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Kaluza Theodor:     more detail

Die Tschirnhaustransformation Algebraischer Gleichungen Mit Einer Unbekannten (1907) (German Edition) by Theodor Kaluza, 2010-09-10 Theodor Kaluza Die Tschirnhaustransformation Algebraischer Gleichungen Mit Einer Unbekannten (1907) (German Edition) by Theodor Kaluza, 2010-09-10 Las dimensiones desconocidas: nuestro concepto familiar del universo es que tiene 3 dimensiones, 4 si se añade el tiempo, pero según varias teorías ahora ... percibirlas.: An article from: Contenido by Juan José Morales, 2006-09-01

lists with details

21. Theodor Kaluza@Everything2.com
    theodor Franz Eduard kaluza was born in Germany on November 8, 1885. He is mostremembered for his part in the kaluzaKlein theory.  
    http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1137243

22. 5D Bibliography
    kaluza, theodor, Zur Unitätsproblem der Physik, Sitzungsberichte der kaluza.theodor, Über ban Energeinhalt der Atomkerne, Physikalische Zeitschrift  
    http://members.aol.com/yggdras/paraphysics/5dbibl.htm
    
    Extractions: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abramenko, B., "On Dimensionality and Continuity of Physical Space and Time," The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , IX, No.34, August, 1958, pp.89-109. Band, W., "Flint's Five-Dimensional Theory of the Electron," Philosophical Magazine , XXIX, June, 1940, pp.548-552. Bargmann, Valentine, "Relativity," Review of Modern Physics , XXIX, No 2, April, 1957, pp.169-174. Bennett, G.J., R.L. Brown and M.W. Thring, "The Unified Field Theory in a Curvature Free Five-Dimensional Manifold," Royal Society, Proceedings , CXCVIII, 1949, pp.39-61. Bergmann, Peter G., An Introduction to the Theory of Relativity . New York: Dover Press, 1976. Bergmann, P.G., "Unified Field Theory with Fifteen Variables," Annals of Mathematics , XLIX, No.1, January, 1948, pp.255-264. Bergmann, P.G., "Topics in the General Theory of Relativity," notes taken by Nicholas J. Wheeler. Summer Institute of Theoretical Physics . Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University, 1957, pp.41-42. Bergmann, Peter G., "Physics and Geometry,"

23. 5D - NOTES
    theodor kaluza, Zur Unitätsproblem der Physik, Sitzungsberichte der Quoted in Varadaraje Raman, kaluza, theodor Franz Eduard, Dictionary of  
    http://members.aol.com/yggdras/paraphysics/5dnotes.htm
    
    Extractions: CHAPTER I 1. Herman Weyl, Space, Time and Matter , (New York: Dover, 1952), p.102. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , LIV (1921), pp.966-972. 3. Quoted in Varadaraje Raman, "Kaluza, Theodor Franz Eduard," Dictionary of Scientific Biography , (1974), VII, p.212; "The idea of attaining the electrical field by using a five-dimensional cylinder world is completely new and never occurred to me. For the moment, I consider the idea quite extraordinary." 4. Ibid., p.211. 5. Albert Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity , (6th ed.; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), pp.93-94. Sitzungberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , VI (1927), pp.23-25 and pp.26-30. Zeitschrift fur Physiks , XXXVII, 12 (1926), pp.895-906. Le Journal de Physique et Le Radium , Serie 6, Tome VIII, (Fevrier, 1927), pp.65-73. Le Journal de Physique et Le Radium , Serie 6, Tome VIII, (Avril, 1927), pp.242-243. Le Journal de Physique et Le Radium , Serie 6, Tome VIII, (Avril, 1927), p.244.

24. Kaluza-Klein Theory -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article
    kaluzaKlein theory (or KK theory, for short) is a model which sought to and facts about theodor kaluza) theodor kaluza that if (A generalization of  
    http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/k/ka/kaluza-klein_theory1.htm
    
    Extractions: Kaluza-Klein theory (or KK theory , for short) is a model which sought to unify classical (A solemn and dignified feeling) gravity and (The branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena) electromagnetism , first published in 1921. It was discovered by the mathematician (Click link for more info and facts about Theodor Kaluza) Theodor Kaluza that if (A generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)) general relativity is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime, the equations can be separated out into ordinary (Click link for more info and facts about four-dimensional) four-dimensional gravitation plus an extra set, which is equivalent to (Click link for more info and facts about Maxwell's equations) Maxwell's equations for the (Click link for more info and facts about electromagnetic field) electromagnetic field , plus an extra (A field of scalars) scalar field known as the " (Click link for more info and facts about dilaton) dilaton ". In 1926

25. Timeline Of Gravitational Physics And Relativity -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedi
    1921 (Click link for more info and facts about theodor kaluza) theodor kaluzademonstrates that a five-dimensional version of Einstein s equations unifies  
    http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/t/ti/timeline_of_gravitational_phy
    
    Extractions: (Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)) Galileo Galilei induces the period relationship of a (An apparatus consisting of an object mounted so that it swings freely under the influence of gravity) pendulum from observation (according to later biographer).

26. Kaluza-Klein Theory
    In 1919 the German mathematician theodor kaluza (18851954) pointed out that ifgeneral relativity theory is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime,  
    http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kaluza-Klein_theory.html
    
    Extractions: A model that seeks to unite classical gravity and electromagnetism by resorting to higher dimensions . In 1919 the German mathematician Theodor Kaluza (1885-1954) pointed out that if general relativity theory is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime , the equations can be separated out into ordinary four-dimensional gravitation plus an extra set, which is equivalent to Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field, plus an extra field known as the dilaton . Thus electromagnetism is explained as a manifestation of curvature in a fourth dimension of physical space string theory

27. Kaluza-Klein Theory
    In 1919, theodor kaluza unified Maxwell s Electromagnetism and Einstein s Theoryof General Relativity Gravity by adding a fifth dimension.  
    http://www.matter-antimatter.com/kaluza-klein_theory.htm
    
    Extractions: Home Up Milky Way Galaxy Solar System ... Comets Modern Kaluza-Klein Theory T he Modern Kaluza-Klein Theory I n 1919, Theodor Kaluza Minkowski who had successfully used the fourth dimension to solve the "space-time continuum." In 1921, Kaluza published his theory, with Albert Einstein's encouragement. Kaluza's Theory became the framework for Einstein's Theory on General Relativity I I n 1998, successfully demonstrated that the fifth dimension would solve the Space-Time-Matter Continuum by eliminated the cylindrical assumption from Kaluza-Klein Theory. In Wesson's book, "Space-Time-Matter, Modern Kaluza-Klein Theory," there are numerous examples that correlate Modern Kaluza-Klein Theory to the physical reality including general relativity and elementary particle physics. P eople will be able to visualize the possible solutions of the "Space-Time-Matter Continuum" that would enable them to travel to the stars within this century. Matter Opportunities Space: The Final Frontier Dangers ...

28. Space-Time-Matter
    Correlations theodor kaluza Theory that used the fifth dimension to unifiedMaxwell s Electromagnetism and Albert Einstein s Gravitation Theory  
    http://www.matter-antimatter.com/space-time-matter.htm
    
    Extractions: Home Up Milky Way Galaxy Solar System ... Comets Space-Time-Matter Under Construction F or centuries, people have been trying to understand the basic concepts of nature that will enable humanity to flourish on earth. Today, our existence is based upon making products and burning our natural resources. This is rapidly depleting our natural resources and destroying our environment. The growing population has outstripped the available resources and the disparity between the haves and have nots is becoming real problem. P aul Wesson is in the process of solving the remaining parts of the Space-Time-Matter Continuum. Details are contained in his book, Space-Time-Matter , Modern Kaluza-Klein Theory, the article by and numerous references on web site. The five dimension transformations confirm unification of many of the exiting theories: Correlations Theodor Kaluza Theory that used the fifth dimension to unified Maxwell's Electromagnetism and Albert Einstein's Gravitation Theory Correlations Oskar Klein Theory that applied Kaluza's Theory to quantum theory and has become the basis of modern string and super string theory.

29. Kaluza, Klein, And The Grand Unified Theory - Science Articles :: Physics Post
    In 1919 a relatively unknown Polish mathematician named theodor kaluza challengedthe obvious. He attempted to unify the General Theory of Relativity with  
    http://www.physicspost.com/articles.php?articleId=43

30. SparkNotes: The Elegant Universe: Key Figures & Terms
    theodor kaluza (1885–1954) A German mathematician. In 1926, Klein refinedtheodor kaluza’s notion of an extradimensional universe.  
    http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/elegantuniverse/characters.html
    
    Extractions: saveBookmark("", "", ""); Home English Literature Study Guides The Elegant Universe - Navigate Here - Context Overview Themes Part I: The Edge of Knowledge Part II: The Dilemma of Space, Time, and the Quanta Part III: The Cosmic Symphony Part IV: String Theory and the Fabric of Spacetime Part V: Unification in the Twenty-First Century Important Quotations Explained Key Facts Study Questions Quiz Suggestions for Further Reading Key Figures Greene mentions a number of contemporary physicists—Gabriele Veneziano, Pierre Ramond, and Shing-Tung Yau among them—who have made important contributions to the advancement of string theory. The following list focuses primarily on the predecessors of string theory: scientists and mathematicians from earlier eras who laid the groundwork for what is now the cutting edge of physics. Niels Bohr (1885–1962) - A Danish physicist and contemporary of Einstein Bohr developed quantum mechanics and was the first to apply the quantum theory to the problem of atomic structure. He received the Nobel Prize in 1922. Max Born (1882–1970) - A German physicist. In 1926

31. Kaluza-Klein Theory Extra Forces Kaluza-klein Space Particle
    It was discovered by the mathematician theodor kaluza that if general relativityis extended to a fivedimensional spacetime, the equatio  
    http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Kaluza:Klein:theory.html
    
    Extractions: var GLB_RIS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); A1('s',':','html'); Non User A B C ... Kaluza-Klein theory (or KK theory , for short) is a model which sought to unify classical gravity and electromagnetism . It was discovered by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza that if general relativity is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime, the equations can be separated out into ordinary four-dimensional gravitation plus an extra set, which is equivalent to Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field , plus an extra scalar field known as the " dilaton Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up in a circle of very small radius , i.e. that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began. The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This, in fact, also gives rise to quantization of charge , as waves directed along a finite axis can only occupy discrete frequencies. (This occurs because electromagnetism is a

32. Theodor Kaluza Meyer - Biography
    theodor kaluza Meyer 18851954. (In corso di traduzione in italiano) Fontehttp//www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/kaluza.html  
    http://scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it/biografie/kaluza-bio.html

33. The Nth Dimension » Tomorrow's Theories » Birth Of String Theory
    were planted in 1919 by theodor kaluza, who was working at the University ofKonigsberg. kaluza, while studying Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity,  
    http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/01330/newphysics/birthof_st.htm
    
    Extractions: /* JSE Search Engine 1.0a- By Steve (www.tipue.com/products/jse) Minor changes by JavaScriptKit.com- http://www.javascriptkit.com/script/script2/jse/ */ String theory is not simply a theory that has emerged within the last decade. This theory has quite an extensive history that has shown periods of promise and dismal times, as well. Because string theory has been developed along with many of the other prominent ideas of the last century, including the Standard Model and quantum mechanics, it has been obscured to the general public for the most part. Now let’s delve into a fascinating look into the birth of string theory. Kaluza, while studying Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, pondered about the consequences of adding a fifth dimension to the accepted four dimensions. The seeds for string theory in the second half of the twentieth century and beyond were planted in 1919 by Theodor Kaluza, who was working at the University of Konigsberg. Kaluza, while studying Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, pondered about the consequences of adding a fifth dimension to the accepted four dimensions (three spatial dimensions and one time dimension). When Kaluza included the extra dimension, he discovered that this situation allowed for the unification or gravity and electromagnetism. This was a very significant breakthrough at such an early period; however, when Kaluza submitted his findings to Einstein in 1919, Einstein eventually began to ignore Kaluza’s theory. Although Einstein said, “at first glance I like your theory enormously,” the simple fact that there was no need or reason for this fifth dimension ultimately led to its unimportance for many years.

34. The Nth Dimension » Tomorrow's Theories » N Dimensions
    four known dimensions was conceived by the Polish mathematician theodor kaluzain 1919. kaluza thought that extra spatial dimensions would allow for the  
    http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/01330/newphysics/ndimensions.htm
    
    Extractions: /* JSE Search Engine 1.0a- By Steve (www.tipue.com/products/jse) Minor changes by JavaScriptKit.com- http://www.javascriptkit.com/script/script2/jse/ */ These new theories that have been presented involve more than the typical four dimensions. Ten and even eleven dimensions have emerged. So, what are these extra dimensions and in what form do they exist? Sensory experiences give us information about a 3-dimensional world that includes width, height, and length (or depth). We all can comprehend these three dimensions simply by moving in our 3-d world. Einstein claimed that there was also a fourth dimension: time. Much like we can move in a 3-dimensional world, we also move through time (forwards and backwards). These four dimensions present a world with three space dimensions and one time dimension. The notion of any extra dimension to the four known dimensions was conceived by the Polish mathematician Theodor Kaluza in 1919. Kaluza thought that extra spatial dimensions would allow for the integration between general relativity and James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. Suported by Swedish mathematician Oskar Klein in the 1920s, these extra dimensions were actually minute, curled-up dimensions that could not be detected due to their extremely small size. These two mathematicians said that within the common three extended dimensions (that we are familiar with) are additional dimensions in tightly curled structures. One possible structure that could envelop six extra dimensions is the Calabi-Yau shape, which was created by Eugenio Calabi and Shing-Tung Yau.

35. NOVA | The Elegant Universe | Imagining Other Dimensions | PBS
    In 1919, Polish mathematician theodor kaluza proposed that the existence of afourth spatial dimension might allow the linking of general relativity and  
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/dimensions.html
    
    Extractions: The Elegant Universe homepage String theorists are betting that extra dimensions do indeed exist; in fact, the equations that describe superstring theory require a universe with no fewer than 10 dimensions. But even physicists who spend all day thinking about extra spatial dimensions have a hard time describing what they might look like or how we apparently feeble-minded humans might approach an understanding of them. That's always been the case, and perhaps always will be. From 2-D to 3-D An early attempt to explain the concept of extra dimensions came in 1884 with the publication of Edwin A. Abbott's Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions . This novel is a "first-person" account of a two-dimensional square who comes to appreciate a three-dimensional world. The square describes his world as a plane populated by lines, circles, squares, triangles, and pentagons. Being two-dimensional, the inhabitants of Flatland appear as lines to one another. They discern one another's shape both by touching and by seeing how the lines appear to change in length as the inhabitants move around one another. One day, a sphere appears before the square. To the square, which can see only a slice of the sphere, the shape before him is that of a two-dimensional circle. The sphere has visited the square intent on making the square understand the three-dimensional world that he, the sphere, belongs to. He explains the notions of "above" and "below," which the square confuses with "forward" and "back." When the sphere passes through the plane of Flatland to show how he can move in three dimensions, the square sees only that the line he'd been observing gets shorter and shorter and then disappears. No matter what the sphere says or does, the square cannot comprehend a space other than the two-dimensional world that he knows.

36. NOVA | Transcripts | The Elegant Universe: String's The Thing | PBS
    But in 1919, theodor kaluza, a virtually unknown German mathematician, had thecourage to theodor kaluza (ACTOR) Look. He says here, I like your idea.  
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3013_elegant.html
    
    Extractions: Hour 3: Welcome to the 11th Dimension NARRATOR: BRIAN GREENE (Columbia University) And no matter how many times I come here, I never seem to get used to it. NARRATOR: NARRATOR: Resolving that contradiction eluded even Einstein, who made it his final quest. After decades, we may finally be on the verge of a breakthrough. The solution is strings, tiny bits of energy vibrating like the strings on a cello, a cosmic symphony at the heart of all reality. But it comes at a price: parallel universes and 11 dimensions, most of which you've never seen. BRIAN GREENE: We really may live in a universe with more dimensions than meet the eye. AMANDA PEET (University of Toronto) People who have said that there were extra dimensions of space have been labeled crackpots, or people who are bananas. NARRATOR: A mirage of science and mathematics or the ultimate theory of everything? S. JAMES GATES, JR.

37. Unification In Physics
    The man widely credited with making the leap was theodor kaluza. theodorkaluza (18851945). In 1919, kaluza sent Albert Einstein a preprint - later  
    http://www.tech.port.ac.uk/staffweb/seahras/neat_physics/extra_dimensions/gravit
    
    Extractions: and electromagnetism Gravity manifests itself as the curvature of spacetime induced by massive objects: Electromagnetism is realized by lines of force on the spacetime manifold induced by charged objects: Kaluza postulated that both effects could be understood in terms of the same 5-dimensional geometric framework. Theodor Kaluza (1885-1945) In 1919, Kaluza sent Albert Einstein a preprint - later published in 1921 - that considered the extension of general relativity to five dimensions. He assumed that the 5-dimensional field equations were simply the higher-dimensional version of the vacuum Einstein equation, and that all the metric components were independent of the fifth coordinate. The later assumption came to be known as the cylinder condition . This resulted in something remarkable: the fifteen higher-dimension field equations naturally broke into a set of ten formulae governing a tensor field representing gravity, four describing a vector field representing electromagnetism, and one wave equation for a scalar field. Furthermore, if the scalar field was constant, the vector field equations were just Maxwell's equations

38. Dialogos Of Eide: KK: Kaluza Klein Theory
    kaluzaKlein theory is a model which unifies classical gravity and electromagnetism.It was discovered by the mathematician theodor kaluza that if general  
    http://eskesthai.blogspot.com/2005/01/kk-kaluza-klein-theory.html
    
    Extractions: Now part of the problem of visualization here is what and how the cosmic string could have developed. Now, determination of the various sizing of these strings would have had to incorporate the value of the energy involved, in terms of 1r and using the KK tower, such classifcations help in this direction. Kaluza-Klein theory is a model which unifies classical gravity and electromagnetism. It was discovered by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza that if general relativity is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime, the equations can be separated out into ordinary four-dimensional gravitation plus an extra set, which is equivalent to Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field, plus an extra scalar field known as the "dilaton". Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up with a very small radius, i.e. that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began. The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This, in fact, also gives rise to quantization of charge, as waves directed along a finite axis can only occupy discrete frequencies. Kaluza-Klein theory can be extended to cover the other fundamental forces - namely, the weak and strong nuclear forces - but a straightforward approach, if done using an odd dimensional manifold runs into difficulties involving chirality. The problem is that all neutrinos appear to be left-handed, meaning that they are spinning in the direction of the fingers of the left hand when they are moving in the direction of the thumb. All anti-neutrinos appear to be right-handed. Somehow particle reactions are asymmetric when it comes to spin and it is not straightforward to build this into a Kaluza-Klein theory since the extra dimensions of physical space are symmetric with respect to left-hand spinning and r-hand spinning particles.

39. Viktor's Home Page: Maxima And The Kaluza-Klein Metric
    In 1919, theodor kaluza proposed an extension to general relativity using anappropriately constructed fifth dimension, he was able to incorporate  
    http://www.vttoth.com/max_kaluza.html
    
    Extractions: Welcome to Viktor Toth's Web Site Note: this is a work-in-progress . Source code, when considered to be sufficiently stable, will be provided through the open-source Maxima project at maxima.sourceforge.net In 1919, Theodor Kaluza proposed an extension to general relativity: using an appropriately constructed fifth dimension, he was able to incorporate electromagnetism into Einstein's theory of gravity. Recently, I endeavored to replicate the most basic of Kaluza's results: the equation of motion for a particle in empty dive-dimensional space, as seen from a four-dimensional perspective. Now that I am working with Maxima , the question arose: can the same result be reproduced using this computer algebra system? The answer, surprisingly, is a yes. Well, sort of. Some minor modifications were needed to the itensor package, nothing Earth-shattering really, the changes are probably best described as bug fixes. (If you're a Maxima user, these changes are not yet in the CVS version. Soon...) One of the key features of the itensor package is the ability to define components of a symbolic tensor in an algorithmic fashion. For instance, you could specify the covariant and contravariant components of the tensor

40. Biografía De Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza
    Translate this page Difusión científica. Biografías de astrónomos, físicos y matemáticos destacados.  
    http://www.astrocosmo.cl/biografi/b-t_kaluza.htm
    
    Extractions: Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza , hijo de Max Kaluza, experto en fonética, y en literatura y lengua inglesa, nació en Ratibor en Alemania. Desde niño, mostró una excelente disposición para los estudios, llegando a recibir su enseñanza superior en la universidad de Königsberg, donde él también se desempeñó como docente auxiliar entre 1902 y 1929 (un puesto que la mayoría del tiempo que lo desempeñó no recibió remuneraciones). Luego, en el año académico 1929 – 1930, y por expresa recomendación de Albert Einstein, fue nombrado profesor de una cátedra de física en la universidad de Kiel. Permaneció en ese establecimiento educacional hasta 1935, año en que se trasladó a un puesto similar a la universidad de Göttingen. En la teoría de la relatividad general de Einstein, se considera la existencia de un espaciotiempo cuadridimensional (tres dimensiones espaciales y una de tiempo). En 1921, y con el objeto de unificar la gravedad con el electromagnetismo, Kaluza decidió a suplementar al modelo relativista Einstein con una quinto dimensión espacial. Dentro de este modelo probó la posibilidad de derivar las ecuaciones gravitacionales cuadridimensionales de Einstein como las ecuaciones de campo electromagnéticas. Así en un mundo de cinco dimensiones, la gravedad y el electromagnetismo no eran fuerzas separadas. Sin embargo, en el modelo pentadimensional de Kaluza se presentaban dos defectos importantes. En primer lugar, la teoría no describía la naturaleza de la quinta dimensión. Por otra parte, en el modelo se asumía un comportamiento clásico para los cuerpos, sin considerar los efectos de la mecánica cuántica. Una de las tentativas para corregir esos defectos fue hecha en 1926 por

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