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Hunayn Ibn Ishaq:     more books (25)

The elements of vision: The micro-cosmology of Galenic visual theory according to Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society) by Bruce Eastwood, 1982 9th-Century Philosophers: Linji, Al-Kindi, Adi Shankara, Kukai, Johannes Scotus Eriugena, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Candidus of Fulda, Han Yu Greek-syriac Translators: Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Thabit Ibn Qurra, Masawaiyh, Sergius of Reshaina Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius): An entry from Gale's <i>Science and Its Times</i> by Judson Knight, 2001 Gestorben 873: Al-Kindi, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Gunthar Von Köln, Adalwin, Vímara Peres, Ecgberht I., Thakulf (German Edition) 809 Births: Emperor Wenzong of Tang, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Emperor Jingzong of Tang Iraqi Physicians: Iraqi Surgeons, Medieval Iraqi Physicians, Alhazen, Abd-El-Latif, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Rafil A. Dhafir, Mubarak Al-Duri 873: 873 Births, 873 Deaths, 873 Disestablishments, Al-Kindi, Du Cong, Ivar the Boneless, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Rodulf Haraldsson, Banu Musa Médecin Arabe: Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Avenzoar, Masawaih, Ibn Tufayl, Ibn Al-Thahabi, Liste Des Médecins Arabo-Chrétiens (French Edition) Medieval Iraqi Physicians: Alhazen, Abd-El-Latif, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Sa'ad Al-Dawla, Masawaiyh, Masarjawaih, Al-Shahrazuri Iraqi Mathematicians: Diophantus, Alhazen, Al-Kindi, Brethren of Purity, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Banu Musa, Muhammad Ibn Jabir Al-Harrani Al-Battani Décès En 873: Rodrigue de Castille, Al-Kindi, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Ivarr Roi de Dublin, Ioané Schavliani, Ecgberht Ier de Northumbrie (French Edition) Medieval Arab Physicians: Ibn al-Nafis, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Al-Dakhwar, Ali ibn Ridwan, Rashidun al-Suri, Ibn al-Kattani, Masawaih al-Mardini Greek-arabic Translators: Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Thabit Ibn Qurra, Abd Al-Rahman Al-Sufi, Qusta Ibn Luqa, Al-ajjaj Ibn Yusuf Ibn Maar

lists with details

81. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
    scientists at the Abbasid court, Ishaq Ibn Hunayn and hunayn ibn ishaq wereNestorian Christians. Thabit Ibn Qurrah, the astronomer, was a Sabean.  
    http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=257

82. Cumulated Changes To ATLA's Religion Indexes: Thesaurus, 1994
    hunayn ibn ishaq, hunayn ibn ishaq al Ibadii, 809?-873, May 05. Huxley, Julian,Huxley, Julian, 1887-1975, May 05. I. Iliad, delete, Aug 04  
    http://www.atla.com/products/product_news/thesaurus_revisions.html
    
    Extractions: Home Products Product News Last updated: July 20, 2005 This list will be updated quarterly (July, October, January, April) to coincide with the quarterly release of updates to the ATLA Religion Database in MARC format. A B C D ... Z Thesaurus 94 Changed To Month A Adalbero of Wuerzburg, Saint, 1010?-1090 Adalbero of Würzburg, Saint, 1010?-1090 May 03 Adams, James Luther Adams, James Luther, 1901-1994 May 05 Afro-American authors African American authors May 03 Afro-American children African American children May 03 Afro-American churches African American churches May 03 Afro-American clergy African American clergy May 03 Afro-American learning and scholarship African American learning and scholarship May 03 Afro-American soldiers African American soldiers May 03 Afro-American studies African American studies May 03 Afro-American women African American women May 03 Afro-American youth African American youth May 03 Afro-Americans African Americans May 03 Afro-Americans—

83. Institute For The Secularisation Of Islamic Society
    Gerard, who reminded hunayn ibn ishaq of Toledo, translated into Latin more thanseventy Arabic books on different subjects. He was born in 1114 in Cremona,  
    http://www.secularislam.org/visitors/28.htm
    
    Extractions: Visitor Feedback, Page 28 Shias, Qadiyanis exposed in the previous page. UNABATED CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN THE USA, a report too in the previous page, which is page 27. "the "West" is a far better place to live in", THIS STATEMENT OF YOURS IS WRONG. Home sweet home, indeed I agree, but major part of your home is Latrine, bathroom, Kitchen, dining room, and the circling compound, where we don't live. Similarly You have seen only focussed picture of the west, the bed room of your home. You know how science went to Europe. You are just a kid in these matters, You know who are Illuminati, you know who free masons are. These are facts, perception and comprehension of which only begins from the horizon of what you have understood so far in life.

84. Accessions
    alHasan al-Basri hunayn ibn ishaq Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur Ibn al-Muqaffa Ibn al-Mu tazz Ibn Qutaybah Ibn al-Rumi Ibn Sa d Ibrahim  
    http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/about/accessions/052005.shtml
    
    Extractions: Contents : 'Abd al-Hamid al-Katib Abu al-'Atahiyah Abu Nuwas Abu Tammam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib 'Antara ibn Shaddad 'Arib al-Ma'muniyyah Bashshar ibn Burd al-Buhturi Dhu al-Rummah al-Hallaj al-Hasan al-Basri Hunayn ibn Ishaq Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur Ibn al-Muqaffa' Ibn al-Mu'tazz Ibn Qutaybah Ibn al-Rumi Ibn Sa'd Ibrahim al-Mawsili Imru' al-Qays Ja'far al-Sadiq al-Jahiz Jarir al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Khansa' al-Mubarrad Muhammad the Prophet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah Rabi'ah al-'Adawiyyah al-Razi Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i al-Shanfara Sibawayhi al-Tabari 'Umar ibn Abi Rabi'ah. PL679 .B37 2004. Main Reference.

85. The Arabic Christian Literature By Dr. George Khoury Dr. Khoury
    hunayn ibn ishaq (808837) was a famous physician, philosopher, and translatorof Greek works under several caliphs. He is the author of a Letter to Yahya  
    http://www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/ARABLIT.TXT

86. Página BASE. Lenguas En Contacto
    Translate this page El Kitab Adab al-Falasifa de hunayn ibn ishaq fue traducido por al-Harizi hunayn ibn ishaq´s Kitab al-Falasifa was translated by al-Harizi into Hebrew,  
    http://www.filol.csic.es/lenguas/botones/resum.htm
    
    Extractions: Lenguas en contacto, pensamiento en contacto: Las citas de los sabios El Kitab Adab al-Falasifa de Hunayn ibn Ishaq fue traducido por al-Harizi al hebreo, pero muchas de las máximas que allí se hallaban corrían por toda clase de obras entre los autores árabes como Mubassir ibn Fatik, autor de Mujtar al-Hikam, o Mose ibn Ezra en su Kitab al-Muhadara. Sin embargo, las citas que aparecen en la versión hebrea, no siempre coinciden con las versiones árabes en su totalidad. Muchas de ellas fueron suprimidas o alteradas. Languages in contact, thought in contact: Quotations of the ancients Hunayn ibn Ishaq´s Kitab al-Falasifa was translated by al-Harizi into Hebrew, but many of the maxims found there were common in fact in all kinds of works, including the Mujtar al-Hikam by Mubassir ibn Fatick and the Kitab al-Muhadara by Mose ibn Ezra. However, the quotations that appear in the Hebrew version do not always coincide with those of the Arabic version since some of them were elided or altered.

87. La Matematica Del Mondo Islamico
    e il famosissimo traduttore hunayn ibn ishaq. Furono tradotte tutte le  
    http://www.arab.it/islam/la_matemtica_del_mondo_islamico.htm
    
    Extractions: Gli Arabi, ovvero i matematici del mondo islamico che vissero tra il nono e il quindicesimo secolo, non furono semplici traduttori degli scritti greci di matematica, ma, come dimostrano studi recenti, elaborarono molte parti della matematica che poi ricomparve in Europa tra il Cinquecento e il Settecento. Sino a tempi recenti la maggior parte degli storici della matematica conti nuano a rifiutare l'ipotesi di qualsiasi contributo originale del mondo islamico allo sviluppo della matematica sia omettendo di riportare le loro scoperte sia accettando quasi acriticamente l'opinione del filosofo della scienza Pierre Maurice Duhem per cui la scienza araba non avrebbe fatto altro che riprodurre quanto le era pervenuto dalla traduzione dei matematici dell' antica Grecia e consegnarlo ai matematici europei. In questo modo, il cammino della scienza, in particolare della matematica, si sarebbe interrotto per circa 1000 anni, per poi riprendere dal punto in cui i Greci l'avevano lasciata. Unione sovietica francobollo commemorativo con il nome Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Musa Al-khwarizmi "1200 anni"

88. Adventures In CyberSound: Euclid
    by hunayn ibn ishaq (ruled 808873), in Baghdad, whose translation was revisedby Thabit ibn Qurrah (died 901); and by Nasir ad-Din at-Tusi in the 13th  
    http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/EUCLID_BIO.html
    
    Extractions: Euclid (alt: Euklid, Eucleides) : 365 - 300 BC Euclid's The Optics is the earliest surviving work on geometrical optics, and is generally found in Greek manuscripts along with elementary works on spherical astronomy. There were a number of medieval Latin translations, which became of new importance in the fifteenth century for the theory of linear perspective. This technique is beautifully illustrated in the miniature of a street scene in this elegant manuscript from the library of the Duke of Urbino. It may once have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca, who wrote one of the principal treatises on perspective in painting.

89. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians
    830) *SB; hunayn ibn ishaq (Johannitius) (808873); Pruthudakaswami (c. 850);`Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk (c. 850); Ahmad ibn `Abdullah al-Marwazi Habash  
    http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html
    
    Extractions: Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT Baudhayana (c. 700) Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

90. Loq-Man Translations
    His son ishaq ibn hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his hunayn son ishaq also contributed, as did his nephew Hubaysh ibn AlHasan.  
    http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/ArabTranslators.html
    
    Extractions: Consulting Translators Contact Us Abu Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (808 - 873) Hunayn ibn Ishaq is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained in medicine and made his original contributions to the subject. However, as the leading translator in the House of Wisdom at one of the most remarkable periods of mathematical revival, his influence on the mathematicians of the time is of sufficient importance to merit his inclusion in this archive. His son Ishaq ibn Hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his Arabic translation of Euclid's Elements. Hunayn's father was Ishaq, a pharmacist from Hira. The family were from a group who had belonged to the Syrian Nestorian Christian Church before the rise of Islam, and Hunayn was brought up as a Christian. Hunayn became skilled in languages as a young man, in particular learning Arabic at Basra and also learning Syriac. To continue his education Hunayn went to Baghdad to study medicine under the leading teacher of the time. However, after falling out with this teacher, Hunayn left Baghdad and, probably during a period in Alexandria, became an expert in the Greek language. Hunayn returned to Baghdad and established contact with the teacher with whom he had fallen out. The two became firm friends and were close collaborators on medical topics for many years.

91. Al-Kindi - YAQUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI - Iraqi Philosopher
    Here, AlKindi had for colleagues intellectuals like al-Khwarizm, hunayn ibnishaq, and the three Banu Musa brothers, Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir,  
    http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/alkindi.htm
    
    Extractions: Born: about 801 in Kufah, Iraq Died: 873 in Baghdad, Iraq Al-Kindi was born and brought up in Kufah, which was a centre for Arab culture and learning in the 9 th century. This was certainly the right place for al-Kindi to get the best education possible at this time. Although quite a few details (and legends) of al-Kindi's life are given in various sources, these are not all consistent. We shall try to give below details which are fairly well substantiated. The Iraq crisis and the general and hypocritical Western perception of Islam as the harbringer of terrorism made me think of Al-Kindi recently. Renowned as the first great philosopher of Arabic and Islamic origin in the world, his full name was Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi, quite a mouthful, and he was the scion of a very illustrious family descended from the Royal Kindah Tribe of Southern Arabia. He was born in 801 in Kufah, Iraq. Kufah, in the ninth century was an important and cospomolitan city, famous as the second capital of the Caliphate after Medina, and Al-Kindi's father just happened to be its governor - his grandfather too had once been the governor. His lineage as well as Kufah's cultural importance made it possible for Al-Kindi to receive the best possible education available in that period. Afterwards he moved to Baghdad for further studies and here, as he had in Kufah, he soon proved his intellectual prowess.

92. Hunein Ibn Ishak
    hunayn bin (son of) ishaq s (Iskhaq in Syriac / Isaac in English) outline of (read ibn al Ibri, p. 250) The young hunayn left the service of Masawayh  
    http://www.nestorian.org/hunein_ibn_ishak.html
    
    Extractions: It is written that it would be a rearity to find any Arabic translation of the most popular Greek medicine and philosophy publications without discovering that Syriac was the mean through which the translation took place. Most of the Greek work was translated to Syriac first and then from Syriac into Arabic language. Hunayn bin (son of) Ishaq's (Iskhaq in Syriac / Isaac in English) outline of life and work are well known from his autobiography written in the form of letters to 'Ali bin Yahya. (Text from two manuscripts in the Aya Sofia Mosque at Istanbul, with translation by G. Bergestrasser, Leipzig, 1925) He was a native of Hira, near Baghdad, and the son of a Nestorian druggist (Pharmacist). He is endorsed by his name 'Abadi, which shows that he belonged to the subject people of Hira. Hunayn followed in the footsteps of other Nestorian physicians like Jirgis (Giwargis) bin Bakhtishu (ca. 771) the dean of the Jundi-Shapur hospital (south-western Persia). Jundi-Shapur was noted for its academy of Medicine and Philosophy founded about AD 555. Nothing is known though of the Bakhtishu who was the father of this Jirjis, but the name occurs several times in the course of the history of Baghdad. In AD 765 the Caliph Al-Mansur, afflicted with a stomach disease which had baffled his physicians, summoned for Bakhtishu, who soon won the confidence of the caliph and became the court physician, though he retained his Nestorianism. Invited by the caliph to embrace Islam his retort was that he preferred the company of his fathers, be they in heaven or in hell. Bakhtishu became in Baghdad the founder of a brilliant family which for (6) or (7) generations, covering a period of (2 1/2) centuries, exercised an almost continuous monopoly over the court medical practice. Jibril (Gabriel) bin Bakhtishu, in AD 801 became chief physician of the Baghdad hospital under the Caliph Al-Rashid and in AD 805 the caliph's private physician until his death in AD 829. The Bakhtishu family played an important part in the cultural education of the Arabs.

93. Islamset-Ibn Al Nafis - Contributions Of Islamic Medicine To Anatomical Sciences
    hunayn ibnishaq (803-873) was perhaps, the greatest translator of that century.In this endeavour, he was supported by his son ishaq and nephew Hubaysh  
    http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/karim.html
    
    Extractions: Malaysia To replace the Islamic medicine in its proper perspective, it is imperative to look into some aspects of its emergence and survival. First, the era of pre-Islamic medicine in which it emerged and secondly, the modern era of Western medicine in which it is being revived. 1. THE ERA OF PRE-ISLAMIC MEDICINE 2. THE ERA OF MODERN WESTERN MEDICINE CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANATOMICAL SCIENCES Looking back on the sketchy history of the Islamic medicine, one comes across two main categories of contribution of its scholars to anatomical sciences; one, through translations and the other, through their original work. At this point in time, the Greek philosophy of humours had taken deep roots, Galen's knowledge of human anatomy based on his observations of a few dissection of animals was beyond any doubt and discussion, and above all, dissection of the human cadavers was not permitted as it was considered unclean and sinful. Although Arab poetry in the pre-Islamic era occasionally depicted heart, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys as important parts of the human anatomy, but they had very little, rather peculiar ideas as to their shapes and functions. They thought anger was located in the liver, courage and passion in the heart, fear in the lungs laughter in the spleen and greed was lodged in the kidneys. In short, the anatomical knowledge of the pre-Islamic Arabs was more poetic than factual and scientific.

94. Science And Society Picture Library - Search
    the Ten Treatises on the Eye’ by the Assyrian hunayn ibnishaq (809-873 AD) The books on ophthalmology that ibn-ishaq authored formed the basis of  
    http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10288875&wwwflag=2&imagepos

95. Restatement Of History Of Islam And Muslims
    The hero of the battle of hunayn was Ali ibn Abi Talib just as he was the Muhammad ibn ishaq. One of our companions told us that the Apostle that day  
    http://al-islam.org/restatement/33.htm
    
    Extractions: Subject Index Search Announcements Feedback Restatement of History of Islam The Battle of Hunayn In late January 630, the Prophet received intelligence that Thaqeef and Hawazin had left their home base, and were moving toward Makkah. When these reports were confirmed, he too ordered a general mobilization in the newly-conquered city. The Prophet didn't want Makkah to become a battle-ground. He, therefore, hastily left Makkah on January 26, 630 at the head of 12,000 warriors, to meet the enemy. Out of this force, ten thousand men were from Medina, and the other two thousand were recruits from the newly-converted Makkans. This new army was the largest force ever assembled in Arabia to that date. As its various formations marched out of the city gate, in full panoply of war, Abu Bakr who was watching, was much impressed, and exclaimed: "We cannot be defeated this time because of lack of numbers." But very soon he was proven wrong. Muslims were defeated at the beginning even though they were thrice as numerous as the enemy. Qur’an itself called attention of the Muslims, rather pointedly, that numbers alone were no guarantee that they would be victorious. Sir William Muir Four weeks had just elapsed since he (Mohammed) had quitted Medina, when he marched forth from Mecca at the head of all his forces, swelled now, by the addition of 2000 auxiliaries from Mecca, to the large number of 12,000 men. Safwan, at his request, made over to him one hundred suits of mail and stand of arms complete, and as many camels. The array of tribes, each with a banner waving at its head, was so imposing that Abu Bakr broke forth, as the marshaled forces passed, with the exclamation: "We shall not this day be worsted by reason of the smallness of our numbers."

96. GKT Gazette - November 2003
    One of the foremost scholars at the House of Wisdom was hunayn ibnishaq.hunayn studied medicine in Baghdad under a physician who had trained at the famous  
    http://www.gktgazette.com/2003/nov/features.asp
    
    Extractions: home archives links subscriptions ... obituaries Features Islam's Weighty Contribution to Modern Medicine Modern man, dependent as he is on the drugs of the chemist and the skills of the physician, on the reckoning of the computer and the predictions of the economic planner, owes more of a debt than he might suspect to the Islamic scientists of the middle ages. Between the 9th and 14th centuries, Muslim chemists, physicians astronomers, mathematicians, geographers and others not only kept alive the disciplines of Greek science, but extended their range, laying and strengthening the foundation on which much of modern science is built (Stewart, 1967). This article highlights a few areas in which Islamic scientists further galvanized the practice and principles of medicine which left modern medicine on the esteemed platform upon which it stands today. Historically speaking, Islamic science, from its very beginning, did not concern itself only with man's physical environment, but included a penetrating analysis of man as a spiritual being and the of the society in which he dwelt. The first Muslim physician was a companion of the holy prophet of Islam by the name of Haridth ibn-Kaladah, who had studied at Jundishapur. But despite this very early contact of Islam with the school of medicine, Arab Muslims did not pursue this field, and nearly all of the early physicians were Christians, Jews or Persians. It was only after the establishment of Arabic as a major medical language, and the penetration of medicine and its knowledge into the texture of everyday life that Arab Muslims gradually became drawn to this perpetual subject.

97. Deadly Attacks Against The Assyrian Christians Of Iraq
    Martine Press p.314) It was revised by hunayn ibnishaq and later by Thabit .Thabit bin Qurra (826-901) is considered to be the greatest geometer of the  
    http://www.christiansofiraq.com/harranian.html
    
    Extractions: Harran during the Assyrian period was an important center of astronomy and mathematics which was used to calculate the movement of planets the prediction of eclipses and other astronomical events. It should not surprise us that such knowledge had survived a thousand years later in that city perhaps because Harranians refused to convert to Christianity and the planetary worship was still part of their religion which made such knowledge necessary. During the early Islamic period they were called Sabians a name mentioned in Koran which they adopted to join the ranks of the tolerated people. At times they have been confused with the Sabians living in southern Mesopotamia. One of the first translators of the Harranian school of mathematic and astronomy is known by his Arabized name as al-Hajjaj ibn-yusuf ibn-Matar (786-833). He is credited with having made the first translation of Euclid' Elements and one of the first of ptolemy's astronomical work in Arabic "Almagest" in 827-28 from a former Syriac version. (Philip Hitti, "History of the Arabs", Princeton University Press, 10th edition, Macmillan st. Martine Press p.314) It was revised by Hunayn ibn-Ishaq and later by Thabit . Thabit bin Qurra (826-901) is considered to be the greatest geometer of the Arab period. "Thabit translated into Arabic seven of the eight books on conic sections of Apolonius and wrote earliest known work on the sundial."

98. NITLE Arab World Project
    One of the most outstanding translators during this period is hunayn lBN ishaq, were conceived as having a didactic function ibn ishaq, for instance,  
    http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=1022&sequence=4

99. PJ Online | Christmas 2003 (Opium In Ninth Century Baghdad)
    Six of the most important figures were, in chronological order Yaqub ibn IshaqalKindi, Sabur ibn Sahl, hunayn ibn Ishaaq, Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari,  
    http://www.pjonline.com/Editorial/20031220/christmas/opium.html
    
    Extractions: Christmas miscellany summary In this article, Selma Tibi outlines the knowledge and therapeutic uses of opium and various species of poppy in Baghdad (a leading medical centre during the ninth century AD), as seen in key works by six outstanding physicians Dr Tibi is a community pharmacist in Oxford, who has a D.Phil. in the history of medicine Much of what we now know about the medicinal value of opium was already known in antiquity. Produced in Egypt, particularly in Thebes, opium was exported all over the Mediterranean world as opium thebaicum and used medicinally by the ancient Egyptians, and in Hellenistic and Roman times. With the spread of Islam in the seventh century, opium was introduced into India and, much later, in the 13th century, into China, where it was first used as a medicine. Greeks and Romans Papaver somniferum The benefits and dangers of opium were recorded by many Greek and Roman medical authors such as Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Celsus, Galen and Paul of Aegina. They knew, as we do, that nearly all parts of the white poppy

100. L'APPORT SCIENTIFIQUE ARABE A TRAVERS LES GRANDES FIGURES DE L'EPOQUE CLASSIQUE
     La philosophie, p. 49 Abu Yusuf Ya’qub ibn ishaq al-Kindi et la pensée  
     http://www.mauritania-today.com/francais/news/livre/

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