121. The St. Petersburg Paradox By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-stpetersburg/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change JUL The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The St. Petersburg Paradox The St. Petersburg game is played by flipping a fair coin until it comes up tails, and the total number of flips, n, determines the prize, which equals $2 n . Thus if the coin comes up tails the first time, the prize is $2 = $2, and the game ends. If the coin comes up heads the first time, it is flipped again. If it comes up tails the second time, the prize is $2 n n P(n) Prize Expected payoff 1. Decreasing Marginal Utility 2. Risk-Aversion 3. An Upper Bound on Utility 4. Finitely Many Consequences ... Related Entries 1. Decreasing Marginal Utility Bernoulli responded to this problem with the observation that the calculations err by adding expected payoffs in dollars, whereas what should be added are the expected utilities of each consequence. He proposed the widely-accepted principle that (roughly speaking) money has a decreasing marginal utility, and suggested that a realistic measure of the utility of money might be given by the logarithm of the money amount. Here are the first few lines in the table for this gamble if utiles = log($): n P(n) Prize Utiles Expected Utility The sum of expected utilities is not infinite: it reaches a limit of about 0.60206 utiles (worth $4.00). The rational gambler, then, would pay any sum less than $4.00 to play.

122. Tritone Paradox And Spectral-Motion AfterEffects An overview of Shepard and Deutsch tones, the tritone paradox, and acoustic illusions analogous to spiral motion aftereffects is presented. http://www.cameron.edu/~lloydd/webdoc1.html

MAIN MENU The tones used to create the tritone paradox were synthesized by Diana Deutsch at the University of California - San Diego . The tones used are similar to those created by Roger Shepard in that they are specially designed complex tones that consist of ocatve related sinewave components. Shepard tones consist of 10 components (octaves) and are presented through a Gaussian-shaped spectral filter (see Figure to the right). The tones used in the tritone paradox have 6 components (octaves) and are presented through a bell-shaped spectral envelope (see Figure to the left). The filtering results in the frequency components being attenuated about the centre frequency. These Deutsch tones are perceptually similar to Shepard tones, although to date, there has been no systematic investigation of perceptual effects arising from the differences between the two types of tones. Illusions arise from Deutsch and Shepard tones when the spectral envelopes are held constant and the frequencies components are raised or lowered in pitch. This raising or lowering in pitch can be done in a continuous fashion creating a glide, or in discrete steps. Theoretically, the interval distance of each step could be any value within the span of an octave - the limit of which results in an identical tone. Most studies have employed the 12 equal logarithmic steps that span an octave in traditional Western Music called semitones. The resulting 'chromatic' tones are represented on a piano by the 12 black and white keys that span an octave interval.

123. Chronos Shrugged: The World Of Time Travel Introduction, myth, psychology, abstracts, ethics, experts, science, analysis, paradox, fun stuff, bibliography and links. http://www.umich.edu/~engtt415/menu.html

124. Www.metafilter.com/mefi/43758 the paradox OnlineVolume 5. Spring 2003 (04.2003). Pan Ethnicity Can we confront mainstream America with all the confrontation we have amongst each other? Oh Pilsung Korea! http://www.metafilter.com/mefi/43758

125. Architecture Paradox The purpose of this article is to discuss Architecture paradox and bring out To explain this architecture paradox, consider a software that meets its http://www.subrahmanyam.com/articles/architecture/Paradox.html

subbu.org Papers and Books Architecture Paradox Subbu Allamaraju Introduction A 1996 technical report from the Software Engineering Institute , in its introduction points out that software architecture is still a relatively immature area from both research and practice perspectives. The same holds true in 1999 after maturity and emergence of several generic as well as domain-specific architectures. Today, the area is largely immature not because of lack of research, but lack of its practice. But why is it difficult to practice software architecture? In commercial software industry, where products and applications are required to be built over very short time-frames with tight budgets, the term "architecture," though widely used, is rarely practiced as a concept or as an integral part of software building. Ironically, it is this specific industry segment that requires more emphasis on software architecture for at least two reasons: budgetary constraints, and shorter time to deployment. Both these factors demand protection of investments in information technology. Protection of investments requires protection of software architecture against changing requirements. In a nutshell, this is the focus of this article. While architecture is generally perceived to be crucial for any software development exercise, in practice, architectures are rarely part of software development life-cycles, when so, rarely complete, and when complete, rarely protected and adhered to. This is one of the reasons why changes to software are expensive. Despite this, architectures are sought by concerned parties in almost all software development projects.

126. Adirondack Lakefront Vacation Rentals Information on rates and nearby activities at four vacation homes. http://www.adirondackvacationrentals-paradoxlake.com/

Contact Adirondack Vacation Rentals at or toll free at (877)-MTKISCO or email us We have four family owned four star vacation homes available for rent in 2005. Welcome to a whole new world... The Adirondacks-Paradox Lake, where e-mail and voice mail are left behind Fleeting moments become precious memories. Here, days lengthen under the shade of the majestic Adirondack trees and every day another fascinating chapter is added to your families vacation on Paradox Lake. Come discover clean, warm, romantic, spacious, inviting and most of all private family vacation rentals on the waterfront at Paradox Lake. It is more than you can imagine-everything that you need to spend together as family. Not just camps, but full sized homes- All homes accommodate 6-8 persons ages 3 and up. Toddlers under age 3 do not affect total occupancy count. As you may know Paradox Lake is one of the cleanest lakes located in the 6 million acre Adirondack State Park in upstate New York.

127. Explaining The Productivity Paradox The New Economy Index illustrates what s new about the socalled New Economy, from industrial and occupational change to globalization, competition, http://www.neweconomyindex.org/productivity.html

New Economy Index Home Introduction SECTION I What's New About The New Economy? ... The Authors Explaining The Productivity Paradox Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert Solow has said that we see computers everywhere except in the productivity statistics. That productivity measures do not seem to show any impact from new computer and information technologies has been labeled the "productivity paradox." Productivity growth has slowed every decade since the 1960s while investments in information technology have grown dramatically. Some take this as proof that information technology doesn't affect productivity. Make no mistake, application of information technology does improve productivity. Since the 1970s, productivity has grown about 1.1 percent per year for sectors that have invested heavily in computers and approximately 0.35 percent for sectors that have invested less heavily. Research by MIT economists shows that in the 1990s computers contribute significantly to firm-level output and productivity. But the effects have been concentrated in a limited number of firms and industries.

128. Vagueness And The Sorites Paradox - An Evolving Resource A resource for philosophers and other researchers, including a bibliography on vagueness, plus lists of online articles, homepages of people working in the area and related external resources. http://www.btinternet.com/~justin.needle/

Home Articles Bibliography Philosophers ... Feedback Recently updated! (July 2003) Subscribe! Enter your email to receive notification of updates to this site It is clear that every sentence in our language ’is in order as it is’. That is to say, we are not striving after an ideal, as if our ordinary vague sentences had not yet got a quite unexceptionable sense, and a perfect language awaited construction by us. - On the other hand it seems clear that where there is sense there must be perfect order. So there must be perfect order even in the vaguest sentence. For remember that in general we don't use language according to strict rules - it hasn't been taught us by means of strict rules, either. We, in our discussions on the other hand, constantly compare language with a calculus proceeding according to exact rules. Ludwig Wittgenstein There is no clear definition - and indeed still no general consensus among philosophers - about what vagueness is or what the word 'vague' means. The phenomenon and the problems it has caused philosophers (sporadically, at least) for so many centuries are best brought out by considering the

129. The Fermi Paradox: An Approach Based On Percolation Theory The absence of any evidence for such visits is the Fermi paradox. A more proper name for this would be the FermiHart paradox, since while Fermi is http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/percolation.htp

Published in Journal of the British Interplanetary Society , London, Volume 51, page 163-166 (1998). Originally presented at the NASA Symposium "Vision-21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace" (NASA CP-10129), Mar. 30-31, 1993, Westlake, OH U.S.A. The Fermi Paradox: An Approach Based on Percolation Theory Geoffrey A. Landis Ohio Aerospace Institute NASA Lewis Research Center, 302-1 Cleveland, OH 44135 U.S.A. Abstract If even a very small fraction of the hundred billion stars in the galaxy are home to technological civilizations which colonize over interstellar distances, the entire galaxy could be completely colonized in a few million years. The absence of such extraterrestrial civilizations visiting Earth is the Fermi paradox. A model for interstellar colonization is proposed using the assumption that there is a maximum distance over which direct interstellar colonization is feasable. Due to the time lag involved in interstellar communications, it is assumed that an interstellar colony will rapidly develop a culture independent of the civilization that originally settled it. Any given colony will have a probability P of developing a colonizing civilization, and a probability (1-P) that it will develop a non-colonizing civilization. These assumptions lead to the colonization of the galaxy occuring as a percolation problem. In a percolation problem, there will be a critical value of the percolation probability, Pc. For P<Pc, colonization will always terminate after a finite number of colonies. Growth will occur in "clusters," with the outside of each cluster consisting of non-colonizing civilizations. For P>Pc, small uncolonized voids will exist, bounded by non-colonizing civilizations. When P is on the order of Pc, arbitrarily large filled regions exist, and also arbitrarily large empty regions.

130. EPR Description A somewhat technical review of the EPR paradox and the Aspect experiment which was designed to test it. http://roxanne.roxanne.org/epr/eprS.html

from a deterministic point of view Shown below is a diagram of the Aspect experimental setup. The Hidden Variable Theory says that nature is deterministic and, despite what may be predicted by Quantum Mechanics, particles always have a definite position. What happens to the photons which are produced in this experiment? When a blue photon is produced at the source, if it travels to the left down path A , then it will be blocked by the filter along that path. If, on the other hand, it travels down path B , it will pass through the filter and travel to the polarization analyser PA The polarization of the photons produced by the source are oriented randomly. Using quantum mechanics alone, we cannot make any predictions about this polarization. But, there are aspects of the theory (hidden variables) which ensure that the photon must have a definite value of polarization. So, half the time our blue photon will pass through the filter and the other half of the time it will be deflected by the filter. It is important to note two things at this point. First, the photon is EITHER deflected by the filter OR it passes through the filter; one or the other, never both. Secondly, the direction which the photon takes depends

131. Visions Alternative Worship Community paradox Visuals is now called Visions services. Last update 1999.04.22, visions@abbess.demon.co.uk. http://www.abbess.demon.co.uk/paradox/

...is now called... Last update: 1999.04.22 visions@abbess.demon.co.uk

132. Nokta Alarm Güvenlik Ana Sayfa 0216 488 35 45 hırsız alarm, ev alarmı, iş yeri alarmı,kamera sistemi, cctv, dijital kayıt sistemi, pdks, turnike,paradox, http://www.noktaalarm.com

HAKKIMIZDA BÝZE ULAÞIN KAMPANYALARIMIZ REFERANSLARIMIZ ... SÝSTEMLER Dijital Kayýt ve Görüntü Transfer sistemleri Hýrsýzlýðýn ve soygunlarýn hýzla arttýðý günümüzde tehlikenin boyutuda sürekli artýyor. Bu gibi istenmeyen durumlarýn önlenmesindeki en etkin yollardan biride CCTV sistemleridir. Nokta Teknoloji tesis ettiði anahtar teslim projelerle müþterilerinin Evlerini Ýþyerlerini ve personellerini 24 saat dünyanýn neresinde olursa olsun denetim altýnda tutmalarýný saðlamaktadýr. Devamý Taksim'in Eðlenceleri Ýle Ünlü Nevizade Ve Kameriye Sokaklarý Ýçin Uygulanan CCTV Projesi 27 Temmuz Akþamý STARTV ANA HABER Bültenine Konu Oldu Eðlence Artýk Daha Güvenli. T.C Baþbakanlýk Gümrük Müsteþarlýðý Yeþilköy Otomotiv Ýhtisas Gümrük Müdürlüðü BALNAK LOJÝSTÝK Ýçin kurduðumuz CCTV Sistemini Onayladý 4 Farklý Sistem Arasýndan Firmamýzýn Teknolojisi Tercih Edildi. Paþabahçe Maðazalarý Türkiye Genelinde 25 Maðazasýný Genel Merkezinden 24 Saat Canlý Ýzliyor. Paþabahçe Maðazalarýna Bu Hizmeti Vermenin Haklý Gururunu Yaþýyoruz.

133. Zeno's Paradoxes Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, for example, Achilles and the Tortoise. By Nick Huggett. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change MAR The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Zeno's Paradoxes Almost everything that we know about Zeno of Elea is to be found in the opening pages of Plato's Parmenides 1. Background 2. The Paradoxes of Plurality 2.1 The Argument from Denseness 2.2 The Argument from Finite Size ... Related Entries 1. Background Before we look at the paradoxes themselves it will be useful to sketch some of their historical and logical significance. First, Zeno sought to defend Parmenides by attacking his critics. Parmenides rejected pluralism and the reality of any kind of change: for him all was one indivisible, unchanging reality, and any appearances to the contrary were illusions, to be dispelled by reason and revelation. Not surprisingly, this philosophy found many critics, who ridiculed the suggestion; after all it flies in the face of some of our most basic beliefs about the world. (Interestingly, general relativity particularly quantum general relativity arguably provides a novel if novelty is As we read the arguments it is crucial to keep this method in mind. They are always directed towards a more-or-less specific target: the views of some person or school. We must bear in mind that the arguments are

134. The Berry Paradox Transcript of a lecture by Gregory Chaitin on how the Berry paradox ( the smallest number that needs at least n words to specify it, where n is large ) http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/chaitin/unm2.html

The Berry Paradox G. J. Chaitin, IBM Research Division, P. O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, chaitin@watson.ibm.com Complexity 1:1 (1995), pp. 26-30 Lecture given Wednesday 27 October 1993 at a Physics - Computer Science Colloquium at the University of New Mexico. The lecture was videotaped; this is an edited transcript. It also incorporates remarks made at the Limits to Scientific Knowledge meeting held at the Santa Fe Institute 24-26 May 1994. What is the paradox of the liar? Well, the paradox of the liar is ``This statement is false!'' Why is this a paradox? What does ``false'' mean? Well, ``false'' means ``does not correspond to reality.'' This statement says that it is false. If that doesn't correspond to reality, it must mean that the statement is true, right? On the other hand, if the statement is true it means that what it says corresponds to reality. But what it says is that it is false. Therefore the statement must be false. So whether you assume that it's true or false, you must conclude the opposite! So this is the paradox of the liar. Now let's look at the Berry paradox. First of all, why ``Berry''? Well it has nothing to do with fruit! This paradox was published at the beginning of this century by Bertrand Russell. Now there's a famous paradox which is called Russell's paradox and this is not it! This is another paradox that he published. I guess people felt that if you just said the Russell paradox and there were two of them it would be confusing. And Bertrand Russell when he published this paradox had a footnote saying that it was suggested to him by an Oxford University librarian, a Mr G. G. Berry. So it ended up being called the Berry paradox even though it was published by Russell.

135. I Am Paradox Thoughts and feelings in an emerging church. http://paradox.typepad.com

i am paradox thoughts and feelings in emerging culture About September 2005 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Recent Comments Steve F. on Apple did it again Tony Myles on Apple did it again Tony Myles on Interview with Rob Bell Villi on Special Guest Wes on Robertson strikes again Wes Ellis on Jesus of Suburbia Chris on Paper Jesus Heather W. on Conversations with Jesus and Buddha Wes on Conversations with Jesus and Buddha Wes Ellis on Conversation over dinner Archives Books Culture ... Web/Tech Photo Albums Cruise My Pics New Orleans Xmas 04 Subscribe to this blog's feed ... Add me to your TypePad People list Must See Fave Flicks Constantine (2-Disc Deluxe Edition with Comic Book) The Amityville Horror (Widescreen Special Edition) Crash (Full Screen Edition) Devil's Playground ... Saved! Books Nonviolent Atonement scandal of the cross Dave Fleming: The Seeker's Way: Cultivating the Longings of a Spiritual Life The Last Word and the Word after That : A Tale of Faith, Doubt, and a New Kind of Christianity ... moment of complexity ipod audioslave: out of exile oasis: believe truth coldplay: x and y killers: hot fuss ... joss stone: Soul Sessions Groovy Sites Reel Spirituality Damaris Culture Watch LarkNews.com

136. Www.technologyreview.com/articles/wo_weinberger102 Shaded paradox, the Severus Snape FL, v1Shaded paradox is the fanlisting for Severus Snape from the Harry Potter series. http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/wo_weinberger102502.asp

CUSTOMER SERVICE LOGIN JOIN NOW HOME ... FORUMS SEARCH: All Topics: Biotech / Healthcare Business Computing ... Look inside current issue SPONSORED LINKS Print Sorry, this article is no longer available. 1 of 1 1 of 1 About Us Help Contact Us Privacy ... Radio Station at the Astrodome [David Appell] A few days ago I blogged about the techies who weren't allowed to erect a low-power radio station at the Houston Astrodome, despite the fact that it seemed... Techies Helping Out (if Allowed) [David Appell] There are a lot of things I don't understand about the government's response to Katrina, and this story epitomizes it: a bunch of volunteer techies wanted to install... Yahoo's True Colors [David Appell] Like Microsoft before it, Yahoo has demonstrated that its desire to be a player in the Chinese Internet market trumps any ethical considerations. Yahoo provided information that helped... Rebuild New Orleans? [David Appell] Should New Orleans be rebuilt? House Speaker Denny Hastert got in immediate hot water for just asking the question....Of course some kind of city will continue to exist... On Negative Results [David Appell] There's a very interesting article by John Ioannidis in PLoS Medicine, the free online journal. Most current published research findings might well be false, he says. There are...

137. Moon Miners' Manifesto: Fermi's Paradox, The Great Silence, And The Singularity Long article discussing the implications of what is known so far about other life in the universe. http://www.asi.org/adb/06/09/03/02/108/fermi-singularity.html

ASI W9900338r1.0 Moon Miners' Manifesto #108 September 1997 Section 6.9.3.2.108.of the Artemis Data Book Fermi's Paradox, The Great Silence, and The Singularity by Tihamer T. Toth-Fejel August 21, 1997 [See MMM # 106, JUN '97: p 3. The Real Question About Life on Mars, Tihamer Toth-Fejel; p 4. Some Real Questions About Fermi's Paradox, Peter Kokh.] The possibility of life on Mars raises some hidden but staggering issues regarding our place in the universe, and and finding some would impact us as much as the Copernican Perspective did hundreds of years ago. In a nutshell, finding life on Mars would intensify the Fermi Paradox in that with two successes out of two possibilities, it would seem that the universe should be teeming with life, and the aliens should have already been here. But they aren't. All Space activists are united in the belief that we need to be a Spacefaring species to insure not only that our home world is protected from K/T class meteorites, but that if one does somehow get past us, then viable pockets of humanity beyond the cradle world would remain to carry on our civilization. Therefore, the answer to Fermi's Paradox has little bearing in our day-to-day lobbying and other grassroots pro-space efforts (unless we run into SETI enthusiasts) and in fact, won't be relevant until we finish settling our Solar System. After that point, the resolution to Fermi's Paradox will be critical to our survival as a species. It is very difficult to devise strong theories based on one data point. But it's so much fun, especially when the philosophical implications of these theories are so overwhelming.

138. The Backlash Paradox (washingtonpost.com) The Backlash paradox. By Jim Hoagland. Thursday, April 7, 2005; Page A31. The 21st century announces itself as an era of backlash and paradox. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32734-2005Apr6.html

var SA_Message="SACategory=" + thisNode; Hello Edit Profile Sign Out Sign In Register Now ... Subscribe to SEARCH: News Web var ie = document.getElementById?true:false; ie ? formSize=27 : formSize=24 ; document.write(''); Top 20 E-mailed Articles washingtonpost.com World Columnists ... E-Mail This Article RSS News Feeds Top News Jim Hoagland What is RSS? All RSS Feeds The Backlash Paradox By Jim Hoagland Thursday, April 7, 2005; Page A31 The 21st century announces itself as an era of backlash and paradox. This owes much to an uneasily shifting equilibrium between religion and politics, a disturbed equilibrium that was on display this week in capitals as dissimilar as Rome, Baghdad, Jerusalem and Washington. Often a source of advancement throughout history, religion in its many forms has become a primary force of political backlash in the era of globalization. As social and economic change becomes more dramatic, intrusive and unpredictable, people seek out seemingly eternal certainties. Today's Op-Eds searchDb('','') What's Your Opinion?

139. The World Of Paradox Site containing some wellknown paradoxes, together with a discussion of each. http://sps.nus.edu.sg/~ngbeesan/main.html

The World of Paradox This page is under heavy construction. This is a collection of some of the well known paradoxes and interesting logic puzzles. NEWCOMB’S PARADOX There are two boxes on the table: one opaque and one transparent. The transparent box has a dollar bill in it. The opaque box is empty at the moment. You have two choices: take the opaque box only or take both boxes. One hour later, both boxes are removed. A computer called the decision prediction machine predicts the choice you have made. From experiments, the machine has 99% chance of predicting you decision correctly. If the prediction machine predicts that you will take the opaque box only, a thousand dollars will be put into the opaque box. On the other hand, if it predicts that you will take both boxes, the opaque box will be left empty. The boxes are returned to the table and you pick the box(es). Note that you have 99% chance of getting $1000 by picking the opaque box only. On the other hand, you always get $1 more by taking both boxes, regardless of the contents in the opaque box. What choice would you make? Discussion THE UNEXPECTED HANGING This is a puzzle about a man condemned to be hanged. The man was sentenced on Saturday. "The hanging will take place at noon," said the judge to the prisoner, "on one of the seven days of next week. But you will not know which day it is until you are informed on the morning of the day of the hanging."

140. Reason Magazine -- May 1997 The Twin paradox What exactly is wrong with cloning people? By Ronald Bailey. By now everyone knows that Scottish biotechnologists have cloned a sheep. http://reason.com/9705/col.bailey.html

The Twin Paradox What exactly is wrong with cloning people? By Ronald Bailey By now everyone knows that Scottish biotechnologists have cloned a sheep. They took a cell from a 6-year-old sheep, added its genes to a hollowed-out egg from another sheep, and placed it in the womb of yet another sheep, resulting in the birth of an identical twin sheep that is six years younger than its sister. This event was quickly followed up by the announcement that some Oregon scientists had cloned monkeys. The researchers say that in principle it should be possible to clone humans. That prospect has apparently frightened a lot of people, and quite a few of them are calling for regulators to ban cloning since we cannot predict what the consequences of it will be. President Clinton rushed to ban federal funding of human cloning research and asked privately funded researchers to stop such research at least until the National Bioethics Advisory Commission issues a report on the ethical implications of human cloning. The commission, composed of scientists, lawyers, and ethicists, was appointed last year to advise the federal government on the ethical questions posed by biotechnology research and new medical therapies. Its report is now due in May. But Sen. Christopher Bond (R-Mo.) isn't waiting around for the commission's recommendations; he's already made up his mind. Bond introduced a bill to ban the federal funding of human cloning or human cloning research. "I want to send a clear signal,"said the senator, "that this is something we cannot and should not tolerate. This type of research on humans is morally reprehensible."

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