Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature: a 17-member Senate appointed by the governor generalmainly on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the oppositionand a 17-member popularly elected House of Reprresentatives. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House and conducts affairs of state with the cabinet. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament. Elections must be held at least every 5 years but may be called by the prime minister at any time. National elections were last held on March 23, 2004. Antigua and Barbuda has a multiparty political system with a long history of hard-fought elections, three of which have resulted in peaceful changes of government. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the eastern Caribbean court system. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. Principal Government Officials Chief of StateQueen Elizabeth II Governor GeneralSir James Carlisle Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign AffairsWinston Baldwiin Spencer Ambassador to the U.S. and the OASvacant Ambassador to the United NationsJohn Ashe Antigua and Barbuda maintain an embassy in the United States at 3216 New Mexico Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016 (tel. 202-362-5122). ECONOMY Antigua and Barbuda's economy is service-based, with tourism, financial, and government services representing the key sources of employment and income. Tourism also is the principal earner of foreign exchange in Antigua and Barbuda. However, a series of violent hurricanes since 1995 resulted in serious damage to tourist infrastructure and periods of sharp reductions in visitor numbers. Antigua and Barbuda's tourist sector continues to recover from past hurricanes and a downfall in numbers after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. In 2002, more than half a million tourists visited Antigua and Barbuda, the majority from Europe and the U.S. Cruise ship arrivals numbered over 300,000, more than half the total number of arrivals. Tourism receipts totaled $240 million in 2002. The economy grew at a rate of 2.7% in 2002. To lessen its vulnerability to natural disasters, Antigua has sought to diversify its economy. Transportation, communications, and financial services are becoming important. Antigua is a member of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). All members of the ECCU share a common currency issued by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB). The ECCB also manages monetary policy, and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in its member countries. Antigua and Barbuda is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. In 2001, its exports totaled $17 million, of which 22% went to the U.S. Antigua and Barbuda imported 28.5% of its goods from the U.S. Overall, imports totaled $335 million in 2001. It also belongs to the predominantly English-speaking Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). FOREIGN RELATIONS Antigua and Barbuda maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the People's Republic of China, as well as with many Latin American countries and neighboring Eastern Caribbean states. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, and the Eastern Caribbean's Regional Security System (RSS). As a member of CARICOM, Antigua and Barbuda supported efforts by the United States to implement UN Security Council Resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of Haiti's de facto authorities from power. The country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force, which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994. U.S.-ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA RELATIONS The United States has maintained friendly relations with Antigua and Barbuda since its independence. The United States has supported the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of living. However, concerns over the lack of adequate regulation of the financial services sector prompted the U.S. Government to issue a financial advisory for Antigua and Barbuda in 1999. The advisory was lifted in 2001, but the U.S. Government continues to monitor the Government of Antigua and Barbuda's regulation of financial services. The U.S. also has been active in supporting post-hurricane disaster assistance and rehabilitation through the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Peace Corps. U.S. assistance is primarily channeled through multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), and through the newly opened USAID satellite office in Bridgetown, Barbados. In addition, Antigua and Barbuda receives counter-narcotics assistance and benefits from U.S. military exercise-related and humanitarian civic assistance construction projects. Antigua and Barbuda is strategically situated in the Leeward Islands near maritime transport lanes of major importance to the United States. Antigua has long hosted a U.S. military presence. The former U.S. Navy support facility, turned over to the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1995, is now being developed as a regional Coast Guard training facility. The U.S. Space Command continues to maintain a space-tracking facility on Antigua. The U.S. Embassy in Antigua closed on June 30, 1994. Antigua and Barbuda's location close to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico makes it an attractive transshipment point for narcotics traffickers. To address these problems, the U.S. and Antigua and Barbuda have signed a series of counter-narcotic and counter-crime treaties and agreements, including a maritime law enforcement agreement (1995), subsequently amended to include overflight and order-to-land provisions (1996); a bilateral extradition treaty (1996); and a mutual legal assistance treaty (1996). In 2002, Antigua and Barbuda had 198,000 stay-over visitors, with over 60,000 from the United States. It is estimated that 4,500 Americans reside in the country. Principal U.S. Embassy Officials AmbassadorMary E. Kramer Deputy Chief of MissionMeg Gilroy Politicall/Economic CounselorPaul Belmont Consul GeneralBob Fretz Regional Labor AttachéAl Anzaldua Economic-Commercial AffairsJohn Ashworth Public Affairs OfficerJulie O'Reagan Peace Corps DirectorEarl Phillips The United States maintains no official presence in Antigua. The Ambassador and Embassy officers are resident in Barbados and travel to Antigua frequently. However, a U.S. consular agent resident in Antigua assists U.S. citizens in Antigua and Barbuda. The U.S. Embassy in Barbados is located in the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (tel: 246-436-4950; fax: 246-429-5246). Consular Agent Juliet Ryder is located at Hospital Hill, English Harbor, Antigua, tel: (268) 463-6531. Other Contact Information U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Trade Information Center 14th and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20230 Caribbean/Latin American Action 1818 N Street, NW Suite 310 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-466-7464 Fax: 202-822-0075 Eastern Caribbean American Chamber of Commerce P.O. Box 111 St. Michael, Barbados Tel: 246-436-9493 Fax: 246-9494 Email: ecamcham@cariaccess.com Website: www.ecamcham.org TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings, and Public Announcements. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page: http://travel.state.gov. Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad are on the internet and hard copies can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250. Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call 202-647-4000. The National Passport Information Center (NPIC) is the U.S. Department of State's single, centralized public contact center for U.S. passport information. Telephone: 1-877-4USA-PPT (1-877-487-2778). Customer service representatives and operators for TDD/TTY are available Monday-Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time, excluding federal holidays. Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747) and a web site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800. Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal holidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government Officials" listing in this publication). U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas are encouraged to register at the Consular section of the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country by filling out a short form and sending in a copy of their passports. This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency. Further Electronic Information Department of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes; daily press briefings; Country Commercial Guides; directories of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information.
Article About "Antigua And Barbuda" In The English Wikipedia On 24-Apr-2004
Main article geography of antigua and barbuda. Map of antigua and barbuda.The country consists of a number of islands, of which antigua is the largest one
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Extractions: The Antigua and Barbuda reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference : snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org) Antigua and Barbuda is an island nation located in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean Antigua and Barbuda are part of the Lesser Antilles with the island of Guadeloupe to the south, Montserrat to the southwest, Saint Kitts and Nevis to the west and Saint Barthélemy to the northwest. Antigua and Barbuda In Detail Full size National motto 8 External links Main article: History of Antigua and Barbuda The Siboney were the first to inhabit the islands of Antigua and Barbuda in 2400 BC , but Arawak and Carib Amerindian tribes populated the islands when Christopher Columbus landed on his second voyage in . Early settlements by the Spanish and French were succeeded by the English who formed a colony in Slavery , established to run the sugar plantations on Antigua, was abolished in
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Antigua And Barbuda Facts From ALS International
antigua and barbuda, geography, Top of Page antigua and barbuda was listedas a tax haven by the OECD in 2000. The dual island nation s agricultural
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Extractions: Antigua and Barbuda Introduction Geography People Government ... Country List Antigua and Barbuda Introduction Top of Page Background: The islands of Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981. Some 3,000 refugees fleeing a volcanic eruption on nearby Montserrat have settled in Antigua and Barbuda since 1995. Antigua and Barbuda Geography Top of Page Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico Geographic coordinates: 17 03 N, 61 48 W Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total: 442 sq km (Antigua 281 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km) land: 442 sq km water: sq km note: includes Redonda Area - comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: km Coastline: 153 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Terrain: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas
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Antigua And Barbuda
antigua and barbuda, Flag of antigua and barbuda. Introduction geography PeopleGovernment Economy antigua and barbuda, geography, Top of Page
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Extractions: Antigua and Barbuda Introduction Top of Page Background: The islands of Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981. Some 3,000 refugees fleeing a volcanic eruption on nearby Montserrat have settled in Antigua and Barbuda since 1995. Antigua and Barbuda Geography Top of Page Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico Geographic coordinates: 17 03 N, 61 48 W Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total: 442 sq km (Antigua 281 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km)

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