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Zernike Frits: more detail

Hochschullehrer (Groningen): Frits Zernike, Manfred Lachs, Gerard Baerends, Johan Huizinga, Serge Daan, Hans Heinz Holz (German Edition)
Osa Proceedings on Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Proceedings of the Tropical Meeting, September 19-21, 1994 Monterey, California by Frits Zernike, 1995-03
Applied Nonlinear Optics by Frits Zernike, John E. Midwinter, 2006-10-06
University of Groningen Faculty: Johann Bernoulli, Ioan P. Culianu, Frits Zernike, Dirk Coster, Jacobus Kapteyn, Henk G. Sol
Frits Zernike: Groninger nobelprijsdrager, 1888-1966 (Dutch Edition)

lists with details

AbsoluteFacts.nl - Frits Zernike (1888-1966)
Reeds in zijn jeugd hield zernike zich bezig met natuurkunde. In 1905 ging hijchemie studeren aan de universiteit te Amsterdam. Natuur en wiskunde waren
http://www.absofacts.com/wetenschap/data/zernicke.shtml

Extractions: Reeds in zijn jeugd hield Zernike zich bezig met natuurkunde. In 1905 ging hij chemie studeren aan de universiteit te Amsterdam. Natuur- en wiskunde waren zijn bijvakken. In 1913 vroeg Kapteyn, professor astronomie aan de universiteit te Groningen hem om assistent te worden. Twee jaar later ging Zernike les geven aan deze universiteit in het vak natuurkunde. In 1920 werd hij gepromoveerd tot professor. Na 1930 ging hij zich met optiek bezighouden. Hij ontwikkelde de fase-contrastmicroscoop, waardoor levende wezens en organismen bestudeerd kunnen worden zonder kleuring. Deze uitvinding ontving niet meteen de belangstelling die ze verdiende. Zeiss, de beroemde fabriek van optische instrumenten, zag aanvankelijk niets in de microscoop. Tijdens de oorlog werd het belang van de microscoop door de Wehrmacht ingezien en werd de microscoop verder ontwikkeld en gefabriceerd. Na de oorlog werd de microscoop ook door andere firma's in productie genomen.
Optics8
frits zernike (18881966) was a professor at the University of Groningen from1915 to 1958. In a study of diffraction gratings, he noted that he was able to
http://www.ee.umd.edu/~taylor/optics8.htm

Extractions: ....Optics Highlights VIII . Some Roots of Modern Optical Systems I n the 20 th Century, revolutionary advances in optics began with the construction of the first laser in 1960 and has led to the rapid development of optical communication systems, imaging systems and holography, optical data storage and retrieval systems, and optical processing. Historically, however, optical communications systems date back to the optical semaphore systems developed by Chappe in France in 1791 and which were widely used in England and the United States during the 19 th Claude Chappe (1763 - 1805) was the grandson of a French baron and was raised for the church. He lost his religious sinecures as a result of the Revolution and along with his four (also now unemployed) brothers turned to working on a mechanical semaphore system for telegraphy. They obtained the support of the Revolutionary Convention and in 1794, after several design changes, succeeded, despite the violence of the Revolution, in establishing a chain of fifteen tower stations linking Paris and Lille, 120 miles to the north. France established a national system which was finally replaced by the electric telegraph beginning in 1846. In 1804, Claude Chappe, depressed by illness and by mounting claims of plagiarism (after all, the military had used semaphore systems) threw himself down the well at his hotel.
Phase Contrast Microscope Information
was awarded the Nobel prize (physics) in 1953. (frits zernike biography) It consists of 4 objective lenses, a centering telescope and zernike phase
http://www.microscopeworld.com/high/phase-contrast2.htm

Extractions: Phase Contrast Microscope Information A common activity in high school biology is to observe cheek cells. To do this, one takes a flat toothpick and gently scrapes the inside of their cheek. They smear the specimen on a flat microscope slide and cover it with a cover slip. The cheek cells are epithelial cells and will be seen in large numbers. If you add a drop of iodine to the sample, the nuclei of the cells will become more visible. They will appear as small round dots inside the cell. In the first picture below, we see the cells as they would appear without iodine with a regular microscope. At the right, you see the same specimen using a phase contrast microscope (actually, we used the same microscope with different lenses). This clearly shows that, for some specimens, phase contrast will greatly improve your image quality. Image above with regular brightfield objectives. (click on image for larger picture) Notice the air bubbles at three locations, some cells are visible at the left side Same image with phase contrast objectives (click on image for larger picture) White dots inside each cell are the nuclei.
20th Century Year By Year 1953
zernike, frits (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, b. 1888, d.1966 for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his
http://www.historycentral.com/20th/1953.html
Nobelpreistraeger Frits Frederik Zernike Vip Promi Und Vip Linkliste Inkl. Stars
http://www.multifind.de/vip/Nobelpreistraeger.vip.Frits._.Frederik._.Zernike.htm

Extractions: Vergleichende Darstellung von überlebenden Blutzellen aus dem peripheren Blut des Menschen in verschiedenen gebräuchlichen mikroskopischen Durchlichtverfahren. Aufnahmen im Hellfeld, schiefen Hellfeld, Interferenzkontrast nach Nomarski und Dunkelfeld. Wirkung des negativen Phasenkontrasts nach Wilska und des positiven Phasenkontrasts nach Zernike. (Frits (Frederik) Zernike, 1953 Nobelpreis für Physik.) http://mkat.iwf.de/medien/katalog/Kat_Details.asp?Signatur=D...
Phase Contrast Microscope - Information
Phase contrast is a method used in microscopy and developed in the early 20thcentury by frits zernike. (see more frits zernike biography). cheek cells
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/advanced/phase-contrast-microscope.htm

Extractions: White dots inside each cell are the nuclei. About the images above: A common activity in a high school biology class is to observe cheek cells. To do this, you take a flat toothpick and gently scrape the inside of your cheek. You then smear the saliva specimen on a flat microscope slide and cover it with a cover slip. The cheek cells are epithelial cells and will be seen in large numbers. The students then add a drop of iodine to the sample and the nuclei of the cells become visible as small round dots inside the cell. In the two pictures above, we see the cells as they would appear without iodine with a regular microscope. At the right, you see the same specimen using a phase contrast microscope (actually, we used the same microscope with different lenses). This clearly shows that, for some specimens (called Phase Objects), a phase contrast microscope will greatly improve you image quality. Setting up your microscope for phase contrast observations (you must have special phase objective lenses and a phase substage condenser)
Royal Society | About The Society | History Of Science | Biographies Of Fellows
zernike, frits. Biographical Memoirs 1967 vol 13 pp 393402, plate, by S Tolansky.Ziegler, Karl. Biographical Memoirs 1975 vol 21 pp 569-584, plate,
http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=2388
Nobel Prize Awards
1953 frits zernike 1954 Max Born, Walther Bothe 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb, PolykarpKusch 1956 William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
http://www.nobelphysics.com/
Letters And Documents Collection - Z | Special Collections | Bryn Mawr College L
zernike, frits, 1930 APcS, 1954 Nov. 4, to Dr. and Mrs. Walter Michels. A, B,C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/letterboxz.shtml
Biography-center - Letter Z
zernike, frits (Frederik) www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1953/zernikebio.html;Zeus, www.m essagenet.com/myths/bios/zeus.html
http://www.biography-center.com/z.html

Extractions: random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish 74 biographies Zada, al-Rumi Qadi
Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Phase Co
Research by frits zernike during this period uncovered phase and amplitudedifferences between zeroth order and deviated light that can be altered to
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/phasecontrast/phase.html

Extractions: Interactive Tutorials Virtual Microscopy Movie Gallery Downloads ... Resource Center The search was still on in the 1930's to find a way of using both direct and diffracted light from all azimuths to yield good contrast images of unstained objects that do not absorb light. Research by Frits Zernike during this period uncovered phase and amplitude differences between zeroth order and deviated light that can be altered to produce favorable conditions for interference and contrast enhancement. Unstained specimens that do not absorb light are called phase objects because they slightly alter the phase of the light diffracted by the specimen, usually by retarding such light approximately 1/4 wavelength as compared to the undeviated direct light passing through or around the specimen unaffected. Unfortunately, our eyes as well as camera film, are unable to detect these phase differences. To reiterate, the human eye is sensitive only to the colors of the visible spectrum (variations in light frequency) or to differing levels of light intensity (variations in wave amplitude). In phase specimens, the direct zeroth order light passes through or around the specimen undeviated. However, the light diffracted by the specimen is not reduced in amplitude as it is in a light-absorbing object, but is slowed by the specimen because of the specimen's refractive index or thickness (or both). This diffracted light, lagging behind by approximately 1/4 wavelength, arrives at the image plane
Oe Magazine - SPIE World
The frits zernike Award for Microlithography is given for outstanding accomplishmentsin microlithographic technology, especially those furthering the
http://oemagazine.com/fromTheMagazine/apr04/spieworld_membernews.html

Extractions: Industry View ... SPIE membership MEMBER NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS Harvey M. Pollicove , 60, died suddenly on 25 January. Pollicove was an active member of SPIE. He had a vision and was selflessly devoted to it, and he made a real difference to the optics industry. Pollicove started his career in 1964 at Eastman Kodak Company as a lens grinder. While working at Kodak, he earned a BA in mathematics, but he never left manufacturing, eventually leading the teams that created the first high-volume manufacturing processes for both plastic and glass molded aspheric optics. His teams molded more than 200 million optics in just three years for key Kodak initiatives. Pollicove became an industry expert, benchmarking global optics capabilities for Kodak as technical markets manager for the Optical Products Division. From there, Pollicove went on to become the co-founder and director of the Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) at the University of Rochester. Contributions to the "Harvey M. Pollicove Memorial Fund" can be sent to:
Oe Magazine - SPIE World - SPIE Membership Focus 2004
For example, 2004 saw the debut of two new awards the frits zernike Award forMicrolithography, sponsored by ASML, Canon, and Cymer and named for zernike,
http://oemagazine.com/fromTheMagazine/aug04/spienominate.html

Extractions: Industry View ... SPIE Donor Recognition Nominate a Colleague The optics and photonics communities continue to grow as we witness stronger activities in broader regions within Europe and North America, rapid growth in Asia-Pacific regions, and emerging movements in Latin America. These positive dynamics certainly add excitement as we prepare for SPIE's 50th anniversary celebration in 2005. In the last few years, SPIE has made a significant financial commitment to the Society's awards, scholarships, and grants. The Society has put great effort into awareness of the prestigious Fellowships, and sought to remedy the imbalances in geographic and technical fields that resulted from the proud history of the Society developing in the U.S. primarily from the "classical" optical design community. In 2003, an ad hoc Advisory Committee on Scholarships, Awards, and Sponsorships was formed to study and enhance the Society's awards system. In particular, we have begun to promote more endowments from industry, friends, and families to honor and celebrate the lifetime work and contributions of their colleagues and loved ones.
Food For Thought: Biographies
zernike, frits (Dutch physicist), 18881966. Zeromski, Stefan (Polish novelist,poet, playwright), 1864-1925. Zesen, Philipp von (Herman rhetorician,
http://www.junkfoodforthought.com/bio/bio_Z.htm

Extractions: Zablocki, Franciszek (Polish dramatist, satirist) Zabludovsky, Abraham (Polish-born Mexican architect) Zabolotsky, Nikolay Alekseyevich (Russian poet) Zaccaria, Saint Antonio Maria (Italian religious) Zaccaria, Benedetto (Genoese merchant, diplomat, admiral) d.c.1307 Zacconi, Ludovico (Italian music theorist, composer) Zach, Franz Xaver von (German astronomer) Zachow, Friedrich Wilhelm (German musician, composer) Zadkine, Ossip (Russian sculptor) Zaehner, Robert Charles (English historian) Zaghlul, Sa'd (Egyptian politician; prime minister 1924) Zagoskin, Lavrenty Alekseyevich (Russian explorer) Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikolayevich (Russian novelist, playwright) Zaharias, Mildred Ella Didrikson "Babe" (American athlete) Zaharoff, Sir Basil (Turkish-born French armament contractor) Zahn, Ernst (Swiss writer) Zahn-Harnack, Agnes von (German writer) Zaimis, Alexandros (Greek politician) Zajc, Ivan (Giovanni von Zaytz) (Croation composer) Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth (German-born American physician) Zaleski, Jozef Bogdan (Polish poet) Zambrano, Maria (Spanish writer, philosopher)
Dr.Tarek Said's Homepage-Nobel Prize Winners
1954 Born, Max Bothe, Walther WG 1953 zernike, frits (Frederik) 1952 Bloch,Felix Purcell, Edward Mills 1951 Cockcroft, John D., Sir Walton, Ernest TS
http://www.geocities.com/tsaid3/nobel.html
Oxford Physics - Library
A7A ZER, zernike, frits, Applied nonlinear optics, 300792475. A7B AND, Anders, Hugo,Thin films in optics, 302224283
http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/library/list.asp?CID=A07&lib=astro
ZERO Definition Of ZERO In Computing Dictionary - By The Free Online Dictionary,
Zerna Sharp Zerner s Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap Zernez zernike (crater) zernike crater zernike polynomials zernike, frits
http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/zero

Extractions: ["Object Orientation in Z", S. Stepney et al eds, Springer 1992]. zero 0, ASCI character 48. Numeric zero, as opposed to the letter "O" (the 15th letter of the English alphabet). In their unmodified forms they look a lot alike, and various kluges invented to make them visually distinct have compounded the confusion. If your zero is centre-dotted and letter-O is not, or if letter-O looks almost rectangular but zero looks more like an American football stood on end (or the reverse), you're probably looking at a modern character display (though the dotted zero seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 controllers). If your zero is slashed but letter-O is not, you're probably looking at an old-style
Physics Nobel Laureates 1950 - 1974
zernike, frits (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, * 1888, + 1966. for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his
http://www.matpack.de/Info/Chronics/physics_laureates_3.html

Extractions: POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". The prize was awarded jointly to: COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., + 1967; and WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles". The prize was awarded jointly to: BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, + 1983; and PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith". ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope". The prize was divided equally between: BORN, MAX, Great Britain, Edinburgh University
Gerard t Hooft
They are also the discoverers, in 1977, of asteroid 11779 zernike, named aftermy granduncle frits zernike. Founding Fathers are still working on the
http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/

Extractions: Name: t Hooft, Gerard Postal address: Spinoza Instituut Leuvenlaan 4 Postbus 80.195 3508 TD Utrecht. Voorts verbonden aan: Institute for Theoretical Physics Universiteit Utrecht Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CC Utrecht Tel.: +31 30 253 5928 Tel.: +31 30 253 1863 Fax: +31 30 253 5937 e-mail: g.thooft@phys.uu.nl Warning: due to severe clogging of this email postbox, I can no longer guarantee that received messages will be processed and/or answered. secretary: Wilma van Egmond, w.j.m.vanegmond@phys.uu.nl Professor Theoretical Physics Lectures: "Topics in Advanced Quantum Field Theory", AIO School Theoretical High Energy Physics, January 24 - 27, 2005, Conference Center Jonkerbosch, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Advised reading material for these lectures: " The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Field Theory ", a chapter in Handbook of the Philosophy of Science , Elsevier, to be published. Undergraduate lecture notes: The lecture notes Introduction to General Relativity (in English) click here. These notes now also appeared as a book:
Contraste Phase
frits zernike (1888-1966) invente son procédé de contraste dephase qui permet de voir au microscope le comportement des cellules vivantes
http://www.microscopies.com/DOSSIERS/MIcroscopies/PHOTONIQUE/Le Microscope/MODUL

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