The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-2004) charge of electricity 1924 Karl Manne Georg siegbahn Xray spectroscopy the Val Fitch asymmetric decay of neutral K-mesons 1981 kai M. Seigbahn High http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Administrivia/nobel.html
Extractions: [Physics FAQ] Compiled by Scott Chase, Phil Gibbs, and Johan Wevers. The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The date in brackets is the approximate date of the work. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation. The Physics prize is announced near the beginning of October each year. One of the quickest ways to get the announcement is to watch the Nobel Foundation web site at http://www.nobel.se
Pictures Of Famous Physicists kai M. siegbahn 50kB Karl Manne siegbahn 29kB Arnold Sommerfeld 41kB JohannesStark 27kB Jack Steinberger 41kB Ernst Carl Gerlach Stückelberg 19kB http://www.if.ufrj.br/famous/physlist.html
Extractions: Albert Einstein: The oldest known picture 53kB E. ca. 1900 E. as patent clerk , ca. 1905, 69kB E. smoking a pipe E. formally dressed E. in 1947 , picture taken by Philippe Halsman, 69kB E. giving a radio talk E. riding a bicycle , Pasadena, 1931, 77kB E. making an exit , Berlin, Physikalisches Institut, 60kB E. sailing E. on vacation at the Baltic sea, 1928, 90kB E. plays the fiddle E. in his study E. with Charles Chaplin , Hollywood, 1931, 80kB E.
Nobel Prize Winners Physics , Entrance Exam kai M.siegbahn, US Sweden. 1982, Kenneth G. Wilson, US. 1983, SubrahmanyanChandrasekhar William a. Fowler, Indian US Citizen US. 1984, Carlo Rubbia http://www.winentrance.com/noblphys.asp
Extractions: Italy Johannes D. Van der Waals Dutch Wilhelm Wien Germany Nils G. Dalen Sweden Heike kamerlingh Onnes Dutch Max von Laue Germany Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain Charles G. Barkla Britain Max K.E.L. Planck Germany Johnnes Stark Germany Charles E.Guillaume France Albert Einstein Germany - U.S. Niels Bohr Danish Robert A. Millikan U.S Karl M.G. Siegbahn Sweden James Franck, Gustav Hertz Germany Jean B. Perrin France Arthur H.Compton
Oxford Physics - Library 8.0/SIE, siegbahn, kai, Beta and gamma-ray spectroscopy, 302048387 8.4/RIT,Ritson, David M. Techniques of high energy physics, 302048470 http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/library/list.asp?CID=8.0-8.4&lib=
Lund -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article (Click link for more info and facts about kai M siegbahn) kai M siegbahn (Clicklink for more info and facts about Carl Fredrik Hill) Carl Fredrik Hill http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/l/lu/lund.htm
Extractions: Lund is a (Click link for more info and facts about city in Scania) city in Scania in southernmost (A Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula) Sweden , and the center of the (Click link for more info and facts about Lund Municipality) Lund Municipality . The town is, according to recent archaeological diggings, claimed to be founded in year (Click link for more info and facts about 990) by the Danish king (Click link for more info and facts about Sweyn I Forkbeard) Sweyn I Forkbeard , and hence celebrated its 1,000 year anniversary in 1990. In (Click link for more info and facts about 990) , the then 1000-year old town (Click link for more info and facts about Uppåkra) Uppåkra is believed to have been moved to Lund's location. The distance is only some five (A metric unit of length equal to 1000 meters (or 0.621371 miles)) kilometre s, but Lund is located on a hill, and on the other side of a rivulet-ford, giving the new site considerable defence advantages compared to Uppåkra, that is situated on the highest point of a rather large plain. Beside new techniques of warfare, the relocation is believed to signify the process of unification of
Physics Nobel Laureates 1975 - Today siegbahn, kai M., Sweden, Uppsala University, Uppsala, * 1918. for his contributionto the development of highresolution electron spectroscopy . http://www.matpack.de/Info/Chronics/physics_laureates_4.html
Extractions: The prize was awarded jointly to: BOHR, AAGE, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, MOTTELSON, BEN, Denmark, Nordita, Copenhagen, * 1926 (in Chicago, U.S.A.); and RAINWATER, JAMES, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". The prize was divided equally between: RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland), "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". The prize was divided equally between: ANDERSON, PHILIP W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories,Murray Hill, NJ, MOTT, Sir NEVILL F., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, + 1996; and
Nobel Laureates Of The 1980s kai M. siegbahn (Sweden). His contribution to the development of Leon M.Lederman (USA), Melvin Schwartz (USA) and Jack Steinberger (USA) http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id357.htm
Extractions: var TlxPgNm='id357'; setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Aeon Flux Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next The Eighties Club Other Stuff Table of Contents Nobel Laureates of the 1980s The Nobel Foundation a private institution established in 1900 based on the will of Alfred Nobel, industrialist, inventor, and scientist manages the assets made available through the will for the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. PHYSICS James W. Cronin (USA) and Val. L. Fitch (USA) The discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons. CHEMISTRY Paul Berg (USA) His fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA . Walter Gilbert (USA) and Frederick Sanger (USA/UK) Their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids. LITERATURE Czeslaw Milosz (Poland, USA)
BIPM - Former Members siegbahn, kai M. b.1918. Swedish physicist, son of Manne siegbahn, corecipientwith Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow of the Nobel Prize for http://www1.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/former_members.html
Recent Winners Of Physics Nobel Prize 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, United States; kai M. siegbahn,Sweden; for contributing to development of laser and electron spectroscopy. http://www.hypography.com/article.cfm?id=31835
AFOSR Nobel Winners kai M. siegbahn. Stanford University, Stanford, CA. 1956. David H. Hubel.Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Phys/Med. discoveries concerning information http://www.afosr.af.mil/afrnobel.htm
Gagnants Du Prix Nobel 1981, kai M. siegbahn. 1982, Kenneth G. Wilson. 1983, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar.1983, William A. Fowler. 1984, Carlo Rubbia. 1984, Simon van der Meer http://www.mots-croises.ch/Listes/prix_nobel.htm
Extractions: Chimie Jacobus H. van 't Hoff Emil Fischer Svante Arrhenius Sir William Ramsay Adolf von Baeyer Henri Moissan Eduard Buchner Ernest Rutherford Wilhelm Ostwald Otto Wallach Marie Curie Victor Grignard Paul Sabatier Alfred Werner Theodore W. Richards Fritz Haber Walther Nernst Frederick Soddy Francis W. Aston Fritz Pregl Richard Zsigmondy The Svedberg Heinrich Wieland Adolf Windaus Arthur Harden Hans von Euler-Chelpin Hans Fischer Friedrich Bergius Carl Bosch Irving Langmuir Harold C. Urey Peter Debye Norman Haworth Paul Karrer Richard Kuhn Adolf Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka George de Hevesy Otto Hahn Artturi Virtanen John H. Northrop Wendell M. Stanley James B. Sumner Sir Robert Robinson Arne Tiselius William F. Giauque Kurt Alder Otto Diels Edwin M. McMillan Glenn T. Seaborg Archer J. P. Martin Richard L. M. Synge Hermann Staudinger Linus Pauling Vincent du Vigneaud Sir Cyril Hinshelwood Nikolay Semenov Lord Todd Frederick Sanger Jaroslav Heyrovsky Willard F. Libby Melvin Calvin John C. Kendrew Max F. Perutz Giulio Natta Karl Ziegler Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Robert B. Woodward
Electrostatics And Surface Physics Laboratory kai M. siegbahn. 1920. 1921-1999. 1918-. for their development of laser spectroscopy.for the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy. http://empl.ksc.nasa.gov/Links/nobelwin/nobelwin.htm
Extractions: for their work on the influence of magnetism on radiation. Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklowdowska-Curie for his discovery of radioactivity. for their joint research on nuclear radiation phenomena. Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) for his research on the densities of the gases and for his discovery of argon Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard for his work on cathode rays. Joseph John Thomson for his research on the conduction of electricity by gases. Albert Abraham Michelson for his optical instruments and for measuring the speed of light. Gabriel Lippmann for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the interference techiniques. Guglielmo Marconi Carl Ferdinand Braun for their development of wireless telegraphy. Johannes Diderik van der Waals for his research on the equation of state for gases and liquids.
Pictures Of Famous Physicists kai M. siegbahn 50kB Karl Manne siegbahn 29kB Arnold Sommerfeld 41kB Sommerfeldat old age, 55kB Johannes Stark 27kB Josef Stefan 46kB Jack Steinberger 41kB http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physlist.html
Sources For "A Picture Gallery Of Physicists" 32 siegbahn.jpg kai M. siegbahn (1918) N 81, p. 60 wilson.jpg Kenneth G.Wilson (1936) N 82, p. 98 fowler.jpg William Alfred Fowler (1911-) N 83, p. http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/sources.html
Nobel ödülleri Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, kai M. siegbahn, Kenneth G. Wilson.Laser spectroscop un gelisimine yaptiklari katkilariyla Nicolaas http://www.sonboyut.net/NOBEL/NOBEL8190.htm
Extractions: Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Leonard Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn Kenneth G. Wilson Laser spectroscop'un geliþimine yaptýklarý katkýlarýyla Nicolaas Bloembergen'e; yüksek çözünürlü elektron spectroscop'un geliþimine yaptýðý katkýlarýylada Arthur Leonard Schawlow ve Kai M. Siegbahn'a verilmiþtir. Geçiþ safhalarýnýn kritik olgularý ile ilgili teorisi dalayýsýyla Kenneth G. Wilson' verilmiþtir. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar William Alfred Fowler Simon van der Meer Carlo Rubbia Yýldýzlarýn evrimi ve fiziksel süreçleri üzerine yapmýþ olduðu teorik çalýþmalardan dolayý Subramanyan Chandrasekhar'a; evrendeki kimyasal elementlerin oluþumunda nükleer reaksiyonlarýn etkisi üzerine teorik ve fiziksel çalýþmalarýndan dolayý William Alfred Fowler'e verilmiþtir. W ve Z alan parçacýklarýnýn keþfine yol açan büyük projeye katkýlarýndan dolayý Simon van der Meer ve Carlo Rubbia' ya verilmiþtir. Klaus von Klitzing Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer Ernst Ruska Quantized Hall etkisi keþfinden dolayý Klaus von Klitzing 'a verilmiþtir. Tarayýcý tunneling microscope'un tasarýmý ile Gerd Binnig ve Heinrich Rohrer'e ; elektron optiði üzerine yaptýðý çalýþmalarý ve ilk elektron mikroskop'u öngörümü ile de
Nobel Translate this page 1981 Nicolaas Bloemberger (ABD), Arthur L.Schawlaw (Ýsveç), kai M. siegbahn.1982 Kenneth G.Wilson (ABD). 1983 William A.Favler (ABD), http://www.sonboyut.net/NOBEL.asp
Extractions: Wilhelm G.Roentgen (Alm) Hendrik (A.Lorentz (Hol), Peter Zeeman (Hol) Antoine H. Becquerel (Fr), Pierre Curie (Fr), Marie Curie (Fr) John W.S. Rayleigh (Ýng) Phillip E. A. Lenard (Alm) Joseph J.Thomson (Ýng) Albert A.Michelson (ABD) Gabriel Lipmann (Fr) Guglielmo Marconi (Ýtl), Carl F. Braun (Alm) Johannes D.Vander Waals (Hol) Wilhelm Wien (Alm) Nils G. Dalen (Ýsveç) Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (Hol) Max Von Laue (Alm) William H. Bragg (Ýng),William L. Bragg (Ýng) Ödül verilmedi Charles G. Barkla (Ýng) Max K. E.L. Planck (Alm.) Johannes Stark (Alm) Charles E.Guillaume (Fr) Albert Einstein (ABD) Niels H. D. Bohr (Dan) Robert A.Millikan (ABD) Karl M.G. Siegbahn (Ýsveç) James Franck (Alm), Gustav Hertz (Alm) Jean B.Perrin (Fr) Arthur H.Compton (ABD), Charles T.R. Wilson (Ýng) Owen W.Richardson (Ýng) Louis-Victor de Broglie (Fr) Chandrasekhara V.raman (Hint) Ödül verilmedi Werner Heisenberg (Alm) Erwin Scrödinger (Avusturya), Paul A.M. Dirac (Ýng)
Meetings Of Nobel Laureates In Lindau He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 together with Arthur L. Schawlow and kai M.siegbahn for their findings about the interaction between light and http://lindau.umantis.com/Public/Laureates/429/Profile
Extractions: Born in Dordrecht, Netherlands, in 1920. Ph.D. in Leiden, Netherlands; appointed Professor at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., USA in 1951. Work on microwave amplifiers and light amplifiers (lasers). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 together with Arthur L. Schawlow and Kai M. Siegbahn for their findings about the interaction between light and matter. Laser spectroscopy, as developed by him and his colleagues, allows very precise investigations of the properties of atoms and molecules, providing information about the composition and structure of matter.
PREMI NOBEL Per La FISICA kai M. siegbahn. 1982, Kenneth G. Wilson. 1983, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar.William A. Fowler. 1984, Simon Van Der Meer. Carlo Rubbia http://www.windoweb.it/guida/scienze/premi_nobel_per_la_fisica.htm
Extractions: Cerca nel sito Benvenuto su WINDOWEB! La Grande Enciclopedia Web Storia Informatica dal 1600 ad oggi Foto per il desktop Quiz I migliori siti per lo Shopping online Immagini e pensieri: dalla poesia al cinema Dossier su grandi temi ....e molto altro ancora! Regali utili e graditi? cd dvd libri cesti natalizi Polizza auto/moto? passa al risparmio V oli e vacanze? confronta i prezzi Costi banca? come guadagnarci Gioca e vinci: scommesse calcio e altri sport Cambio stagione? rinnova il guardaroba Ancora quella suoneria? stupisci gli amici! Farmacia discreta? ricevi a casa o in ufficio Prestiti personali? calcola preventivo Prima pagina Scienze Nobel Fisica Fisica L'assicurazione online costa meno Anno Premi Nobel Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen Pieter Zeeman Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Antoine Henri Becquerel Marie Curie Pierre Curie John William Strutt Rayleigh Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard Joseph John Thomson Albert Abraham Michelson Gabriel Lippmann Carl Ferdinand Braun Guglielmo Marconi Johannes Diderik Van Der Waals Wilhelm Wien Nils Gustaf Dalen Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Max Von Laue William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg non è stato assegnato Charles Glover Barkla Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck non è stato assegnato Johannes Stark Charles Edouard Guillaume Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Robert Andrews Millikan Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn James Franck Gustav Hertz Jean Baptiste Perrin Arthur Holly Compton Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
Nobel Prize Winners In Physics 1901 Wilhelm Roentgen For 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow for developing laser spectroscopyand kai M. siegbahn for developing highresolution electron spectroscopy http://people.smu.edu/ereiman/physics/nobelprizes.txt
Extractions: Nobel Prize Winners in Physics: 1901 Wilhelm Roentgen for discovering X-rays (1895). 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz for predicting the Zeeman effect and Pieter Zeeman for discovering the Zeeman effect, the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic fields. 1903 Antoine-Henri Becquerel for discovering radioactivity (1896) and Pierre and Marie Curie for studying radioactivity. 1904 Lord Rayleigh for studying the density of gases and discovering argon. 1905 Philipp Lenard for studying cathode rays, electrons (1898-1899). 1906 J.J. Thomson for studying electrical discharge through gases and discovering the electron (1897). 1907 Albert A. Michelson for inventing optical instruments and measuring the speed of light (1880s). 1908 Gabriel Lippmann for making the first color photographic plate, using interference methods (1891). 1909 Guglielmo Marconi and Carl Ferdinand Braun for developing wireless telegraphy. 1910 Johannes D. van der Waals for studying the equation of state for gases and liquids (1881). 1911 Wilhelm Wien for discovering Wien's law giving the peak of a blackbody spectrum (1893). 1912 Nils Dalen for inventing automatics gas regulators for lighthouses. 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes for the discovery of superconductivity and liquefying helium (1908). 1914 Max T.F. von Laue for studying x-rays from their diffraction by crystals, showing that x-rays are electromagnetic waves (1912). 1915 William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, his son, for studying the diffraction of x-rays in crystals. 1916 No prize in Physics was given. 1917 Charles Barkla for studying atoms by x-ray scattering (1906). 1918 Max Planck for discovering energy quanta. 1919 Johannes Stark, for discovering the Stark effect, the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields (1913). 1920 Charles-Edouard Guillaume for discovering invar, a nickel-steel alloy with low coefficient of expansion. 1921 Albert Einstein for explaining the photoelectric effect and for his services to theoretical physics (1905). 1922 Niels Bohr for his model of the atom and its readiation (1913). 1923 Robert A. Millikan for measuring the charge on an electron (1911) and for studying the photoelectric effect experimentally (1914). 1924 Karl M. G. Siegbahn for his work in x-ray spectroscopy. 1925 James Franck and Gustav Hertz for discovering the Franck-Hertz effect in electron-atom collisions. 1926 Jean-Baptiste Perrin for studying Brownian motion to validate the discontinuous structure of matter and measure the size of atoms. 1927 Arthur Holly Compton for discovering the Compton effect on x-rays, their change in wavelength when they collide with matter (1922), and Charles T. R. Wilson for inventing the cloud chamber, used to study charged particles (1906). 1928 Owen W. Richardson for studying the thermionic effect and electrons emitted by hot metals (1911). 1929 Louis Victor de Broglie for discovering the wave nature of electrons (1923). 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman for studying Raman scattering, the scattering of light by atoms and molecules with a change in wavelength (1928). 1931 No prize in Physics was given. 1932 Werner Heisenberg for creating quantum mechanics (1925). 1933 Erwin Schrodinger and Paul A. M. Dirac for developing wave mechanics (1925) and relativistic quantum mechanics (1927). 1934 No prize in Physics was given. 1935 James Chadwick for discovering the neutron (1932). 1936 Carl D. Anderson for discovering the positron in particular and antimatter in general (1932) and Victor F. Hess for discovering cosmic rays. 1937 Clinton Davisson and George Thomson for discovering the diffraction of electrons by crystals, confirming de Broglie's hypothesis (1927). 1938 Enrico Fermi for producing the transuranic radioactive elements by neutron irradiation (1934-1937). 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence for inventing the cyclotron. 1940 No prize in Physics was given. 1941 No prize in Physics was given. 1942 No prize in Physics was given. 1943 Otto Stern for developing molecular-beam studies (1923), and using them to discover the magnetic moment of the proton (1933). 1944 Isidor I. Rabi for discovering nuclear magnetic resonance in atomic and molecular beams. 1945 Wolfgang Pauli for discovering the exclusion principle (1924). 1946 Percy W. Bridgman for studying physics at high pressures. 1947 Edward V. Appleton for studying the ionosphere. 1948 Patrick M. S. Blackett for studying nuclear physics with cloud-chamber photographs of cosmic-ray interactions. 1949 Hideki Yukawa for predicting the existence of mesons (1935). 1950 Cecil F. Powell for developing the method of studying cosmic rays with photographic emulsions and discovering new mesons. 1951 Hohn D. Cockcroft and Ernest T. S. Walton for transmuting nuclei in an accelerator (1932). 1952 Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell for discovering nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and gases (1946). 1953 Frits Zernike for inventing the phase-contrast microscope, which uses interference to provide high contrast. 1954 Max Born for interpreting the wave function as a probability (1926) and other quantum-mechanical discoveries and Walther Bothe for developing the coincidence method to study subatomic particles (1930-1931), producing, in particular, the particle interpreted by Chadwick as the neutron. 1955 Willis E. Lamb, Jr., for discovering the Lamb shift in the hydrogen spectrum (1947) and Polykarp Kusch for determining the magnetic moment of the electron (1947). 1956 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley for inventing the transistor (1956). 1957 T.-D. Lee and C.-N. Yang for predicting that partiy is not conserved in beta decay (1956). 1958 Pavel A. Cerenkov for discovering Cerenkov radiation (1935) and Ilya M. Frank and Igor Tamm for interpreting it (1937). 1959 Emilio G. Segre and Owen Chamberlain for discovering the antiproton (1955). 1960 Donald A. Glaser for inventing the bubble chamber to study elementary particles (1952). 1961 Robert Hofstadter for discovering internal structure in protons and neutrons and Rudolf L. Mossbauer for discovering the Mossbauer effect of recoilless gamma-ray emission (1957). 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau for studying liquid helium and other condensed matter theoretically. 1963 Eugene P. Wigner for applying symmetry principles to elementary-particle theory and Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen for studying the shell model of nuclei (1947). 1964 Charles H. Townes, Nikolai G. Basov, and Alexandr M. Prokhorov for developing masers (1951-1952) and lasers. 1965 Sin-itiro Tomonaga, Julian S. Schwinger, and Richard P. Feynman for developing quantum electrodynamics (1948). 1966 Alfred Kastler for his optical methods of studying atomic energy levels. 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe for discovering the routes of energy production in stars (1939). 1968 Luis W. Alvarez for discovering resonance states of elementary particles. 1969 Murray Gell-Mann for classifying elementary particles (1963). 1970 Hannes Alfven for developing magnetohydrodynamic theory and Louis Eugene Felix Neel for discovering antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism (1930s). 1971 Dennis Gabor for developing holography (1947). 1972 John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer for explaining superconductivity (1957). 1973 Leo Esaki for discovering tunneling in semiconductors, Ivar Giaever for discovering tunneling in superconductors, and Brian D. Josephson for predicting the Josephson effect, which involves tunneling of paired electrons (1958-1962). 1974 Anthony Hewish for discovering pulsars and Martin Ryle for developing radio interferometry. 1975 Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson, and James Rainwater for discovering why some nuclei take asymmetric shapes. 1976 Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting for discovering the J/psi particle, the first charmed particle (1974). 1977 John H. Van Vleck, Nevill F. Mott, and Philip W. Anderson for studying solids quantum-mechanically. 1978 Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson for discovering the cosmic background radiation (1965) and Pyotr Kapitsa for his studies of liquid helium. 1979 Sheldon L. Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg for developing the theory that unified the weak and electromagnetic forces (1958-1971). 1980 Val Fitch and James W. Cronin for discovering CP (charge-parity) violation (1964), which possibly explains the cosmological dominance of matter over antimatter. 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow for developing laser spectroscopy and Kai M. Siegbahn for developing high-resolution electron spectroscopy (1958). 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson for developing a method of constructing theories of phase transitions to analyze critical phenomena. 1983 William A. Fowler for theoretical studies of astrophysical nucleosynthesis and Subramanyan Chandrasekhar for studying physical processes of importance to stellar structure and evolution, including the prediction of white dwarf stars (1930). 1984 Carlo Rubbia for discovering the W and Z particles, verifying the electroweak unification, and Simon van der Meer, for developing the method of stochastic cooling of the CERN beam that allowed the discovery (1982-1983). 1985 Klaus von Klitzing for the quantized Hall effect, relating to conductivity in the presence of a magnetic field (1980). 1986 Ernst Ruska for inventing the electron microscope (1931), and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer for inventing the scanning-tunneling electron microscope (1981). 1987 J. Georg Bednorz and Karl Alex Muller for the discovery of high temperature superconductivity (1986). 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger for a collaborative experiment that led to the development of a new tool for studying the weak nuclear force, which affects the radioactive decay of atoms. 1989 Norman Ramsay (U.S.) for various techniques in atomic physics; and Hans Dehmelt (U.S.) and Wolfgang Paul (Germany) for the development of techniques for trapping single charge particles. 1990 Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall (both U.S.), and Richard Taylor (Canada) for experiments important to the development of the quark model. 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers. 1992 George Charpak for developing detectors that trace the paths of evanescent subatomic particles produced in particle accelerators. 1993 Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor for discovering evidence of gravitational waves. 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse and Clifford G. Schull for pioneering work in neutron scattering.
