Socrates Searching For Scientific Explanations anaxagoras of clazomenae (c. 500/499 BC c. 428 BC) was born in Lampsacus.The Scientific Revolution started in the Ionian islands and Anaxagoras was one http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/SocratesCauses.htm
Extractions: This Ad requires your browser to accept inline frames (IFRAME) Socrates searching for scientific explanations According to a Theory by the Hindus the world is supported by elephants who stand on the back of a huge turtle. In Greek Mythology a giant, Atlas , carried the world on his shoulders. Socrates wanted o find a better foundation, an immortal Atlas as he said. When Socrates was young he was interested in scientific explanations of natural phenomena as he explains in Plato's Phaedo. He was not so successful and he was not happy because he could not provide the answers as he wanted. He was probably interested like Einstein to find how God's thoughts are. These ideas were then copied later by others like Einstein and Hawking saying that when we sometimes have a theory of everything we will know how God is thinking. What Socrates wanted was an explanation that shows that everything is done in an optimal way. The purpose of Science is to find why this is the best way. Could God produce something like the world that is not in the best possible way? Is our world the best possible world? Socrates in Plato's Phaedo: One day I heard someone reading, as he said, from a book of
TITLE 460 bc), and anaxagoras of clazomenae (ca. 500428 bc). The details of this debateneed not detain us here, but these last three also developed accounts of http://eprints.yorku.ca/archive/00000086/00/encyclopedia.htm
Extractions: [Note: The article was intended for inclusion in A. Weber, (Ed.) (in press). Psychology. Vol. 1: History of Psychology Danbury CT : Grolier International. Grollier finally decided to publish a greatly abridged version, so I have decided to post the original full-length version here. - cdg Ancient Greek Psychology Christopher D. Green Toronto Canada The idea of the mind was first systematically explored in ancient Greece The main figures in this exploration were the early Presocratic philosophers, Plato, Artistotle , and the Hippocratic physicians. The key issues for them were the basic nature of the mind (i.e., what it is made of), and the various parts or functions it has. They also made some early discoveries about the relation between the mind and the brain. Key Dates Box
EXplorations In Medicine (B112 DK) anaxagoras of clazomenae Another important postParmenidean philosopherwas anaxagoras of clazomenae in Ionia, who went to Athens along with the http://interzone.com/~cheung/SUM.dir/med1.html
Extractions: visit the Asclepion visit the Asclepion Foundations Of Hippocratic Medicine THE DOCTORS AND THE PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS In order to give their new ideas a firmer foundation, and to be persuasive to their patients, many of the writers of the Hippocratic treatises turned to the writings of the Presocratic philosophers, men who sought to explain the nature of the cosmos and the things in it in terms of natural entities and non-personal forces (today we would call these men natural scientists). Other Hippocratic writers vehemently opposed this trend, holding to what they saw as an uncompromising empiricism, based solely on experience, not on theory. Their debate underlies many of the Hippocratic treatises, influencing not only content but also the form of argumentation, which makes it important to consider this philosophical background briefly. In the following discussion, the fragments of the Presocratics are translated from the Greek text found in the standard source, H.Diels and W.Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th edition, 1954, and identified with their Diels-Kranz number, abbreviated as DK). A useful source book for further background is G.S.Kirk, J.E.Raven and M. Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers, 1983. THALES OF MILETUS According to tradition, Thales, a native of the Ionian east Greek city of Miletus (in modern Turkey), was the first of the Presocratic philosophers. Miletus was a large and cosmopolitan city, with long-standing trading connections with the states of the ancient Near East. He himself was probably of mixed ancestry (his family is said to have been originally Phoenician, and, like many Ionians, he probably also had an admixture of local Carians in his family tree). He is reported to have assisted the Lydian king Croesus in his war against the Persians, and predicted an eclipse that put an end to a great battle in 585. Thus he was probably active not much before the beginning of the seventh century. None of Thales' own writings have survived, but later writers say that he held that the earth floats on water, which is in some way the source of all other things. This may reflect Egyptian and other Near Eastern influences (Kirk, Raven and Schofield, 92). Since our reports of his work come from a later period, it is possible that the idea of water as a source of all things was anachronistic, reflecting directions taken by later philosophers. Nonetheless, it seems reasonable to suppose that Thales' was, as tradition holds, the first of these innovative thinkers who sought a new way of explaining the cosmos in natural terms. ANAXIMANDER OF MILETUS Anaxamander of Miletus was said to have been the pupil of Thales. If Thales in fact predicted the eclipse of 585, his pupil must have lived in the mid-sixth century (the presumption of a pupil-teacher series of philosophers was the basis of the ancient dating of their lives, which thus remains very uncertain). He is the first of the Presocratics whose own words we have: 1. "The beginning of all things was the Apeiron [the unlimited, unbounded, undefined] ... from which coming-to-be was for all things, and their destruction was of necessity into the same. For they suffer punishment and make reparation to each other for injustice according to the order of time." (B1 DK) 2. "For this (the nature of the Apeiron) is everlasting and undying." (B2 DK). 3. A sort of evolutionary process was involved: "living creatures came to be from moisture evaporated by the sun. Man was like another creature, a fish, in the beginning." (Frag. 11.6 DK) Existing things were formed by a separation off from an undefined, undifferentiated being (the Apeiron), and over the course of time were balanced out so that no one form of being came to dominate the others, but all were bound to take their turns by a sort of natural justice. Anaximander's conception of a cosmic balance operating over time expressed an idea that was fundamental in the development of Greek medicine: human beings are a part of the natural world, and the natural world tends toward a balance. ANAXIMENES OF MILETUS The third of the Milesian monists (proponents of one elementary substance) was Anaximenes, who is traditionally considered to have been a pupil of Anaximander. He identified the unlimited substance (the Apeiron of Anaximander) as Aer/Air. He provided an analogical argument: 1. "Just as our soul, being air, holds us together, so also breath (pneuma) and air encompass the whole cosmos." (B2 DK). Anaximenes' views were described by the second-century Roman church commentator Hippolytus: 2. "Anaximenes said that limitless (apeiron ) Aer (air) was the Arche (first principle), from which arise the things that are, and those that were, and those that will be, and gods and goddesses, and the rest arises from these. The form of Aer is the following: whenever it is most uniform it is invisible to the sight, but it is revealed by cold, heat, moisture, and movement. It is always moving, for nothing that changes changes if it is not moved. Through becoming denser or rarer, it becomes different. For whenever it is changed into the rarer, it becomes fire; when condensed, it becomes winds; when condensed further (felted), it becomes clouds; becoming yet more condensed, it changes into water; and still more, earth; and, when thickest of all, stone. So that the most effective elements of generation are opposites, cold and hot." (B7 DK) In the fifth century, the theory of Aer seems to have become rather popular. Another philosopher, Diogenes of Apollonia, adopted it as his first principle (see below), and it is attributed to the character representing the philosopher Socrates in Aristophanes' comedy, the Clouds. The author of the Hippocratic treatise, On Breaths, also adopted the Aer theory. HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS Another Ionian philosopher whose ideas influenced the Hippocratic writers was Heraclitus, a native of the city of Ephesus, not far from Miletus. He is sometimes classified as a monist whose first principle was fire, but it is not clear whether he meant this to be taken literally or metaphorically. His style was intentionally enigmatic and obscure, intriguing his audience by paradoxes and leading them into fresh ways of thinking. Heraclitus' obscure style found some imitators among the Hippocratic authors. 1. "Nature loves to hide." (B123 DK) "The lord to whom belongs the oracle at Delphi neither speaks out nor hides his meaning, but gives a sign." (B93 DK) 2. "The way up and the way down are one and the same." (B60 DK) 3. "Sea water is the purest and foulest. For fish it is drinkable and life-preserving, for men it is undrinable and deadly." (B61 DK) 4. "It is not possible to step into the same river twice." (B91 DK) 5. "And good and evil are the same. For doctors, cutting and burning and torturing sick men in every way, still complain that they do not receive as much pay as they deserve from the sick, producing the same things, goods and sicknesses." (B58 DK) Some fragments suggest that Heraclitus saw Fire is the first principle of all things, in much the same way that Anaximenes saw Aer:: 6. "This cosmos is the same for all, neither any of the gods nor of men made it, but it ever was and is and shall be everliving Fire, kindled by measures and extinguished by measures." (B30 DK) 7. "The forms of Fire are, first sea; half of sea is earth, and half is thunderbolt." (B31 DK) 8. "All things are exchanged for Fire and Fire for all things, as goods for gold and gold for goods." (B90 DK) 9. "Fire lives the death of Air, and Air the death of Fire: Water lives the death of earth, and Earth of Water." (B76 DK) 10. "A man when he is drunk is led by an ungrown boy, stumbling, not knowing where he is going, having a wet soul." (B117 DK) 11. "A dry soul is the wisest and best." (B118 DK) Yet fire also encompasses the nature of strife and opposition, and may be a metaphor to convey the inexpressible nature of the changing world: 12. "All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things flows like a stream . . . . Of the opposites that which tends to birth or creation is called war and strife, and that which tends to destruction by fire is called concord and peace." (Diogenes Laertes, On the Lives of Philosophers, 4.9.9-12) PARMENIDES OF ELEA AND THE PROBLEM OF CHANGE Parmenides of Elea, a Greek colony in Southern Italy, took Monism to its logical conclusion when he argued that only being could be: 1. "For this is impossible to maintain, that not-being is" (Fr.7 DK) 2. "It [being] never ever was nor will it be, since it is now, all together, one, continuous. For what birth will you find for it? In what way, and from what, did it grow?" (Fr.8 DK) 3. "Nor is it divided, since it is all alike; nor is any part of it greater, which would make it constrained, nor any part stronger, but it all is filled full of being, the whole of it is continuous: for being draws near to being." (B8 DK) Since only being exists, the world of change and difference that we perceive through the senses must be an illusion, or so Parmenides held. Others followed his lead, either accepting his arguments (Zeno, with his paradoxes; Melissus), or finding some way to accommodate them while still maintaining the reality of the perceived world of change. The solutions offered all posited a plurality of Parmenidean beings, each one unchanging and everlasting, by whose interchange and intermixture the perceptible world could arise. EMPEDOCLES Empedocles of Akragas in Sicily was especially important in the development of medical thinking, in fart, perhaps, because he himself practiced medicine (but not exactly of the Hippocratic type). He described the cosmic processes as the operation of four eternal and unchangeable elements or Roots: earth, air, water, and fire: 1. "For hear first the four roots of all things: bright Zeus, and lifegiving Hera, and Hades, and Nestis, who moistens with her tears the springs of mortals (fire, air, earth and water)." (B6 DK) The four elements were brought together and separated in great cycles of change by the cosmic forces of Love and Strife, thus alternatively creating and destroying the world that we perceive: 2. "But I tell you another thing: there is no birth of all mortal beings, nor any end in baneful death, but only mixture and separation of what is mixed, but mortals call this birth." (B8 DK) We see the influence of Parmenidean reasoning in one of his arguments: 3. "All these things are equal and of the same age, and each gives heed to the privilege of the other, and each has its own character, and they rule in turn as time revolves. And in addition to them, nothing comes into being or passes away. For if they perished utterly, they would no longer be. Why would this whole cease to be? and from whence would it come? Into what would it be destroyed, since nothing is empty of these things? But these things are all there is, and through exchanging places they become at once different and (yet) continuously alike." (B 17 DK, 27-35) Like Anaximander, Empedocles reasoned that the beings of this world evolved. He posited a sort of "preservation of the fittest," since things that were brought into contact in the eternal coming-together and separating-off sometimes didn't "work": 4. "But many came into being with double faces and double chests, human-headed ox-creatures, and others again ox-headed with human bodies, and creatures with male and female natures mingled, fashioned with unclear parts." (B 61 DK) Empedocles composed his works in epic meter, which has survived only in fragments. Most of what has survived belonged to two poems, On Nature and Purifications, but there are some fragments of a lost work on medicine, in which we see empirical interests similar to those of the Hippocratics: 5. "[The heart] is turned in a sea of surging blood, in which that which is called thought by men exists, for the blood about the heart is thought for men." (B105 DK) 6. "Thus all things breath in and out; in all things bloodless pipes of flesh are stretched to the uttermost body, and upon their openings at the periphery of skin they are pierced through with close-packed slits so that the blood is kept concealed and easy-flowing passages are cut for air. Thence whenever smooth blood rushes down, air bubbles in in a raging swell, and whenever blood rebounds, air breaths back out again, just as when a child plays with a klepsydra of shining metal...." (B100 DK) 7. "Empedocles holds that seed coming into a warm womb becomes male, that into a cold female, and that the cause of heat and cold is the flow of the menses, being hotter or colder, older or more recent." (A81 DK) In Empedocles, however, we see not only a man interested in the physical workings of the body, but also the charismatic, magical healer who is condemned by the Hippocratics: 8. "But you will know all the drugs against evils and the safeguards against age, since for you alone will I accomplish all this. And you will stop the might of the restless winds ... and if you wish you will bring back avenging winds in turn. You will ordain after dark rain a season of drought for men, and after the hot drought tree-nourishing floods. And you will lead back from Hades the strength of a dead man." (B111 DK) 9. "... And I am an immortal god to you, no longer mortal. I go about honored among all, as it fitting, wreathed with fillets and blooming crowns. And when I come to the flourishing towns, I am honored by men and by women. And the crowds inquire where is the path to profit; and some are in need of prophecies, and others wish to hear words of healing against all sorts of sicknesses, pierced through for a long time by grievous pains." (B112 DK) ANAXAGORAS OF CLAZOMENAE Another important post-Parmenidean philosopher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae in Ionia, who went to Athens along with the army of Xerxes in 480. He apparently stayed on for thirty years, until he fell victim to political feuding aimed at the associates of Pericles and, condemned to death, fled to Lampsacus in Ionia. Anaxagoras held that the ultimate elements were seeds that contained a bit of everything that exists (bread, bone, blood, rock, etc.). Since each thing thus had within itself bits of everything, there was the potential for change (bread that we eat can become blood and flesh). The seeds were originally set in motion by Mind, but they came together in a mechanical sort of way to create the things of our world. According to Aristotle, Anaxagoras held that the sperm came only from the male, and that it determined the sex of the embryo, the female providing only a place and nurture for its development (The "incubator theory," also put forward by Apollo in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, 658ff.). For Anaxagoras, sex was determined by the origins of the male seed: males came from the right testes, females from the left. (Aristotle, Generation of Animals, 763b30-35) DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA Democritus of Abdera in Thrace posited that only indivisible elements, or atoms (the Greek word means "uncut"), and the void exist. Atoms have size, shape (including projections or "hooks" which can connect with other atoms), and density; they neither come into being nor pass out of existence, but are forever in constant motion throughout the void. Individual things are created and pass out of existence by the random collision and subsequent attachment or separation of various atoms. This leads to a position of extreme relativism: 1. By convention sweet, by convention bitter, by convention hot, by convention cold, by convention color; in reality atoms and the void. (B9 DK, also B125, quoted from Galen). Democritus also took part in the popular debate about sex-determination, maintaining that both male and female contributed seed and that either may determine the sex of the embryo: 2. "The man of Abdera [Democritus] says the differentiation of female and male is in the womb, not through heat and cold, but from whichever parent the small part of the sperm which differentiates the male from the female comes in most strength." (A141 DK) DIOGENES OF APOLLONIA One of the last of the Presocratic Philosophers, Diogenes of Apollonia on the Black Sea coast, returned to monism, but his writings can best be described as eclectic. For example, for the basic element of his natural philosophy he combined elements of Anaximenes and Anaxagoras in order to produce the idea that the universe was made up of all-knowing air. Two of the most remarkable fragments of Diogenes, however, contain detailed descriptions of the blood vessels of the human body (B6 DK) and of how air effects mentality (A19 DK). CONCLUSION Early Greek physicians shared with the Presocratic philosophers the belief that man was part of the nature world and was subject to the same laws as the rest of the cosmos. They joined in the debates of the Presocratics and made use of their work in a number of rather specific ways. (For instance, the humoral theory which became the basis of most Hippocratic medicine, was interpreted in terms of Empedicles' four elements. Both philosophers and doctors took part in the debate about reproduction.) Beyond the actual theories set forth by the Presocratics, however, the early doctors were also influenced by the philosophers' use of rational thought. Greek physicians influenced by the Presocratics began to make careful observations of medical problems and to apply logic to medical treatments. Ultimately, the influence of the Presocratics encouraged early physicians to employ reason in order to progressively develop medical knowledge, rather than resorting to supernatural explanations. The Sophists Originally the term "Sophist" could be applied to any wise man or expert of some craft. By the fifth century BCE, however, the term became specially attached to itinerant teachers of rhetoric who traveled from city to city lecturing and educating pupils for a fee. While the Sophists specialized in persuasive speech, they also taught many other subjects and claimed to be able to teach their students how to have the greatest success in life. Beyond merely lecturing, many of the Sophists composed essays either explaining or demonstrating some aspect of their teaching. some of these lectures illustrated how to argue both sides of a question. Since the Sophists were the preeminent teachers of the day, many early Greek physicians used these Sophistic texts as a model when they began to write about their own craft. As a result, many of the Hippocratic treatises contain elements of Sophistic argumentation. This influence generally manifests itself in the text by the Hippocratic writers making use of various forms of logical arguments, and by imitating the tricks of rhetorical style (antithesis, rhythm and rhyme, paired and balanced clauses). Hippocratic Writings Although Hippocrates of Cos (c.460-380 BCE) is considered to be the "Father of Medicine" little is known about him. It is generally accepted that he was roughly a contemporary of Socrates and was a practicing physician. It also seems likely that Hippocrates would have been an Asclepiad. The Asclepiads were members of a guild of physicians which traced its origins to Asclepius, the god of healing. Tradition also tells us that Hippocrates was the most famous physician and teacher of medicine of his time. Over 60 medical treatises that have traditionally been attributed to him. These treatises are collectively referred to as the Hippocratic Corpus. Most of these treatises, however, were not written by Hippocrates himself. In fact, several of the existent treatises were written well after the life of Hippocrates. The treatises themselves were written over about a two hundred year period and range in date from c.510-c.300 BCE, so clearly one man could not have authored all of them. Although It is likely that Hippocrates did compose some of the treatises, none of the 60 treatises can positively be attributed to Hippocrates. Therefor at times they contain conflicting materials and different ideas. In the main, however, they are similar in looking for natural explanations and treatments of illness and rejecting sorcery and magic. Back to the Asclepion
Anaxagoras | Free Term Papers anaxagoras of clazomenae Greek philosopher who was truly gifted Anaxagoras hasbeen described as the last major Greek philosopher. Anaxagoras was an Ionian http://www.oppapers.com/term-papers/43661.html
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470s BC: Information From Answers.com In the year 470 bce Astronomy Greek philosopher anaxagoras of clazomenae b.Clazomenae, Ionia (Turkey), c. http://www.answers.com/topic/470s-bc
Extractions: showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping 470s BC In the year bce Astronomy Greek philosopher Anaxagoras of Clazomenae [b. Clazomenae, Ionia (Turkey), c. 500 bce , d. Lampsacus (Turkey), c. 428 bce ] claims that heavenly bodies are made of the same stuff as Earth and that the Sun is a large, hot, glowing rock. He explains eclipses of the Sun and Moon in terms of Earth or the Moon casting a shadow. See also bce Astronomy Physics Anaxagoras postulates that a large number of "seeds" make up the properties of all materials. Creation came when Earth expelled all the heavenly bodies into space. See also bce Physics Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css); 470s BC Centuries 6th century BC 5th century BC 4th century BC ... 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC ... 470 BC This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see
Index Of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists Links anaxagoras of clazomenae, MIT; Empedocles (Akragas, now Cicily, 492440 BC).Natural philosopher. Introduced the idea of elements. http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/presocratics.html
Extractions: Period marking the begining of science, as well as the development of literature, arts, politics, and philosophy. During these years, the city-states (polis in Greek) flourish. These include the Sparta and Athens. Within this period the Ionian school of natural philosophy was founded by Thales of Miletus . This is considered the first school for speculating about nature in a scientific way, hence signifies the birth of science. All philosophers - scientists up to Democritus are considered to be PreSocratics. Thales of Miletus (624-560 B.C.). Astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. Learned astronomy from the Babylonians. Founder of the Ionian school of natural philosophy. Predicted the solar eclipse on May 28, 585. Proved general geometric propositions on angles and triangles. Considered water to be the basis of all matter. He believed that the Earth floated in water. Used the laws of prospectives to calculate the height of the pyramids.
Index Of Ancient Greek Scientists anaxagoras of clazomenae (480430 BC). Greek philosopher. Believed that a largenumber of seeds make up the properties of materials, that heavenly bodies http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/whole_list.html
Extractions: not complete Agatharchos. Greek mathematician. Discovered the laws of perspectives. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (480-430 B.C.). Greek philosopher. Believed that a large number of seeds make up the properties of materials, that heavenly bodies are made up of the same materials as Earth and that the sun is a large, hot, glowing rock. Discovered that the moon reflected light and formulated the correct theory for the eclipses. Erroneously believed that the Earth was flat. Links: Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, MIT Anaximander (610-545 B.C.). Greek astronomer and philosopher, pupil of Thales. Introduced the apeiron (infinity). Formulated a theory of origin and evolution of life, according to which life originated in the sea from the moist element which evaporated from the sun ( On Nature ). Was the first to model the Earth according to scientific principles. According to him, the Earth was a cylinder with a north-south curvature, suspended freely in space, and the stars where attached to a sphere that rotated around Earth.
Notes On Anaxagoras And Philolaus Anaxagoras was born in Clazomenae, in Asia Minor; Philolaus was from Tarentum, anaxagoras of clazomenae. Anaxagoras tries to provide a cosmogony, http://www.gmu.edu/courses/phil/ancient/anph2.htm
Extractions: Anaxagoras and Philolaus both lived from the early fifth to the late fifth century BCE; Zeno, Melissus, and Empedocles were their contemporaries. Anaxagoras was born in Clazomenae, in Asia Minor; Philolaus was from Tarentum, in southern Italy. Both had some contact with Athens: Philolaus was the teacher or close associate of some friends of Socrates (469-399 BCE, Athens); Anaxagoras had some association with Archelaus, with whom Socrates was reputed to have studied for a while. Anaxagoras himself visited Athens, and was forced to leave in 432 at the beginning of the religious/political anti-speculation backlash that eventually claimed Socrates' life. However, books by Anaxagoras were apparently readily available in Athens at least as late as 399; see Plato's Apology Like other philosophers of their generation such as Melissus and Empedocles, both Anaxagoras and Philolaus seem to have been responding to issues raised by Parmenides and Zeno - issues having to do with whether we can have a coherent account of what exists, or of anything, if we claim that multiple determinate (discrete, identifiable) things exist. Like Empedocles, Anaxagoras and Philolaus do think that it is possible to provide an account of the cosmos in familiar terms, that it is possible to explain what the cosmos is, how it got that way, how there could be multiple things of the types we say exist (rocks, trees, rain), how changes or apparent changes occur, and what goes on when things appear to be generated or destroyed.
The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Resources anaxagoras of clazomenae (500428 BC) Anaxagoras entry (Internet Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy) Anaxagoras entry (MacTutor) Anaxagoras Fragments and Commentary http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/pre-socratic.html
Extractions: The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Resources "Pre-Socratic" is the expression commonly used to describe those Greek thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would explain the natural world from its origins to man's place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term "Pre-Socratic" indicates not so much a chronological limit, but rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because natural philosophy was worthless when compared with the search for the "good life." To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full due would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I have decided to list a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 B.C.)
History Of Mathematics: Greece 520); anaxagoras of clazomenae (c. 500c. 428); Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430);Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411); Oenopides of Chios (c. 450? http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/greece.html
History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 480); anaxagoras of clazomenae (c. 500c. 428) *SB *MT; Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c.430) *MT; Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html
Extractions: Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT Baudhayana (c. 700) Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB
Philosophical Dictionary: Ambiguity-Anselm anaxagoras of clazomenae (500428 BCE) Anaxagoras. Presocratic philosopher whotaught Pericles and Euripides at Athens, leaving fragments of his http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/a4.htm
Extractions: ambiguity The presence of two or more distinct meanings for a single word or expression. In itself, ambiguity is a common, harmless, and often amusing feature of ordinary language. When unnoticed in the context of otherwise careful reasoning, however, it can lead to one of several informal fallacies Example: "I'll give you a ring tomorrow." could signify either the promise of a gift of jewelry or merely an intention to telephone. Note the difference between ambiguity and vagueness Recommended Reading: Israel Scheffler, Beyond the Letter: A Philosophical Inquiry into Ambiquity, Vagueness and Metaphor in Language at Amazon.com Fallacies Arising from Ambiguity at Amazon.com Also see Kent Bach and FF amphiboly The informal fallacy that can result when a sentence is ambiguous because of its grammatical structure , even if all of its terms are clear. Example: "One morning in Africa, Captain Spaulding shot an elephant in his pajamas. Therefore, it is dangerous for large animals to wear human clothing." Also see FF and GLF
JCA: Education: Physics 316 (Lecture 1) (anaxagoras of clazomenae, c.430BCE). Universe is a purely mechanical systemobeying fixed laws (Democritus of Abdera, c.400BCE). http://www.jca.umbc.edu/~george/html/courses/2002_phys316/lect1/lect1.html
Extractions: Lecture 1 The word Cosmology is from the Greek kosmos (world) and logia (from legein : to speak). All civilizations (probably) developed some form of "cosmology". Questions like: Certainly many (all ?) ancient civilizations performed astronomical observations of various levels of sophistication - from the neolithic observatories (eg. Stonehenge), to written reports (eg. The Chinese, Egyptians, etc). see the timeline for a brief history of ideas ), but...
Dr. Waggle - the first thinker we shall consider is anaxagoras of clazomenae. Anaxagoras wasfrom Clazomenae in Ionia. He was born around 500 BCE. http://www.philosophy.ilstu.edu/ljwaggl/phil254/pluralists.htm
Extractions: Home PHI 254: ANCIENT AND MEDIAEVAL PHILOSOPHY Waggle Section Ancient Pluralists: Anaxagoras and Empedocles One text correctly identifies the problem facing post- Parmenidean philosophy in the fifth century BCE, to find a way to reconcile Parmenides rejection of change with the possibility of giving a rational account of the changing world of sense experience. A word of caution needs be made in this connection: The Parmenidean School responded to these attempts to find a rational account to explain the changing world of sense perception. Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos should be read in this connection. Also, the Heraclidean Turning now to these Ancient Pluralists, the first thinker we shall consider is Anaxagoras of Clazomenae . Anaxagoras was from Clazomenae in Ionia. He was born around 500 BCE. He lived for about thirty years in Athens, where he was an associate with Pericles , the famous Athenian politician and general. He is said to have predicted the fall of a meteorite at
The Sophists and two important Presocratics Zeno of Elea and anaxagoras of clazomenae . Pericles was no doubt applying knowledge he had obtained from Anaxagoras, http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/sophists.htm
Extractions: Brooklyn College Core Curriculum Series From as early as the sixth century B.C., thinkers in Ionia and elsewhere in the Greek world were speculating about what the universe was made of and how it came to assume its present form. These thinkers are conventionally called Presocratics. This was the beginning of Greek philosophy (`the love of wisdom'), which first took root in Ionian Miletus, a prosperous city on the coast of Asia Minor. The names of three Milesian philosophers are known to us: Thales , Anaximander, and Anaximenes, who are generally called `the Milesians'. We know of their teachings not first hand from their own works, which have not survived, but only from references to them in the works of Aristotle and other authors. Their main interest as philosophers is indicated by the term commonly applied to the Milesians and later Presocratics in Greek literature: hoi physikoi `those concerned with nature ( physis )'. The
Glossary anaxagoras of clazomenae Presocratic philosopher and friend of Pericles indictedby the Athenians for impiety. Mentioned by Socrates in the Apology. http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/glossary.htm
Extractions: Brooklyn College Core Curriculum Series Achaians (also spelled "Achaeans") - Name used by Homer for the Greeks (also called Danaans and Argives). Achilleus (also spelled "Akhilleus" and "Achilles") - Hero of the Iliad. Actium - A promontory on the northwestern coast of Greece off which Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle (31 B.C.) ( Aeneid Adeimantus - A brother of Plato and one of the interlocutors in the R epubli c. Aeneas - Hero of the Aeneid. Aeschylus - Earliest of the three great Athenian tragedians. Agamemnon - Leader of Greek expedition against Troy ( Iliad Agave - Mother of Pentheus ( Bacchae Aias (son of Telamon) - Second greatest warrior of the Greeks at Troy and member of the embassy to Achilleus in book nine of the Iliad. Alcibiades - A friend of Socrates and a general of Athenian expedition against Sicily who, when charged with impiety, went over to the Spartans (Thucydides). Alexander the Great - Macedonian king who by conquest brought Greek civilization to the East as far as India.
Absolute For anaxagoras of clazomenae, the absolute was the Nous ( divine mind) whosemotion cases the emergence of all things from existing parts and germs http://www.kul.lublin.pl/efk/angielski/hasla/a/absolute.html
Extractions: Absolute (lat. absolutus principium ) of the world, the causes, primordial elements, or fundamental structures from which all things arose. principium Met. , 983 b 20-25). Xenophanes regards the god-cosmos as the absolute principle. It is one, the highest among the gods and men, neither in body or mind similar to men, one in whom "the whole sees, the whole perceives, the whole hears". "But without effort it sets in motion all things by mind and thought". "It always abides in the same place, not moved at all, nor is it fitting that it should move from one place to another" (Diels-Kranz 11 B 24-26). Zeno of Elea and Melissos of Samos provided arguments for Parmenides' conceptions and in a certain sense modified it. Eleatic philosophy concludes with the recognition of the absolute as the eternal, infinite and incorporeal being which precludes any possibility of plurality, since at the starting point this philosophy eliminates the recognition of phenomena. With Anaxagoras' philosophy, the thought of the absolute, often described as divine, becomes more refined. The philosophers of nature could not see beyond their naturalistic assumptions and therefore could speak only of natural conceptions of the divine. The absolute of the philosophers of nature, although it possessed certain divine features (infinity, eternity), did not extend beyond the reality of the cosmos (physis) which was for them the entire world: they identified the divine with the cosmogenic primordial principle. However, we may see an effort to acknowledge the absolute as a reality that transcends the world (e.g. the Nous of Anaximander).
Democritus Democritus was disappointed by his trip to Athens because Anaxagoras, then anold man, had proposed an atomic system, as had anaxagoras of clazomenae. http://zyx.org/Democritus.html
Extractions: Died: about 370 BC Democritus of Abdera is best known for his atomic theory but he was also an excellent geometer. Very little is known of his life but we know that Leucippus was his teacher. Democritus certainly visited Athens when he was a young man, principally to visit Anaxagoras, but Democritus complained how little he was known there. He said, according to Diogenes Laertius writing in the second century AD [5]:- I came to Athens and no one knew me. Democritus was disappointed by his trip to Athens because Anaxagoras, then an old man, had refused to see him. As Brumbaugh points out in [3]:- How different he would find the trip today, where the main approach to the city from the northeast runs past the impressive "Democritus Nuclear Research Laboratory". Certainly Democritus made many journeys other than the one to Athens. Russell in [9] writes:- He travelled widely in southern and eastern lands in search of knowledge, he perhaps spent a considerable time in Egypt, and he certainly visited Persia. He then returned to Abdera, where he remained. Democritus himself wrote (but some historians dispute that the quote is authentic) (see [5]):- Of all my contemporaries I have covered the most ground in my travels, making the most exhaustive inquiries the while; I have seen the most climates and countries and listened to the greatest number of learned men.
