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Gerard Of Cremona:     more detail

Gerard of Cremona's Translation of the Commentary of Al-Nayrizi on Book I of Euclid's Elements of Geometry: With an Introductory Account of the Twenty-Two ... and Medieval Texts and Contexts, 2) by Anaritius, Gherardo, et all 2003-10 Gerard of Cremona: An entry from Gale's <i>Science and Its Times</i> by Judson Knight, 2001 Arabic-latin Translators: Herman of Carinthia, Robert of Ketton, Adelard of Bath, Gerard of Cremona, Michael Scot, Arnaldus de Villa Nova Gerard of Cremona 1187 Deaths; Pope Gregory Viii, Pope Urban Iii, Raynald of Châtillon, Gilbert Foliot, Raymond Iii of Tripoli, Gerard of Cremona, Ruben Iii People From Cremona: Claudio Monteverdi, Sofonisba Anguissola, Liutprand of Cremona, Gianluca Vialli, Ugo Tognazzi, Gerard of Cremona 1110s Births: Thomas Becket, Robert of Ketton, Wace, Raymond of Poitiers, Ponce de Minerva, Dirk VI, Count of Holland, Gerard of Cremona Della Vita e Delle Opere di Gherardo Cremonese, Traduttore del Secolo Duodecimo e di Gherardo da Sabbionetta, Astronomo del Secolo Decimoterzo Notizie Raccolte. by Baldassarre (1821-1894). [Gerard of Cremona & Gerard of Sabloneta] BONCOMPAGNI, 1851-01-01 The Latin translation of the Arabic version of Euclids Elements commonly ascribed to Gerard of Cremona: Introduction, edition and critical apparatus (Asfar) by Euclid, 1984 GEOMANCIE ASTRONOMIQUE de Gerard de Cremone. Pour Savoir les Choses Passes, les Presentes, & les Futurs. Traduite par le Sieur de Salerne. Et Augmentee en Cette Derniere Impressions de Plusieurs Questions, & d'Autres Curiositez. by Da Cremona Gherardo, 1691-01-01

lists with details

41. Ptolemy -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article
    and only made available in Latin translation (by (Click link for more infoand facts about gerard of cremona) gerard of cremona) in the 12th century.  
    http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/p/pt/ptolemy.htm
    
    Extractions: Claudius Ptolemaeus (Click link for more info and facts about 85) (Click link for more info and facts about 165) ), known in English as Ptolemy , was a (A native or inhabitant of Greece) Greek (An expert on geography) geographer (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer , and (Someone who predicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and moon) astrologer who probably lived and worked in (The chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt) Alexandria in (A republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC)

42. Krown & Spellman Booksellers: Geomancie Astronomique...Pour Savoir Les Choses Pa
    AUTHOR Gherardo Da Cremona. gerard of cremona misattributed to GerardusSablonetanus, the younger. Luc AntoineSieur de Salerne  
    http://www.krownspellman.com/cgi-bin/spellman/17959.html
    
    Extractions: Browse by Subject: any Africa Alchemy Americana Ancient Near East Antiques Antiquarian Arabic Archaeology Architecture Art Asia Astrology Astronomy Autographs Bible Bibliography Books-on-Books Business Calligraphy Chemistry Children Classics Coins Costume Curiosa Dance Decorative Arts Dictionaries Diplomacy Druids Eastern Europe Economics Encyclopedia England Egyptology Erotica FarEast Fencing Food France Gems Genealogy Germany Ghosts Government Greece Greek Hebrew Heraldry History Horses Hypnotism Illustrated Illuminated Incunabula India Inquisition Italy Judaica Kabbalah languages Latin Law Linguistics Literature Magic Manuscripts Maps Marriage Masonry Mathematics Medicine Medieval MiddleEast Military Mining Mineralogy Music Natural History North Africa Numistmatics Occult Paleography Papermaking Persia Philosophy Physics Plays Poetry Politics PressBooks Prestidigitation Psychology Religion Rome Science Sex Spain Spiritualism Sport STC Technology Theology Theosophy Theatre Travel Turkey Utopia Voyages Wine Wing Witchcraft Women Quick Search: Home Search Current Catalogues About Us ...

43. Islamset - The Process Of Reception And Assimilation: Arabic Medicine In Histori
    Its Latin translation by gerard of cremona was frequently printed during the His renowned Concession , translated by gerard of cremona in Latin was  
    http://www.islamset.com/heritage/philos/The_Process_of.html
    
    Extractions: ASSIMILATION: ARABIC MEDICINE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE No culture of the world is immune from the process of reception and assimilation of ideas from other cultural sources. The Arab conquest of Iran on the one hand, and The Alexandrian School, once the greatest centre of Hellenistic sciences in Egypt, as mentioned above, had combined Egyptian theories and practices with those of the Greeks, but had now ceased to operate as a creative centre. And the Arabs, after the conquest of Egypt in the sixth century, were acquainted with the Graeco-Egyptian medical practice in Alexandria. Khalid ibn-Yazid, the Umayyad prince, went to Alexandria later to master alchemy and was responsible for the first translation of Greek texts into Arabic. The Muslims thus came into contact with Greek medicine in Alexandria, although the contact was insignificant as compared with the Jundishapur School, which was at the height of its activity during the early Islamic period. It was in this historical background that Arabic or Islamic medicine developed and many towering personalities like ar-Razi, Ibn-Sina, Ibn-Rushd and others appeared on the scene of

44. TIMELINE 12th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
    There he encountered gerard of cremona, who had translated among many other Italian scholar gerard of cremona (born in ITALY c.1114) translates the  
    http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline12.html
    
    Extractions: Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide or beyond. Most recently updated: 20 April 2003 [Expanded from 37 to 68 kilobytes]. This web page draws heavily on FACTS as listed in " The Timetables of Science Facts were also checked against " The 1979 Hammond Almanac " [ed. Martin A. Bacheller et al., Maplewood, New Jersey, 1978], p.795, and the Wikipedia . It also utilizes facts from Volume I of D.E. Smith's " History of Mathematics " [(c) 1921 by David Eugene Smith; (c) 1951 by May Luse Smith; New York: Dover, 1958]. Executive Summary of the 12th Century Major Books of the Decade 1100-1110 Major Books of the Decade 1110-1120 Major Books of the Decade 1120-1130 ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books The 12th Century, according to D.E. Smith, "was to Christian Europe what the 9th Century was to the eastern Mohammedan world, a period of

45. Article - Dato Dzulkifli Abd Razak
    gerard of cremona, for example, went to Toledo to learn Arabic so that he couldtranslate available Arabic works. He translated one of Ibn Sina’s seminal  
    http://www.prn2.usm.my/mainsite/bulletin/article/34dar05.html
    
    Extractions: VC's Article PenawaRacun Poison Information -Healthtrack, The Sun (until May 1997) Poison Control - The New Straits Times/The New Sunday Times Dewan Kosmik Andalusia — the Golden Age’s shining example Dato' Dzulkifli Abd Razak - Comment - New Sunday Times – 24 July 2005 IT is fairly obvious that many of the practices of the culture of Andalusia are enshrined in the ideals and principles of Islam as emphasised in the Hadharic sense. In fact, the Golden Age of Islamic civilisation is a direct outcome of it, without having to attach any religious label to it.

46. §17. Peterhouse Library And Catalogue; The Library Of The Medieval Student. XV.
    gerard of cremona translates one book of Galen in Toledo from the Arabic intoLatin; another is introduced as ad tutyrum translato johannici filii ysaac de  
    http://www.bartleby.com/212/1517.html
    
    Extractions: Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Cambridge History The End of the Middle Ages English and Scottish Education. Universities and Public Schools to the Time of Colet ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD

47. Mathematics (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture)
    Translated by gerard of cremona Parchment Thirteenth century. The most importantmedieval Latin translation of the Almagest, which is found in many  
    http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/math.html
    
    Extractions: Ninth century Euclid's Elements, written about 300 B.C., a comprehensive treatise on geometry, proportions, and the theory of numbers, is the most long-lived of all mathematical works. This manuscript preserves an early version of the text. Shown here is Book I Proposition 47, the Pythagorean Theorem: the square on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the sides. This is a famous and important theorem that receives many notes in the manuscript. Archimedes, Works ca. 1458 In the early 1450s, Pope Nicholas V commissioned Jacobus de Sancto Cassiano Cremonensis to make a new translation of Archimedes with the commentaries of Eutocius. This became the standard version and was finally printed in 1544. This early and very elegant manuscript may have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca before coming to the library of the Duke of Urbino. The pages displayed here show the beginning of Archimedes' On Conoids and Spheroids with highly ornate, and rather curious, illumination.

48. Almagest: Definition And Much More From Answers.com
    gerard of cremona was unable to translate many technical terms, even retainedthe Arabic Abrachir for Hipparchus. In the 15th century, a Greek version  
    http://www.answers.com/topic/almagest
    
    Extractions: n. A comprehensive treatise on astronomy, geography, and mathematics compiled by Ptolemy about A.D. almagest Any of several medieval treatises concerned with astronomy or alchemy. [Middle English almageste , from Old French, from Arabic al-majisti al- , the + Greek megistē (suntaxis) , greatest (composition), feminine of megistos , greatest.] Essay The Almagest PTOLEMAIC UNIVERSE Library of Congress Ptolemy was the last great astronomer of the Alexandrian school in Egypt. He also was a prolific writer in science, best known for his book, the Almagest. He wrote the Almagest, originally named Syntaxis mathematica ("mathematical collection"), during the second century ce . The Arabs were so taken with this book that they began to call it Al magiste ("the greatest"), later corrupted to Almagest.

49. 1175: Information From Answers.com
    In the year 1175 Astronomy gerard of cremona b. Cremona (Italy), c. 1114, d.Toledo, Spain, 1187 translates the Almagest from the Arabic into Latin.  
    http://www.answers.com/topic/1175
    
    Extractions: showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping In the year Astronomy Gerard of Cremona [b. Cremona (Italy), c. 1114, d. Toledo, Spain, 1187] translates the Almagest from the Arabic into Latin. Around this time he also translates from Arabic works by al-Kindi, Thabit ibn Qurra, Rhazes, al-Farabi, pseudo-Aristotle, Avicenna, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, Diocles, and Alexander of Aphrodisias. See also ce Astronomy

50. Medieval Geomancy: Annotated Bibliography
    according to Charmasson, based on the treatise of gerard of cremona. of medieval geomantic practice as described in the texts of gerard of cremona,  
    http://www.princeton.edu/~ezb/geomancy/geobiblio.html
    
    Extractions: To the best of my knowledge, none of the medieval treatises on geomancy are available in modern English, nor do I know of any scholarly editions of the texts, with the two exceptions noted below. Burnett, C.S.F. "What is the Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris? A preliminary survey of the material." xliv (1977): 79-125. [Reprinted in Magic and divination in the Middle Ages . Variorum Collected Studies Series CS557, 1996.] Includes an edition of the "Experimentarius" of Bernardus Silvestris. The "Experimentarius" describes a medieval predictive technique based on geomancy but more arbitrary. Cattan, Christofe de. Paris: Gilles Gilles, 1558. A book-length treatise on geomancy, with examples of geomantic tableaux cast by Cattan for his acquaintances at the French court. The text describes the method of casting the points and forming the figures; discusses the meanings of the figures and their correspondences with elements, animals, planets, etc.; summarizes the questions appropriate to each house (with examples); and thoroughly covers the various ways to interpret the tableau. Fasciculus geomanticus . Verona: 1704. This compilation of Latin treatises on geomancy includes, among others, Robert Fludd's

51. ISLAMIC BACKGROUND OF WESTERN RENAISSANCE
    gerard of cremona was one of the greatest exponents of Arabian learning. gerard of cremona was the most prolific of Toledo translators.,  
    http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/islamic_background_of_western.htm
    
    Extractions: The nomadic Arabs, who rose from their desert tents, founded in remarkably short space of time, the mightiest empire of the Mediaeval era, which stretched from the shores of the Atlantic in the West to the Great Wall of China in the East. Their success in the field of territorial conquests was no more spectacular than their achievements in the realm of knowledge. Thus Christian Europe was rather slow to recognize the greatness of Islamic learning and its influence on the Revival of the West. Westerners like John Davenport, Stanley Lane Poole, M.P.E. Berthelot and more recently Holmyard, Max Meyerhof, George Sarton, Philip K. Hitti, Robert Briffault and John William Draper have gratefully acknowledged the part played by Muslims in the advancement of learning and the awakening of Europe. "Down to the 15th century", writes a western historian, "Whatever scientific activity existed in Europe was engaged in assimilating Arab learning without greatly adding to it." The Jews who enjoyed complete tolerance in Muslim Spain took a lively interest in the development and popularisation of Arabian learning both during and after the Moorish regime. They were scattered all over Europe after the Ahmohadeen conquest and became the ambassadors of Arabian culture wherever they went. French and German monks including Hildegard and Hrosvitha, the literary nuns of the Thuringian convent, learnt Arabian sciences from them. The wandering Jews founded numerous schools such as those of Kimhic and Ben Esra of Norbonne, where the diffusion ofGrabian learning was carried on through translation and teaching. A large number of these Jews accompanied William of Normandy to England where they established the first English school of science at Oxford, in which Arabian sciences were freely taught. It was in this school that Roger Bacon learnt Arabic sciences from Jewish teachers.

52. Saving Civilisation? – Muslim Scholarship
    The Almagest is translated into Latin by gerard of cremona. The Tables ofalKhawarizmi are translated by Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester and Gerard of  
    http://www.jesusneverexisted.com/baghdad-summer.html
    
    Extractions: Kenneth Humphreys Site Search: search tips site map Whilst Crusaders waged holy war against the infidel, every cathedral in Christendom boasted Cordova covered gospels and altar fronts! Frankish knights rode in Cordova saddles, and took away their loot in Cordova leather trunks and nail-studded chests.

53. Translators
    gerard of cremona, probably the most prolific of all medieval translators, alsoworked in Toledo. Apart from his Latin translations of scientific works in  
    http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/B110.htm
    
    Extractions: Translators played a crucial role in the history of medieval philosophy. Since multilingualism was generally restricted to places in which a direct contact between different languages was possible, such as Byzantium, the Near East, southern Italy or Spain, the dissemination of knowledge into foreign cultures was mainly brought about by means of translation. In this conversion process various kinds of writings were involved, including the Bible, the Qur'an and liturgical and hagiographic works as well as literary and historiographic texts. Early Greek-Latin translations The science of the Arabs The Aristoteles Latinus The tradition of Greek-Latin translations of philosophical and scientific texts goes back to Cicero , whose philosophical works contain some translated fragments (for example, of Plato's Timaeus ), but consist for the greater part of free adaptations of some contemporary Greek models. The practice of both translation and paraphrase was continued by early Christian writers such as Marius Victorinus and Ambrose (see Patristic philosophy ). As for Plato's

54. Famous Anatomists (Arabic)
    Medicine dedicated to Mansur the Samanid prince and governor of Reyy, AbuSalih al-Mansur ibn Ishaq), translated into Latin by gerard of cremona (d.  
    http://www.anatomist.co.uk/FamousAnatomists/famousanatomists3b.htm
    
    Extractions: Al-Razi (Almansor of Rhazes; Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya' al-Razi; c. 865-925 AD ) is considered the greatest physician of the Islamic world, versed in philosophy as well as music and alchemy. He served at the Samanid court and headed hospitals in Rayy and Baghdad (a story told of him relates how he determined the location of that hospital founded by 'Adud al-Dawlah by hanging pieces of meat around the city and settling for the site where putrefaction was slowest - the 'Adudi hospital, however, was not founded until 980 AD , more than 50 years after al-Razi's death, so the story may rather relate to that hospital founded during the reign of al-Mu'tadid (892-902 AD ) which al-Razi more certainly helped locate and of which he was later director). Al-Razi practiced for over 35 years and authored some 200 books, more than half of which were medical. His most sought after work was Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb (The Comprehensive Book of Medicine) - a 20 volume survey of Greek, Syrian and early Arabic medicine, as well as some Indian medical knowledge, with a commentary including clinical cases of his own experience. Much of the original work is lost and, because Al-Razi was meticulous in crediting his sources, Al-Hawi remains an extremely important source of knowledge. He was known in Europe as Rhazes, and

55. The Magickal Use Of The Sixteen Figures Of Geomancy
    The same goes for gerard of cremona. For my own working I kept with the On Astronomical Geomancy by gerard of cremona available from Norton s Imperium  
    http://www.philhine.org.uk/writings/rit_geomancy.html
    
    Extractions: Note: You are reading this either because your browser does not support CSS, or we have not found time to develop proper CSS for your browser yet. Please read our design notes for more details. Welcome to Phil Hine's website. Skip straight to search box or navigation links The purpose of this essay is to introduce the sixteen figures of geomancy and suggest how they may be used for experimentation in sorcery enchantment and evocation. If the reader has come across them already it is probably in their function as a tool of divination. However any divinatory system is a language between the operator and the spirit world/god/guardian angel/deep mind etc. Just as the operator can enquire from the universe the outcome of events via a mediatory system of symbols s/he can also petition and request results using the same language. What follows are the results of my own experiments with the spirits of geomancy and as such they are entirely subjective. However I hope that they suggest to you lines of how to work with them. Like any system of symbols the more we use them the more they become acquainted with us and a rapport is built up. The methods I used for this project included, dream incubation, seidr, evocation, skrying and enchantment. Please note that the use of geomancy in this essay refers to the sixteen figues made up of four lines of either one or two marks. It does not refer to Feng Shui or Ley lines.

56. The Medieval Renaissance Through Consecrated Warfare
    Eventually translated by gerard of cremona, the Canon consisted of five books.The first book dealt with general principles. The second book presented a  
    http://www.geocities.com/gcalla1/muslim.htm
    
    Extractions: “God Wills It”: The Medieval Renaissance Through Consecrated Warfare by: Giovanni JRC In 1095, in Clermont France , Pope Urban II (1088-1099) delivered a sermon that encouraged many to take up arms for the purpose of recapturing the Holy Land for Christendom. “God Wills It!” cheered the crowd thus marking the beginning of the war, as the Pope finished his oration. Within a year, Europe undertook its centuries long combat against Muslims in a holy war that the Catholic Church sanctioned, if not demanded. The question is; what did God will exactly? Indeed, if the Christian God willed anything, he would have perhaps meant Christianity’s departure from the Middle Ages. For throughout this period, science and philosophy in Medieval Europe was quite antiquated due to their lack of access to classical works. Granted, there were some writings by philosophers such as Plato and others, but most of these texts were incomplete and fragmented. This, along with illiteracy which was prevalent throughout the general populace due to poverty during this period, contributed to Medieval Europe’s lack of progressive knowledge especially in science and philosophy. However, as the Crusades ensued, trade between once rival nations became widespread as these formerly warring fiefdoms found a new common enemy, the Muslims.

57. Influence Of Muslim Philosophy On The West
    of Gundiaslivus (d 1151) followed by gerard of cremona (d 1187). Book ofCure) into Latin while gerard of cremona translated alQanun which became  
    http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JunRefl2y3.html
    
    Extractions: Cultural relations between the Muslims and Christian Europe were established in two ways: first via Spain and second by way of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples. The translation of Arabic works into Latin was closely associated with the name of the theologian Raymond who was the Archbishop of Toledo from 1130 to 1150 AD. In Toledo, the Muslims lived side by side with the Christians. They lived in the capital and the seat of the Archbishop spurred their neighbours into taking an interest in the intellectual life of the Muslims. In Toledo, Raymond established a translation bureau the purpose of which was to render Arabic masterpieces into Latin. Among works translated were Arabic versions of Aristotle’s works as well as original works by Farabi Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes). These translations were made under the supervision of Gundiaslivus (d: 1151) followed by Gerard of Cremona (d: 1187).

58. Routledge Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Online : Islamic Philosophy
    by gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona. to Latin. Translators 2 The science ofthe Arabs. medieval natural philosophy. Natural philosophy, medieval 1  
    http://www.rep.routledge.com/article-related/H057
    
    Extractions: Renaissance philosophy Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy Islam, concept of philosophy in aesthetics Aesthetics in Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy al-Afghani al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din Aristotelianism beauty Aesthetics in Islamic philosophy: 1 Beauty causality Causality and necessity in Islamic thought Christianity relationship Liber de causis Liber de causis: 2 Philosophical context Nicholas of Cusa Nicholas of Cusa : 8 Ecumenism al-Dawani al-Dawani, Jalal al-Din definition of Islam, concept of philosophy in: 1 Nature and origins of Islamic philosophy early history Islamic philosophy Islam, concept of philosophy in: 1 Nature and origins of Islamic philosophy epistemology Epistemology in Islamic philosophy ethics Ethics in Islamic philosophy al-Farabi al-Farabi, Abu Nasr al-Ghazali al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid God existence of kalam argument God, arguments for the existence of: 1 Cosmological arguments Ibn Hazm Ibn Khaldun Ibn Massara Ibn Miskawayh Ibn Miskawayh, Ahmad ibn Muhammad

59. Darklands Domain - Getting Rich Thru Alchemy By Alan Pitts
    gerard of cremona, 155, 222, 1060, 99, 65, 48, 827, K, Orpiment 143 163Koln gerard of cremona Eaterwater 45Q 164 - 177 Koln Hugh s Arabian Fire 45Q  
    http://www.darklands.net/tools/winning.shtml

60. Lecture 4
    When gerard of cremona translated Ptolemy s work into Latin from Arabic gerard of cremona s Latin translation of Almagest appeared in print in 1518.  
    http://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture4.html
    
    Extractions: (300 - 800 CE) Author Work Latin translation by/from When Plato Timaeus Chalcidius/Greek 4th c Aristotle some logical works Boethius/Greek 6th c Lucretius On Nature known in 8th c Boethius (480-524) Cassiodorus (488-575) Isidore of Seville (560-636) Bede of Jarrow (673-735) Islamic Science—9th-12th c Spread of Islam from death of Mohammed (632) to 750 Al-Khwarizmi c. 800-847

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