The 72 Names On The Eiffel Tower - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Lagrange (Joseph louis Lagrange, mathematician); Belanger ( mathematician (? malus (etiennelouis malus, physicist); Breguet (Abraham louis Breguet, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower
Etienne-Louis Malus -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article etiennelouis malus. Categories French physicists, French mathematicians, etienne-louis malus (July 23, 1775 - February 24, 1812) was a (The Romance http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/E/Et/Etienne-Louis_Malus1.htm
Extractions: Etienne-Louis Malus (July 23, 1775 - February 24, 1812) was a (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French (A person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel) officer (A person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical problems) engineer (A scientist trained in physics) physicist , and (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician Malus was born in (The capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce) Paris (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France . He participated in (French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)) Napoleon's expedition into Egypt, 1798 to 1801. Malus became a member of the French academy of sciences in 1810. His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light. This involved him in studying geometrical systems called ray systems, closely connected to Plücker's line complexes. He conducted experiments to verify Huygens' theories of light and rewrote the theory in analytical form. His discovery of the (The phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration) polarisation of light by reflection was published in 1809 and his theory of (Splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly) double refraction of light in crystals in 1810.
Extractions: (Click link for more info and facts about 130) (Click link for more info and facts about Claudius Ptolemy) Claudius Ptolemy tabulates (The space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians) angle s of (The change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another) refraction for several media,
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Biography Of Malus, Etienne Louis Biographies of people living and dead of all nations. http://www.allbiographies.com/biography-EtienneLouisMalus-20260.html
Etienne-Louis Malus Biography .ms where ? is the angle between the polarisation direction of the incident beam andthe axis of the polariser. deEtienne louis malus slEtiennelouis malus http://etienne-louis-malus.biography.ms/
Extractions: Related Links Etienne-Louis Malus July 23 February 24 ) was a French officer engineer physicist , and mathematician Malus was born in Paris France . He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt to . Malus became a member of the French academy of sciences in His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light. This involved him in studying geometrical systems called ray systems, closely connected to Plücker's line complexes. He conducted experiments to verify Huygens' theories of light and rewrote the theory in analytical form. His discovery of the polarisation of light by reflection was published in 1809 and his theory of double refraction of light in crystals in 1810. He is probably best known now for "Malus' Law", the law giving the intensity produced when a polarizer is placed in front of an incident beam:
Etienne Louis Malus Université Montpellier II etienne louis malus etienne Montucla etienne louis malus (1775-1812). Cette image et la biographie complète en http://ens.math.univ-montp2.fr/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1511
Welcome To Stheno... In 1807 etienne louis malus, a pupil of Charles Fourier, started his investigationsinto the phenomenon of double refraction with calcite confirming the http://www.sthenocorp.com/history_chirality.asp
Extractions: History of Chirality Calcite, or Iceland Spar, is a transparent form of calcium carbonate. In 1669 Erasmus Bartholin discovered that calcite was doubly refracting; when a naturally-occurring crystal is placed over some writing, two images of the writing are observed. In 1678 Dutch physicist and astronomer Christiaan Huygens observed that visible light passing through a crystal of Iceland spar vibrates in only one plane ( i.e. is plane polarized). In his later publication Traité de la lumière/Treatise on Light (published 1690) which contains Huygens' famous wave or pulse theory of light, he notes his discovery of the polarization of light, responsible for phenomena such as the double refraction observed with calcite. However, the term "polarized" was not introduced until over 100 years later in the work of Malus. Several years later in 1811, Francois Arago discovers that some quartz crystals will continuously rotate the electric vector of light (i.e. circular polarization). In 1812, Jean-Baptiste Biot presented a comprehensive theory showing how anisotropic crystalline solids and samples containing an excess of one enantiomer of a chiral molecule rotate the orientation of plane-polarized light (Biot's law). In 1815, he demonstrated that polarized light, when passing through an organic substance, could be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, dependent upon the optical axis of the material. Further investigation showed that the angle of rotation was a direct measure of the concentration of the substance, which provided a simple mechanism for analyzing saccharine solutions.
Lexikon: Etienne Louis Malus - Begriff Translate this page etienne louis malus. zurück zur Übersicht News zum Thema Websuche zum Thema.zuletzt aktualisiert 08.01.2005 um 024452 Uhr Beitrag von M.Mozart http://lexikon.donx.de/?action=details&show=Etienne Louis Malus
List Of Themed Timelines Timeline Of Electromagnetism And 1808 etienne-louis malus discovers polarization by reflection, * 1809 -etienne-louis malus publishes the law of malus which predicts the light http://www.public-domain-content.com/List_of_themed_timelines/electromagnetism.s
Wave Physics etiennelouis malus (1775-1812) was another graduate of the École Polytechnique.He rose to the rank of colonel in Napoleons corps of engineers, http://newtonlaws.net/
Extractions: Cat. of waves ... Classical mechanics th Century, the unsuccessful attempts of Fizeau and then of Michelson and Morley to measure the drag of the ether on light waves led to Einsteins Theory of Relativity in 1905. Huygens Christian (14. 4. 1629, Gaaga - 8. 7. 1695) , dutch physicist who was the leading proponent of the wave theory of light. In Traite de la Luminere (1690), he developed the concept of the wavefront, but could not explain color. The wave theory, however, was supported by the observation that two intersecting beams of light did not bounce off each other as would be expected if they were composed of particles. In contradiction to Newton, Huygens correctly believed that light must travel more slowly when it is refracted towards the normal, although this was not proven until experiments by Foucault in the nineteenth century. Huygens also made important contributions to mechanics, stating that in a collision between bodies, neither loses nor gains "motion" (his term for momentum ). He stated that the center of gravity moves uniformly in a straight line, and gave the expression for centrifugal force Thomas Young (1773-1829) , as his epitaph in Westminster Abbey states, was "a man alike eminent in almost every department of human learning." As a medical student he discovered the way the eye lens changes shape in order to focus and the cause of astigmatism. Proficient in many languages, he later made the first nearly correct translation of the Rosetta Stone. His diverse scientific accomplishments included contributions to the theory of elasticity. Influenced by Euler’s arguments, he attempted to prove the wave nature of light, discovered interference and published numerous papers arguing in favor of the wave theory during the first decade of the 19
1808: Information From Answers.com etiennelouis malus b. Paris, June 23, 1775, d. Paris, February 24, 1812discovers that reflected light that passes through Iceland spar does not show http://www.answers.com/topic/1808
Engineering Database Named after etienne louis malus (17th Century). malus law defines the transmittedintensity through 2 polarisers with an angle ? between the transmission http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/m/a/malus law/source.html
The Science Bookstore - Chronology 1809 AD, malus, E. Aerodynamics etiennelouis malus George Cayley. 1809 AD,malus, E. +tienne-louis malus publishes the Law of malus which predicts the http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp?pg=13
History 1808 etienne louis malus, a military engineer, enters a prize competitionsponsored by the French Academy ``To furnish a mathematical theory of double http://maxwell.byu.edu/~spencerr/phys442/node4.html
Extractions: Next: Review Sheet Up: No Title Previous: Homework Assignments A Ridiculously Brief History of Electricity and Magnetism Mostly from E. T. Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity... 900 BC - Magnus, a Greek shepherd, walks across a field of black stones which pull the iron nails out of his sandals and the iron tip from his shepherd's staff (authenticity not guaranteed). This region becomes known as Magnesia. 600 BC - Thales of Miletos rubs amber ( elektron in Greek) with cat fur and picks up bits of feathers. 1269 - Petrus Peregrinus of Picardy, Italy, discovers that natural spherical magnets (lodestones) align needles with lines of longitude pointing between two pole positions on the stone. 1600 - William Gilbert, court physician to Queen Elizabeth, discovers that the earth is a giant magnet just like one of the stones of Peregrinus, explaining how compasses work. He also discusses static electricity and invents an electric fluid which is liberated by rubbing. ca. 1620 - Niccolo Cabeo discovers that electricity can be repulsive as well as attractive.
The Discovery Of Polarization (polarization.com) The young etienne louis malus didn t loose his head during the French revolutionnor during the Reign of Terror, but had to follow the Napoleon army in its http://polarization.com/history/history.html
Extractions: Home Vikings Bees Rainbow ... Space The Discovery It is difficult to single out who first discovered polarized light. Early humans could have noticed a peculiar smudge when looking at the sky in certain directions. Moreover, polarization has lots of quirks and was discovered many times in different contexts: even today it is the subject of much research. But the official story goes like this: Did the Vikings beat Bartholinus by a thousand years? As described elsewhere in Polarization.com, they might have used the polarization of the sky for navigation. Even if they didn't, they did discover Iceland. That (not so icy at the time) land later became the main source of Iceland Spar (nowadays, a more accurate name would be Mexican Spar as the Iceland deposits have been depleted). Iceland Spar had a prime role in the modern discovery of polarization and continues to be a preferred material to split the polarization components of light. It is easy to conceive that a Viking, exhausted after some foray, would have taken some time to play with those transparent crystals and noticed how images were doubled (or was it the beer?). Iceland Spar was involved in the official discovery of polarization. This naturally occurring transparent crystal (optical quality Calcite, CaCO3) separates an image into two displaced images when looked through in certain directions. In 1669, a Danish mathematician at the University of Copenhagen, Erasmus Bartholinus, not only saw double, but also performed some experiments and wrote a 60-page memoir about the results. This was the first scientific description of a polarization effect (the images are polarized perpendicular to each other), and for his efforts he may be considered the discoverer of this hidden property of light.
A Chronology Of Optics 1808, etienne louis malus (France). As a result of observing light reflected fromthe windows of the Palais Luxembourg in Paris through a calcite crystal as http://www.3rd1000.com/chronooptics.htm
Extractions: A chronology of Optics ~300 BC Euclid (Alexandria) In his Optica he noted that light travels in straight lines and described the law of reflection. He believed that vision involves rays going from the eyes to the object seen and he studied the relationship between the apparent sizes of objects and the angles that they subtend at the eye. Probably 100 BC and 150 AD Hero (also known as Heron) of Alexandria. In his Catoptrica , Hero showed by a geometrical method that the actual path taken by a ray of light reflected from a plane mirror is shorter than any other reflected path that might be drawn between the source and point of observation. ~140 AD Claudius Ptolemy (Alexandria). In a twelfth-century latin translation from the arabic that is assigned to Ptolemy, a study of refraction, including atmospheric refraction, was described. It was suggested that the angle of refraction is proportional to the angle of incidence. Ibn-al-Haitham ( also known as Alhazen) (b. Basra). In his investigations, he used spherical and parabolic mirrors and was aware of spherical aberration. He also investigated the magnification produced by lenses and atmospheric refraction. His work was translated into latin and became accessible to later european scholars. Robert Grosseteste (England).
Solar B Focal Plane In 1810, etiennelouis malus*, an engineering officer in Napoleons army, wasusing a piece of Iceland spar to observe sunlight reflected by a window. http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/em-spectrum/polarization-history.asp
Extractions: In 1669 the Danish physician and mathematician Erasmus Bartholinus noticed something strange when he peered through a crystal called Iceland spar, known today as calcite. Images of objects he saw through the crystal were doubled! His explanation was that the crystal was somehow splitting light into two different rays. It had long been known that a transparent material, such as glass or water, can bend the path of light, a phenomenon called refraction. The Iceland spar seemed to be able to refract a beam of light into two different directions, splitting it apart! In 1672 the Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens* experimented with the split beams of light emerging from one Iceland spar crystal by letting them shine through a second crystal. He found that each of the two split beams had different properties from those of ordinary light. Depending on the direction the second crystal was rotated, one or the other of the double images produced by the first crystal would disappear. At the time, there was a debate among scientists about the nature of light: was light made of particles or was it a wave oscillating in some medium, similar to sound waves vibrating through air?
