Extractions: International Study Group on the Relations Between HISTORY and PEDAGOGY of MATHEMATICS NEWSLETTER An Affiliate of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction: No. 48, November 2001 A particular rule for finding the arc length of a bow-figure (i.e. segment of a circle) has been found on an ancient Babylonian tablet. fig.1 Let s, c, h be, respectively, the length of the arc PNQ (see fig.1), chord PQ, and the arrow or height MN of the circular segment (assumed to be not greater than a semicircle). Then the formula extracted from the procedure given in the old Babylonian text BM85194 (dated about 1600BC) is equivalent to s c h Actually, the scribe used (1) for finding h (without specifying it so) correctly equal to 10 from given s = 60 and c = 50. The true formula is c h d h But the exact formula (2) is not expected to be known in that remote pre-trigonometric antiquity and the empirical rule (1) can be regarded to be quite practical. Surprisingly the rule (1) is found preserved in some later traditions (see below). As an application of (1), consider the old common formula
Sources In Recreational Mathematics A fairly general use of 9s is in aryabhata ii s Mahasiddhanta, c950, and Narayana sGanitakaumudi, c1356, allows any modulus. Have either of these ever http://www.g4g4.com/david.htm
CHRONOLOGY OF RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS By David Singmaster 950 aryabhata ii. 10C Europeans learn chess from north Africa, probably viaMoorish Spain. The word mate is recorded in Latin before 1000. http://anduin.eldar.org/~problemi/singmast/recchron.html
Extractions: Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics 87 Rodenhurst Road South Bank University London, SW4 8AF, England London, SE1 0AA, England Tel/fax: 0181-674 3676 Tel: 0171-815 7411 Fax: 0171-815 7499 E-mail: ZINGMAST@VAX.SBU.AC.UK last Web revision:December 22, 1998 Mario Velucchi's Web Index visitors since Dec. 22, 1998 Web page processed by Web Master - Mario Velucchi velucchi@bigfoot.com Mario Velucchi / Via Emilia, 106 / I-56121 Pisa - Italy
Extractions: Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics 87 Rodenhurst Road South Bank University London, SW4 8AF, England London, SE1 0AA, England Tel/fax: 0181-674 3676 Tel: 0171-815 7411 Fax: 0171-815 7499 E-mail: ZINGMAST@VAX.SBU.AC.UK last Web revision:December 22, 1998 Mario Velucchi's Web Index visitors since Dec. 22, 1998 Web page processed by Web Master - Mario Velucchi velucchi@bigfoot.com Mario Velucchi / Via Emilia, 106 / I-56121 Pisa - Italy
Math Words Page 17 p 166 erstmals bezeugt in den Mahasiddhanta von aryabhata ii (c. 950) the (probably) tenthcentury _Mahasiddhanta_ of Aryabhata (II). http://www.pballew.net/arithm17.html
Extractions: Annus Mirabilis, Newton's Year of Miracles. . During the period around 1664 to 1667 Newton's study at Trinity College in Cambridge was interrupted several times due to the recurring episodes of the black plague. During this period of time he returned to his mother's farm in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire and studied independently. According to legend, while working at Woolsthrorpe during the year 1666 at the age of 23, he developed most of the calculus, as well as major works on color and optics, and the foundation for his theory of gravity and the three famous laws of motion that bear his name. After his death among his papers was found an unsent letter to Pierre Des Maizeaux. It contained the following description of the Miracle Year by Newton's own hand. Avoirdupois A system of weight measurement still used in many of the English speaking nations of the world. In the early days of merchant trade some items were traditionally sold by the piece, some by volume, and some by weight. The traditional system of measure for English goods sold by weight was the avoirdupois system, which included pounds and ounces. In fact the origin of
Extractions: Aryabhata is the earliest Indian mathematician whom historians know by name. He lived from 476 to 550 C.E. Little else is known about him. There has long been confusion regarding his identity; there was another notable Indian mathematician named Aryabhata who flourished sometime between 950 and 1100 C.E. Often, the latter is referred to as Aryabhata II. Also, the Persian historian al-Biruni believed that there were two famous Indian mathematicians named Aryabhata who lived around 500 C.E. The subsequent confusion from this blunder ensued until it was disproved in 1926 (Suzuki 219-220). Prior to Aryabhata, Vedic sutras (early Hindu scriptures) had expounded on geometric relationships for religious purposes such as altar construction and keeping track of calendars. Jain mathematicians also excelled at mathematics prior to Aryabhata. In light of this, some scholars suggest that Aryabhata intended for his Aryabhatiya to be a commentary on previous mathematicians and astronomers or possibly a skeletal outline of his small contributions to the canon of knowledge (Srinivasiengar 42). It is written in the Sanskrit language, the language of the Aryans - the people from Europe who migrated to India around 1500 B.C.E. and melded with the indigenous Indian culture to form Hindu culture (Watson 30). The style of the Aryabhatiya is difficult to describe. It does not read like a practical manual as does the Chinese Nine Chapters nor does it read like a basic set of theoretical proofs like Euclid's Elements. The Aryabhatiya is written in poetic verse - typical of Sanskrit works - and seems to be more like a collection of anecdotes and mnemonic devices to aid in teaching mathematical and astronomical ideas than a traditional text. It is highly likely that the study of the Aryabhatiya would be accompanied by the teachings of a well-versed tutor.
ISHM | Ganita Bharati | Contents aryabhata iis Methods for finding Cube Root of a Number 6068. MD PANDITMathematicians in Ancient India 69-85. NOTES A Circular Field Problem in the Late http://www.indianshm.com/ganitabharati/toc/show.php?id=000040
SDDS Volume 1 Issue 16 aryabhata ii. VARAHAMIHIRA iii. PARASARA iv. GARGYA SAMHITA 12. GRIHYA SASTRA (or GRIHYA SUTRA) ( Observance by householders) i. ASVALAYANA( RV) ii. http://www.srivaishnava.org/sgati/sddsv1/v01016.htm
Extractions: (Limitations under which Bhakti and Prapatti operate) Certain people exaggerate the efficacy of Prapatti to absurd extents. This chapter seeks to disabuse the views so expressed on certain aspects. ( 1 ) That even though one is born in a lower caste, he becomes one of a higher caste on performing Prapatti. The answer is that so long as the body exists, the caste does not change. EVEN A TEMPLE COW, HOWEVER HOLY IT MIGHT BE, REMAINS ONLY A COW. Even though Sri Krishna eulogized VIDURA a person belonging to the fourth caste, he did not say that he changed his caste. Similarly, even Viswamitra never became a Brahmin. The story regarding his birth shows that since his mother partook of the potion meant for a Brahmin foetus, he was already a Brahmin indeed by birth but his brahminic traits remained eclipsed. This does not mean that one can afford to despise another on the basis of caste. EVEN A PERSON OF THE SO CALLED LOWER CASTE, IF THEY ARE DEVOTEES - DUE
Madhurima's Page - Scientific Literature Of Ancient India Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata was composed around 499 AD. It is of four parts Manjulacharya s (932 AD) Laghumanasa; aryabhata ii s (950AD) Mahasddhanta; http://www.geocities.com/fisik_99/sci_liter.htm
Extractions: SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE OF ANCIENT INDIA V.Madhurima Science is essentially the systematic study of anything. It is a well known fact that science was well developed in ancient India. Science was cultivated by the brahminical schools. It was preserved and written in the form of Sutras - formulae. Later commentaries were written to explain these sutras. A vast collection of scientific literature is available in India of which a few are mentioned here. GRAMMAR The earliest known work on grammar is the Asthadhyi of Panini (circa 4-5 C BC)which refers to previous works. The Vartikas of Katyayana (3 C BC) are the critical, explanatory and commentary works of some rules of Panini. Patanjali's Mahabhasha (2 C BC) is a commentary on the Vartikas. Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (7 C AD) is more a work on the philosophy of language. LEXICOGRAPHY (KOSHAS) Koshas were a collection of rare and important works and their meanings. Unlike the modern dictionaries the Koshas were in the form of verses. They were of two types: those of synonyms and those of homonyms. The best known works are Amarasimha's Namalinganushasana (or AMARAKOSHA) - a three section dictionary of synonyms and Shasvata's Anekarthasamuchchaya - a dictionary of homonyms.
Extractions: About Charles Scribner's Sons ... Z A Abailard, Pierre Abano, Pietro Abano, Pietro d' 'Abbas Ibn Firnas Abbe, Cleveland Abbe, Ernst Abel, John Jacob Abel, Niels Henrik Abel, Othenio Abetti, Antonio Abich, Otto Hermann Wilhelm Abney, William de Wiveleslie Abraham Bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi Abraham, Max Abreu, Aleixo Abreu, Aleixo de Abu Hamid al-Gharnati Abu Kamil Shuja' Ibn Aslam Ibn Muhammad Ibn Shuja' Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Ja'far Ibn Muhammad Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi, Hibat Allah Abu'l-Fida' Isma'il Ibn 'Ali Ibn Mahmud Ibn . . . Ayyub, 'Imad al-Din Abu'l-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Muhammad Ibn Muhammad ~Ibn Yahya Ibn Isma'il Ibn al- 'Abbas Abu'l-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Isma'il Ibn al- 'Abbas Accum, Friedrich Christian Achard, Franz Karl Acharius, Erik Achillini, Alessandro Acosta, Cristobal Acosta, Jose Acosta, Jose de Acyuta Pisarati Adam of Bodenstein Adams, Frank Dawson Adams, John Couch Adams, Leason Heberling Adams, Roger Adams, Walter Sydney Adanson, Michel Addison, Thomas Adelard of Bath Adet, Pierre-Auguste
History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 530); Anthemius of Tralles (dc 534) *SB *MT; Aryabhata (476c. Abu JafarMuhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Khorasani al-Khazin (dc 965) *SB; aryabhata ii (fl. c. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html
Extractions: Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT Baudhayana (c. 700) Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB
Kalilily Time: Why I Think Women Are Way Ahead Of Men. aryabhata ii to name a few, the religious prophets ie. Bhudda, Christ, etc.and all the others like Einstein, Freud, Gandhi, Socrates, Darwin, Pasteur, http://www.kalilily.net/weblog/03/01/18/220037.html
Extractions: Dick Jones'Patteran Pages Powered by Movable Type Hell yeah, The Spartaneity Project did this. Brain research is making it more and more evident that, while our environment and nurturing can make a crucial difference in what kinds of adults we mature into, nature deals us each a very definitive hand, and much of it is in the form of chemicals that our brains produce. If we dont have enough seratonin, we feel depressed. If we are females and our estrogen and progesterone are out of whack, we get major PMS. (These are just two of hundreds of examples.) Many of us women have come to recognize that we can control PMS with everything from herbal supplements to wild yam cream, from progesterone suppositories to Prozac capsules. Because humans have evolved the way we have, it might be natural to be at the mercy of our erratic human brain and glandular chemistries, but that doesnt mean we cant take our fate into our own hands and alter those defective ebbs and flows. Doing so doesnt make us less ourselves; indeed, it often frees us from the tyranny of our chemistries and allows us to be so much more our loving, caring, creative, and nurturing selves in other words, better human beings.
Extractions: Feedback Ar·y·an (âr n, r n. Indo-Iranian. No longer in technical use. A member of the people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages. No longer in technical use. A member of any people speaking an Indo-European language. No longer in technical use. In Nazism and neo-Nazism, a non-Jewish Caucasian, especially one of Nordic type, supposed to be part of a master race. [From Sanskrit rya- noble, Aryan Ar y·an adj. Word History: It is one of the ironies of history that Aryan, a word nowadays referring to the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of Nazi Germany, originally referred to a people who looked vastly different. Its history starts with the ancient Indo-Iranians, Indo-European peoples who inhabited parts of what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Their tribal self-designation was a word reconstructed as *arya- or rya-.
INDOlink Arts-Culture Discussion Forum Forum - MATHEMATICS IN The main mathematicians of the tenth century in India were aryabhata ii andVijayanandi, both adding to the understanding of sine tables and trigonometry to http://www.indolink.com/Forum/Arts-Culture/messages/4971.html
Extractions: VEDIC MATHEMATICS Home Introduction Examples Links Ancient Indian mathematics An overview of Indian mathematics Indian numerals The Indian Sulbasutras Jaina mathematics ... Chronology of Pi Ancient Indian mathematicians 800 BC Baudhayana Bhaskara I Brahmadeva 750 BC Manava Lalla Bhaskara II 600 BC Apastamba Govindasvami Mahendra Suri 520 BC Panini Mahavira Narayana 200 BC Katyayana Prthudakasvami Madhava 120 AD Yavanesvara Sankara Paramesvara Aryabhata I ... Jagannatha The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Indexes/Indians.html Thinking Pages Home Feedback Contact
Vedic Sources Of The Vedic Mathematics - Article Mahaviracarya (AD 850), aryabhata ii (AD 950), Sridharacarya (AD 991), Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata (with Commentary of Bhaskara I and Someshvara). http://vedicmaths.org/Free Resources/Articles/kansara/kansara.asp
Extractions: This article appeared in the Indian Journal Sambodhi Vol. XXIII, 2000 and is reproduced here with permission. Diacritical marks have not been copied, nor have the few Sanskrit/Hindu lines of text. This article has been scanned into text and though we have done our best there may still be a few errors. For the full text please see the Journal version. VEDIC SOURCES OF THE 'VEDIC MATHEMATICS' Dr. N. M. Kansara Director, Akshardham Centre for Applied Research in Social Harmony (AARSH), Akshardham, Gandhinagar - (382 020) Jagadguru Shankaracharya Swami Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja of Govardhan Peeth Matha, Puri, wrote or dictated a book entitled `Vedic Mathematics' based on 29 Sutras, of which 16 deal with the general case, while the rest 13 treat the special cases. The declaration of the Sutras as "Vedic" or as belonging to the Vedas, particularly to the Atharvaveda, and his claim that "the Sutras (aphorisms) apply to and cover each and every part of each and every chapter of each and every branch of mathematics including arithmetic, algebra, geometry plane and solid, trigonometry - plane and spherical, conics - geometrical and analytical, astronomy, calculus - differential and integral etc., etc.", and that "there is no part of mathematics, pure or applied, which is beyond their jurisdiction" has raised a controversy amongst the mathematicians of India, some of whom have questioned the Vedicity of the Sutras on the ground of their language, and the level of mathematics it deals with. It is endeavoured here to deal with the problem in all possible aspects, and examine the validity or otherwise of the claim.
500_1499 Index (920 1000) aryabhata ii (940 - 998) Abu l-Wafa (940 -1000) al-Quhi (940 -1000)Al-Khujandi (940 -1010) Vijayanandi (945 -1020) al-Sijzi (950 -1009) Yunus http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Indexes/500_1499.html
Category:Mathematician Stubs A cont. Aryabhata aryabhata ii August Leopold Crelle Augustus Edward HoughLove Autolycus of Pitane. B. Barry Mazur Bart Preneel Bartel Leendert http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/Category:Mathematician-stubs.wikipe
Extractions: Over $125,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! This category is for stub articles relating to biographies of mathematicians . You can help Wikipedia by expanding them. To add an article to this category, use mathbiostub instead of Contents: Top A B C ... Z
Indian Mathematicians Aryabhata Astronomer who gave very accurate calculations for astronomical Halayudha, 10th century; aryabhata ii, 920-1000; Vateshvara (10th century) http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/Indian-mathematicians.wikipedia
Extractions: Regular View Dictionary View (all words explained) Algebra Help my dictionary with pronunciation , wikipedia etc Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive. See our fundraising page for details. (Redirected from Indian mathematicians The chronology of Indian Mathematics spans from the Indus valley civilization and the Vedas to Modern times. Indian mathematicians have made outstanding contributions to the development of mathematics as we know it today. The Indian decimal notation of numbers, concept of zero have probably provided some of the biggest impetus' to advances in the field. Concepts from India were carried to the Middle East, where they studied extensively. From there they made their way to Europe. Unfortunately, they have not been given due acknowledgement in Modern History, with many discoveries/inventions (such as calculus ) by Indian Mathematicians now attributed to their western counterparts. Aryabhata - Astronomer who gave very accurate calculations for astronomical constants, 500
