Geometry.Net - Theorems_And_Conjectures: Paradox

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The Two-Envelope Paradox A Complete Analysis?
Doug Hofstadter introduced me to the twoenvelope paradox in 1988. I will therefore present my own analysis of the paradox below.
http://consc.net/papers/envelope.html

Extractions: Tucson, AZ 85721 chalmers@arizona.edu Doug Hofstadter introduced me to the two-envelope paradox in 1988. This paper corresponds to more or less the position I came up with then. I wrote this up in 1994 after a couple of papers on the subject appeared in Analysis . I never published it, partly because it came to seem to me that this treatment resolves only part of the paradox: it resolves the "numerical" paradox but not the "decision-theoretic" paradox. For a more recent treatment of the decision-theoretic paradox, see The St. Petersburg Two-Envelope Paradox A wealthy eccentric places two envelopes in front of you. She tells you that both envelopes contain money, and that one contains twice as much as the other, but she does not tell you which is which. You are allowed to choose one envelope, and to keep all the money you find inside. This may seem innocuous, but it generates an apparent paradox. Say that you choose envelope 1, and it contains $100. In evaluating your decision, you reason that there is a 50% chance that envelope 2 contains $200, and a 50% chance that it contains $50. In retrospect, you reason, you should have taken envelope 2, as its expected value is $125. If your sponsor offered you the chance to change your decision now, it seems that you should do so. Now, this reasoning is independent of the actual amount in envelope 1, and in fact can be carried out in advance of opening the envelope; it follows that whatever envelope 1 contains, it would be better to choose envelope 2. But the situation with respect to the two envelopes is symmetrical, so the same reasoning tells you that whatever envelope 2 contains, you would do better to choose envelope 1. This seems contradictory. What has gone wrong?
Web Usage Paradox (Alertbox Aug. 1998)
90% of all websites have poor usability so why do users still use the Web (and like it, too)?
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980809.html

Extractions: use it.com Alertbox Aug. 1998 Web usage paradox Jakob Nielsen 's Alertbox for August 9, 1998: The Web is bad; really bad. My estimate is that at least 90% of all commercial websites are overly difficult to use due to problems like: As discussed in my previous column on user testing of websites, the average outcome of Web usability studies is that test users fail when they try to perform a test task on the Web. Thus, when you try something new on the Web, the expected outcome is failure Even when the site works, the total user experience often remains miserable . For example, I recently had to buy a new PC and tried to do so through Dell's website, following my own rule that you must live a "Web lifestyle" yourself if you want to be an Internet pundit. The Dell site had some weaknesses, but it was reasonably easy to use and allowed me to order the desired high-end machine. Three days later I received a confirmation email stating that the machine was expected to ship 6 weeks later. This was obviously not satisfactory: when you order on the Internet, Amazon.com has trained users to expect a confirmation email within a few minutes and the product within a few days, unless the website has warned them about shipping delays.
SPACE.com -- Fermi's Paradox II: What's Blocking Galactic Civilization? Or Are W
Article asking, Could galactic empires exist? and What is keeping advanced extraterrestrials from claiming every star system in sight?
http://www.space.com/searchforlife/shostak_fermi2_011108.html

Extractions: Could galactic empires exist? In a previous article, we noted that there has been plenty of time for aliens keen on colonizing the Milky Way to pull it off. However, we see no signs of galactic federation (" Star Trek " aside). Why does the cosmos look so untouched and unconquered? What is keeping advanced extraterrestrials from claiming every star system in sight? This puzzle, known as the Fermi Paradox , has burned up a lot of cerebrum cycles when scientists tried to reconcile the lack of company with the expectation that there are many advanced alien societies. able > SETI THURSDAY Visit SPACE.com to explore a new SETI feature each Thursday. >>Go to SETI Thursday archive page
Flickr: Doctor Paradox
Flickr is almost certainly the best online photo management and sharing application in the world. Show off your favorite photos to the world, securely and
http://www.flickr.com/people/barb/
Standard Films Paradox
http://www.standardfilms.com/
Working With Paradox
Unofficial resource for tips and tutorials on using this relational database program.
http://ourworld-top.cs.com/perfectstuff/id63.htm
Twin Paradox
The Twin paradox of Einstein is an interesting thought experiment involving A lot of explanations of the twin paradox have claimed that it is necessary
http://mentock.home.mindspring.com/twins.htm

Extractions: Twin Paradox The Twin Paradox of Einstein is an interesting thought experiment involving two twins (who are nearly exactly the same age), one of whom sets out on a journey into space and back. Because of the time dilation effect of relativity, the twin who left experiences a slowing down of time and will actually be much younger than the twin that stayed behind. The reason that this is considered a paradox is that Special Relativity seems to imply that either one can be considered at rest, with the other moving. It does, and it doesn't. The confusion arises not because there are two equally valid inertial rest frames, but (here's the tricky part) because there are three . A lot of explanations of the twin paradox have claimed that it is necessary to include a treatment of accelerations, or involve General Relativity . Not so. The three inertial frames are 1) at-home twin 2) the going-away twin and 3) the coming-back twin. It doesn't make any difference that the last two are physically the same twinthey still define different inertial frames. OK, let's see: Ann stays at home and Bob rockets away at 3/5 light speed. Time dilation is 80%. Bob lets 4 years pass. Bob returns at 3/5 light speed, again taking 4 years. Ann thinks 10 years have passed, and Ann and Bob agree that Bob is two years younger.
EDGE: TIME LOOPS
An interview with Paul Davies, paradox, wormhole, black hole, Newtonian mechanics and quantum computations.
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/davies/davies_index.html

Extractions: printer friendly version Edge 77 As providing an insight into the nature of reality, and the nature of the physical universe, this whole area is really fascinating. I've thought a lot about it over the years, and I'm still undecided as to whether nature could never permit such a crazy thing, or whether yes, these entities, these wormholes, or some other type of gravitational system do at least in principle exist, and in principle one could visit the past, and we have to find some way of avoiding the paradox. Maybe the way is to give up free will. Maybe that's an illusion. Maybe we can't go back and change the past freely. New Reality Club : Joseph Traub, Julian Barbour, Lee Smolin , Gregory Benford TIME LOOPS
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Sanal maÄaza, dershane otomasyonu, barkodlu takip programÄ±.
http://www.paradoxyazilim.com
PARADOXES
Homepage maintained by Franz Kiekeben, containing short essays on wellknown paradoxes, such as Newcomb's paradox.
http://members.aol.com/kiekeben/para.html
Time Travel And Modern Physics
paradox, Cartesian product, closed timelike curves, partial Cauchy surface, acyclic lattice, glancing blow continuations, multiple wormhole traversals, equations and diagrams.
http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/archives/fall2001/entries/time-travel-

Extractions: This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z prima facie Wheeler and Feynman (1949) were the first to claim that the fact that nature is continuous could be used to argue that causal influences from later events to earlier events, as are made possible by time travel, will not lead to paradox without the need for any constraints. Maudlin (1990) showed how to make their argument precise and more general, and argued that nonetheless it was not completely general. Imagine the following set-up. We start off having a camera with a black and white film ready to take a picture of whatever comes out of the time machine. An object, in fact a developed film, comes out of the time machine. We photograph it, and develop the film. The developed film is subsequently put in the time machine, and set to come out of the time machine at the time the picture is taken. This surely will create a paradox: the developed film will have the opposite distribution of black, white, and shades of gray, from the object that comes out of the time machine. For developed black and white films (i.e. negatives) have the opposite shades of gray from the objects they are pictures of. But since the object that comes out of the time machine is the developed film itself it we surely have a paradox.
Alpha Programming: Unknown Package
Guide your spaceship past certain obstacles.
http://www.alpha-programming.co.uk/software/package.php?os=riscos&package=pa
UFO Evidence : Fermi's Paradox
Links to articles and documents explaining or discussing the paradox.
http://www.ufoevidence.org/topics/Fermi.htm

Extractions: UFO Evidence Home General / Overview General / Mass Sightings Physical Evidence ... Radar Cases Special Types of Sightings Pilot Sightings Astronaut Sightings UFO Landings CE-5/Human-Initiated Contact ... Water Related Sightings Major Cases The Phoenix Lights Illinois UFO Sighting Roswell Incident Gulf Breeze Sightings ... Japan Airlines over Alaska Other Cases STS-48 Space Shuttle Video International UFOs in the United Kingdom UFOs in Australia UFOs in Russia UFOs in China ... Scientific Studies Other Topics Public Opinion Polls on UFOs UFO Disclosure Nuclear Facilities and UFOs UFO Waves ... Speed of Light Limit Other / Unsorted Other Unsorted Documents 1 Unsorted Documents 2 Unsorted Documents 3 ...
Tertium Non Data
http://www.livejournal.com/users/girlwithagun/

Extractions: That said... tomorrow is national disaster relief blog day. I think that's pretty appropriate given current events. I'm not sure that I'll be posting tomorrow... and since I was going to update about my thoughts on this whole thing anyways, I'm just going to tack it on here. Please guys... donate a couple bucks to the red cross. Give something, anything to disaster relief for Katrina. We have it, they don't. I know most of us are scratching the edges of our wallets right now for gas money, I know we're worried about the bills. But we're not laying amongst dead bodies in a convention center. We still have our posessions, water-free. We didn't watch our wife/mother slip off the roof and into floodwaters to be lost and presumed dead. We're sitting here, safe, sound, dry... We have it. They don't. Be a credit to humanity, make up for the assholes out there. Give something... even if it's only a prayer or some positive/healing energy.
Tunguska Comet Impact - 1908
_Rus_ _Links_ Event _Danger_ Substance Bibliography Information. Special issue for advanced scientists Edited by Dr. AEZlobin
http://www.orc.ru/~azorcord/

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