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Ozone Layer: more books (100)

The Ozone Layer (True Books: Environment) by Rhonda Lucas Donald, 2002-03
RESPONSIBILITY MEANS DOING WITHOUT - How to Rescue the Ozone -Layer by Holger & Hanhoff-Stemping, Ingrid Brackemann, 1989
Sky Is the Limit: Strategies for Protecting the Ozone Layer (Research Report Series) by Alan S. Miller, Irving M. Mintzer, 1986-11
The Ozone Layer (Read All About Earthly Oddities) by Patricia Armentrout, 1997-07
The Ozone Layer: A Philosophy of Science Perspective by Maureen Christie, 2001-03-15
Protecting Life on Earth: Steps to Save the Ozone Layer (Worldwatch paper 87) December 1988 by Cynthia Pollock Shea, 1988-06
Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer: Alternatives to Methyl Bromide by United Nations Environment Programme, 2003-03
The Ozone Layer (Save Our Earth) by Tony Hare, 1990-02-22
Protecting the Ozone Layer: Solvents Coatings and Adhesives Vol 2 (UNEP IE/PAC series)
Ultraviolet Radiation: An Authoritative Scientific Review of Environmental and Health Effects of Uv, With Reference to Global Ozone Layer Depletion by Unnamed Unnamed, 1994
The aerosol connection: your guide to saving the ozone layer by Friends of the Earth, 1989
The Ozone Layer: A Synthesis of Papers Based on the Unep Meeting on the Ozone Layer, Washington, D.C., March, 1977 (Environmental sciences and applications)
Burning Up: Losing Our Ozone Layer by August Greeley, 2003-08-01
Acid Rain and Ozone Layer Depletion: International Law and Regulation by Jutta Brunnee, 1988-11-01

lists with details

State Of Environment In Norway: Ozone Layer
The ozone layer is still being depleted, but measurements suggest that concentrations of ozonedepleting substances in the atmosphere have peaked and begun
http://www.environment.no/templates/themepage____2144.aspx

Extractions: The ozone layer is still being depleted, but measurements suggest that concentrations of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere have peaked and begun to drop. Consumption of these substances is dropping rapidly in Norway and in the world as a whole, and concentrations in the atmosphere are expected to be back to the 1980 level by 2050. The ozone layer is expected to recover significantly by 2060-2075 above Antarctica and around 2050 elsewhere. The greenhouse effect may however disturb this process. The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere, 15-35 km above the surface of the earth. Ninety per cent of the ozone (O3) present in the atmosphere is concentrated here. Ozone is continually generated and broken down through natural processes in the stratosphere. Anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting substances have disturbed the balance in the stratosphere. Measurements have shown a decline in global stratospheric ozone levels over the last 20 years. Since 1969, the global average loss of ozone has been 5 per cent at middle-latitudes. Ozone-depletion of up to 10 per cent during winter and spring and up to 5 per cent in summer and autumn has been recorded over Europe, North America and Australia. If we ignore the effect of other factors that influence the ozone layer, such as climate change and volcanic eruptions, it seems probable that the ozone layer is now at its thinnest.
Ozone Layer [Ministry For The Environment]
The ozone layer sits about 1530 kilometres above the earth and reduces the amount of dangerous ultraviolet light which reaches the earth from the sun.
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/ozone/

Extractions: Ozone layer Ozone-depleting substances Ozone damage and climate change You are here: The issues The ozone layer sits about 15-30 kilometres above the earth and reduces the amount of dangerous ultraviolet light which reaches the earth from the sun. Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts in people; it also distorts plant growth, damages the marine environment, and leads to the breakdown of materials such as plastics. The ozone layer is vital for our survival and well-being. Man-made substances damage the ozone layer. The 1987 Montreal Protocol is an international agreement under which these substances are being phased out. The Protocol is working well. The amount of ozone-depleting substances going into the atmosphere is starting to peak, and will soon start to decline. The ozone layer is expected to repair itself very slowly over the next 70 years. For more information about the Protocol visit the United Nations Ozone Secretariat website . Ozone damage is also related to global warming Information about New Zealand research from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) is available on the NIWA website . Good links to international ozone and science pages are also available on this site.
The Environmental Literacy Council - The Ozone Layer
At any given place, the ozone layer varies in size with the seasons, because ozone is produced when solar energy reacts with oxygen molecules,
http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/1282.html

Extractions: Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Ozone (O ) is present in trace amounts throughout most of the atmosphere but is most abundant in the stratosphere. There is a thin layer of ozone about 15 to 40 km above the Earth's surface, which plays an important role by filtering harmful solar rays. At any given place, the ozone layer varies in size with the seasons, because ozone is produced when solar energy reacts with oxygen molecules, and solar energy varies with the seasons. Because the greatest seasonal variations in solar energy occur at the poles, fluctuations in the ozone layer are also greatest in the stratosphere over the poles. Variations in the amount of ozone are also linked with periodic changes in atmospheric winds, volcanic and solar sunspot activity. There are continual photochemical reactions in the stratosphere because of the influx of short-wave radiation. Ozone is continually created and destroyed in catalytic reactions with oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine. In the 1970s, scientists observed a thinning in the ozone layer over Antarctica, colloquially and inaccurately, called an "ozone hole" and concerns arose that emissions from human activities were implicated in ozone depletion. In particular, the concern was that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which had been widely used as refrigerants and in aerosols because they are inert and non-toxic, might be capable of depleting the ozone layer. Scientists M. J. Molina and F.S. Rowland demonstrated in their lab that CFCs could be broken down by ultraviolet light in the atmosphere and that the chlorine released could break down ozone molecules.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Even in the ozone layer, ozone is present in very small quantities; This layer of ozone molecules screens out enough of the incoming ultraviolet
http://www.climate.org/topics/ozone/index.shtml

Extractions: The bottom line of the global warming, greenhouse effect issue is that we insult the environment at a faster rate than we understand the consequences. Simple prudence suggests that modifying the global climate at 10 to 50 times the average natural rates of change is not a planetary experiment that we should glibly allow, particularly since there are so many measures available that could substantially slow down our impact on Earth and at the same time buy many other benefits. Dr. Stephen Schneider (1988) Ozone is a tri-atomic form of oxygen - it has three oxygen atoms instead of the normal two. It is formed naturally in the upper levels of the earth's atmosphere by high-energy ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The radiation breaks down oxygen molecules, releasing free atoms, some of which bond with other oxygen molecules to form ozone. About 90 per cent of all ozone in the atmosphere is formed in this way, between 15 and 55 kilometers above the earth's surface - the part of the atmosphere called the stratosphere. Hence, this is known as the "ozone layer." Even in the ozone layer, ozone is present in very small quantities; its maximum concentration, at a height of about 20-25 kilometers, is only ten parts per million.
Nobel For Ozone Layer Scientist - CNN.com
Gerhard Ertl of Germany won the 2007 Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for studies of chemical reactions on solid surfaces, which are key to
http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/10/10/nobel.chemistry.ap/index.html

Extractions: var cnnIsIntl = (location.hostname.indexOf('edition.') > -1) ? true : false;var clickID = (cnnIsIntl) ? 212106 : 211911; // clickability over-ride for sponsorship popWin="width=810,height=480,resizable=1,scrollbars=1"; var cnnCurrTime = new Date(1201220035650); var cnnCurrHour = 19; var cnnCurrMin = 13; var cnnCurrDay='Thu'; /technology Home World U.S. Politics ... International Edition document.write(cnnRenderTimeStamp(1192037383440,['October 10, 2007 Updated 1729 GMT (0129 HKT)','updated 1:29 p.m. EDT, Wed October 10, 2007'])); Story Highlights Gerhard Ertl of Germany wins the 2007 Nobel Prize in chemistry Read var cnnOtherTab1Label = 'explainer'; EXPLAINER var clickExpire = "11/9/2007"; STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) Gerhard Ertl of Germany won the 2007 Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for studies of chemical reactions on solid surfaces, which are key to understanding questions like how pollution eats away at the ozone layer. Gerhard Ertl won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
CFCs And Ozone Depletion
This process was known to be potentially damaging to the ozone layer, but conclusive evidence of stratospheric ozone loss was not discovered until 1984.
http://www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ/cfcozn.html

Extractions: CIESIN Thematic Guides Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), along with other chlorine- and bromine-containing compounds, have been implicated in the accelerated depletion of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere. CFCs were developed in the early 1930s and are used in a variety of industrial, commercial, and household applications. These substances are non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive with other chemical compounds. These desirable safety characteristics, along with their stable thermodynamic properties, make them ideal for many applicationsas coolants for commercial and home refrigeration units, aerosol propellants, electronic cleaning solvents, and blowing agents. Production and Use of Chlorofluorocarbons experienced nearly uninterrupted growth as demand for products requiring their use continued to rise. Not until 1973 was chlorine found to be a catalytic agent in ozone destruction. Catalytic destruction of ozone removes the odd oxygen species [atomic oxygen (O) and ozone (O3)] while leaving chlorine unaffected. This process was known to be potentially damaging to the ozone layer, but conclusive evidence of stratospheric ozone loss was not discovered until 1984. Announcement of polar ozone depletion over Antarctica in March 1985 prompted scientific initiatives to discover the Ozone Depletion Processes , along with calls to freeze or diminish production of chlorinated fluorocarbons. A complex scenario of atmospheric dynamics, solar radiation, and chemical reactions was found to explain the anomalously low levels of ozone during the polar springtime. Recent expeditions to the Arctic regions show that similar processes can occur in the northern hemisphere, but to a somewhat lesser degree due to warmer temperatures and erratic dynamic patterns.
Ozone Home Page
The WMOGAW ozone observing system provides important data for the assessment of the state of the ozone layer and the data are used in the quadrennial
http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone/index.html

Extractions: Google bookmark Global Atmosphere Watch: monitoring of the ozone layer Programmes AREP GAW Ozone layer observations Ozone constitutes a very small part of our atmosphere, but its presence is nevertheless vital to human well-being. Most ozone resides high up in the atmosphere, between 10 and 40km above Earth's surface. This region is called the stratosphere and it contains about 90% of all the ozone in the atmosphere. Why do we care about atmospheric ozone?
Kyoto Projects Harm Ozone Layer: U.N. Official | Environment | Reuters
By Gerard Wynn LONDON (Reuters) The biggest emissions-cutting projects under the Kyoto Protocol on global warming have directly contributed to an increase
http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL137011320070813

Extractions: @import "/resources/css/rcom-master.css"; document.write(""); var strLocalization="US"; document.write(""); My Profile addImpression("B011808_1556_REUTERS"); Reuters Oddly Enough Strange-but-true stories from around the world. Subscribe var adsrc = 'reuters.com.dart/news/globalcoverage/environment/article;' + (typeof(seg)=='undefined'?'':seg) + 'type=Banner;sz=728x90;tile=1;articleID=USL137011320070813;ord=' + (typeof(tmstmp)!='undefined'?tmstmp:12345) + '?'; DJIA Nasdaq You are here: Home News Environment var RTR_UniqueArticleID = "USL137011320070813"; Home News U.S. Politics ... Reader Feedback var adsrc = 'reuters.com.dart/news/globalcoverage/environment/article;' + (typeof(seg)=='undefined'?'':seg) + 'type=125;sz=125x125;tile=5;articleID=USL137011320070813;ord=' + (typeof(tmstmp)!='undefined'?tmstmp:12345) + '?'; Do More With Reuters RSS Mobile Podcasts ... You Witness News Partner Services CareerBuilder Affiliate Network Professional Products Support (Customer Zone) ... About Reuters Mon Aug 13, 2007 9:07am EDT
The EnviroLink Network - Ozone Layer
Displaying 1 16 of 16 resources in ozone layer; 1. Captain Ozone Seattle, WA, USA Captainozone.com features a downloadable documentary about the
http://envirolink.org/topics.html?topic=Ozone Layer&topicsku=2002116191238&topic
Regulations - Environment - Ozone Layer Protection
1 These regulations may be cited as the ozone layer Protection Regulations . Definitions. 2 In these regulations. (a) Act means the Environment Act;
http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/env5495.htm

Extractions: This consolidation is unofficial and is for reference only. For the official version of the regulations, consult the original documents on file with the Registry of Regulations , or refer to the Royal Gazette Part II Regulations are amended frequently. Please check the list of Regulations by Act to see if there are any recent amendments to these regulations filed with the Registry that are not yet included in this consolidation. Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this electronic version, the Registry of Regulations assumes no responsibility for any discrepancies that may have resulted from reformatting. This electronic version is for your personal use and may not be copied for the purposes of resale in this or any other form.
CSD Stratospheric Ozone Layer
the ozone layer rendition The ozone layer. This profile shows how the amount of ozone (O3) varies with height in the atmosphere.
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/strato3.html

Extractions: Air Quality Program Terms of Reference Contact CSD ... NOAA Webmail In the stratosphere, the region of the atmosphere between about 10 and 50 kilometers (6-30 miles) above the Earth's surface, ozone (O ) plays a vital role by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Stratospheric ozone is threatened by some of the human-made gases that have been released into the atmosphere, including those known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Once widely used as propellants in spray cans, refrigerants, electronics cleaning agents, and in foam and insulating products, the CFCs had been hailed as the "wonder chemicals." But the very properties that make them useful - chemical inertness, non-toxicity, insolubility in water - also make them resistant to removal in the lower atmosphere. CFCs are mixed worldwide by the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and survive until, after 1-2 years, they reach the stratosphere and are broken down by ultraviolet radiation. The chlorine atoms within them are released and directly attack ozone. In the process of destroying ozone, the chlorine atoms are regenerated and begin to attack other ozone molecules... and so on, for thousands of cycles before the chlorine atoms are removed from the stratosphere by other processes.
Earth's Ozone Layer Appears To Be On The Road To Recovery
While the ozone hole over Antarctica continues to open wide, the ozone layer around the rest of the planet seems to be on the mend. For the last 9 years,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060527093645.htm

Extractions: Share Blog Cite Print Email Bookmark ScienceDaily (May 27, 2006) See also: People were understandably alarmed, then, in the 1980s when scientists noticed that manmade chemicals in the atmosphere were destroying this layer. Governments quickly enacted an international treaty, called the Montreal Protocol, to ban ozone-destroying gases such as CFCs then found in aerosol cans and air conditioners. Today, almost 20 years later, reports continue of large ozone holes opening over Antarctica, allowing dangerous UV rays through to Earth's surface. Indeed, the 2005 ozone hole was one of the biggest ever, spanning 24 million sq km in area, nearly the size of North America. Listening to this news, you might suppose that little progress has been made. You'd be wrong. While the ozone hole over Antarctica continues to open wide, the ozone layer around the rest of the planet seems to be on the mend. For the last 9 years, worldwide ozone has remained roughly constant, halting the decline first noticed in the 1980s. The question is why? Is the Montreal Protocol responsible? Or is some other process at work?
IPCC Special Report SROC
Safeguarding the ozone layer and the Global Climate System Issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons. Full report (pdf). Table of Contents
http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SROC-final/SpecialReportSROC.html
Ozone Hole Watch
This is the Ozone Hole Watch web site, where you can check on the latest status of the ozone layer over the South Pole. Satellite instruments monitor the
http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Extractions: Bypass Navigation? Ozone Hole Watch Images, data,and information, updated daily Home ... Education This is the Ozone Hole Watch web site, where you can check on the latest status of the ozone layer over the South Pole. Satellite instruments monitor the ozone layer, and we use their data to create the images that depict the amount of ozone. The blue and purple colors are where there is the least ozone, and the greens, yellows, and reds are where there is more ozone. A high-resolution TIFF image of the largest ozone hole, suitable for print media, is available. NASA news (NASA Public Affairs site) Daily, 2007 (1280 X 720):
ENVIRONMENT: 60 Years To Restore The Ozone Layer Over Antarctica
Another giant ozone hole has opened up over the Antarctic, while evidence mounts that 20 years of international efforts have finally helped the atmosphere
http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=34810
Ozone Layer Burned By Cosmic Rays | Physical Review Focus
Cosmic rays may be enlarging the hole in the ozone layer, according to a study appearing in the 13 August print issue of PRL. Researchers analyzed data from
http://focus.aps.org/story/v8/st8

Extractions: @import "/files/css/efc6c1e68c820f4ef3dd2d5cfb7ae405.css"; @import "/sites/default/themes/focus/page-node.css"; Previous Story Next Story Volume 8 archive Phys. Rev. Lett. (issue of 13 August 2001) Title and Authors NASA satellite Cosmic conspiracy. Cosmic rays could be a major contributor to ozone destruction over Antarctica. Cosmic rays may be enlarging the hole in the ozone layer, according to a study appearing in the 13 August print issue of PRL . Researchers analyzed data from several sources, and found a strong correlation between cosmic ray intensity and ozone depletion. Back in the lab they demonstrated a mechanism by which cosmic rays could cause a buildup of ozone-depleting chlorine inside polar clouds. Their results suggest that the damage done by cosmic rays could be millions of times larger than anyone previous believed and may force atmospheric scientists to reexamine their models of the antarctic ozone hole. For the past two decades, scientists have known that human-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the major destroyers of the atmosphere's protective ozone layer. Atmospheric scientists have proposed that ultraviolet light breaks down CFCs, releasing active chlorine, which tears apart ozone molecules. But during the months when ozone depletion is greatest, giant clouds of ice particlesso-called polar stratospheric cloudsblock the ultraviolet rays. Experts have not completely solved this piece of the ozone destruction puzzle, but according to one theory, the clouds harbor active chlorine molecules. Yet it's not clear how the chlorine would come to be separated from the CFCs in this ultraviolet-free environment.
ScienceNOW -- Sign In
Earth s protective ozone layer is still hurting, but measurements of hydrogen chloride in the atmosphere (bottom, years 19702007) show a decline in levels
http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/911/1

Extractions: Jump to: Page Content Section Navigation Site Navigation Site Search ... Account Information , or Site Tools Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be. Site Area Science Magazine Daily News Science Signaling SAGE KE Science Careers All HighWire Journals Terms Advanced Guest Alerts Access Rights My Account Sign In Readers Members Authors Librarians Advertisers Home News Berardelli
Halocarbons & Stratospheric Ozone Layer-Science Tracer Bullet
Halocarbons and the Stratospheric ozone layer Science Tracer Bullets Research Finding Aids from the Library of Congress, Science Reference Services.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/halocarbonstb.html

Extractions: SCOPE This guide lists information sources which deal with the deleterious effect of halocarbons (fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)) on the stratospheric ozone layer which shields the earth and its inhabitants from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons are compounds, similar to hydrocarbons, in which most, or all, of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by various combinations of fluorine and chlorine atoms. Not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography, this guide is designedas the name of the series impliesto put the reader "on target." TOP OF PAGE INTRODUCTIONS TO THE TOPIC Cicerone, Ralph J. Chlorofluorocarbons. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology. v. 8. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1987. p. 303.
SCADPlus: Substances Which Damage The Ozone Layer
To protect human health and the environment, the European Union wishes to limit and monitor the production, marketing and use of substances which deplete
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28064.htm

Extractions: Print version Legal notice What's new? Search ... de en es fr EUROPA Summaries of legislation Substances which damage the ozone layer AIR POLLUTION To protect human health and the environment, the European Union wishes to limit and monitor the production, marketing and use of substances which deplete the ozone layer within the Community, and exports of those substances to third countries. Regulation (EC) No of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 June 2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer [ See amending acts Regulation (EC) No replaced Council Regulation (EC) No on substances that deplete the ozone layer, so as to adapt the Community rules to the technical developments which had occurred since that Regulation was adopted and in line with the changes made in 1995, 1997 and 1999 to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. In laying down stricter control provisions than those of Regulation (EC) No and the Montreal Protocol, it takes into account the increasing availability of products that can replace those which deplete the ozone layer.
Ozone And Climate Change
Today, some scientists are predicting the stratospheric ozone layer will recover to 1980 ozone levels by the year 2050. These scientists say we can expect
http://www.theozonehole.com/climate.htm

Extractions: Bill Stockwell, Desert Research Institute Ozone affects climate, and climate affects ozone. Temperature, humidity, winds, and the presence of other chemicals in the atmosphere influence ozone formation, and the presence of ozone, in turn, affects those atmospheric constituents. Ozones impact on climate consists primarily of changes in temperature. The more ozone in a given parcel of air, the more heat it retains. Ozone generates heat in the stratosphere, both by absorbing the suns ultraviolet radiation and by absorbing upwelling infrared radiation from the lower atmosphere (troposphere). Consequently, decreased ozone in the stratosphere results in lower temperatures. Observations show that over recent decades, the mid to upper stratosphere (from 30 to 50 km above the Earths surface) has cooled by 1° to 6° C (2° to 11° F). This stratospheric cooling has taken place at the same time that greenhouse gas amounts in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) have risen. The two phenomena may be linked. Says Dr. Drew Shindell of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Ive long been aware that chemistry and climate influence one another strongly. I started to ask how cold the stratosphere might get because of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. I was wondering whether or not the cooling in the stratosphere would be rapid enough that more ozone depletion would take place than we had previously calculated. Would the cooling be so fast that even more ozone depletion would occur before the impact of international agreements to limit ozone had time to take effect?

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