21. Fermi's Paradox Summary and a few probability calculations. http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~lipunov/text/ashkl/node3.html

Next: Up: No Title Previous: Introduction Fermi's Paradox In 1985 Shklovskii formulated the problem of Extraterrestrial Intelligence. He was engaged in this problem almost all his life. But most surprising is the fact that having passed the way from the early romanticism of 60's (the artificial creation of Fobos and Deimos) through the more realistic concept of the uniqueness of life in the Universe (an absence of space miracles ), which engages the west scientists up to now , he came to the conclusion which could be obtained still before the space age and the programs of searches of extraterrestrial life! As a matter of fact, the problem is reduced to the so called Fermi's paradox which in modern language looks as follows (Lipunov,1987): there are two observational or, if you like, experimental facts: 1) the age of the Universe is year, 2) a specific time t of exponential development for our civilization is of the order of some tens of years. For the sake of simplicity it san be adopted years which is obviously an overestimation. A gigantic dimensionless number characterizes the growth of a technological civilization over the time of existence of the Universe:

22. A Glossary Of Literary Terms Glossary of common literary terms with references to published works where examples of these terms may be found. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

23. A Space Physics Paradox Why Has Increased Funding Been A Space Physics paradox Why Has Increased Funding Been Accompanied 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 71. The Reality Behind the paradox 71 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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26. Time Travel And Paradox Time lines, movements, parallel universes and dealing with phenomena. http://homepage.mac.com/billtomlinson/newtt.html

To a list and review of Time Travel movies I have seen. To a brand new Time Travel novel with a fresh concept: TimeShift Time Travel and Paradox When one reads Science Fiction there is hardly anything so fascinating and yet so frustrating as the 'Time Travel' story. Fascinating, because it often explores the question 'what would things have been like if...?" or "if one could change a small thing like the position of a grain of sand would that have large effects in the future?". These questions are at the heart of personal or historical regret. Suppose Hitler were never born. Would this be a better or worse world today? Would it be a different world 100 years from now or would the forces of history push towards a singular result? The stories are often frustrating due in part to a vaguely spelled out theory of time which often allows events that are confusing, contradictory and paradoxical. A science fiction story should not leave us with more questions than it resolves. For a reader of Fantasy, this may be acceptable, for Fantasy is not supposed to be taken as explanatory, prophetic or possibly realistic. But a good science fiction story should have explanations that are not incoherent and if in the story there is something which is claimed to be impossible, then there should be an explanation for that also. At the heart of the problem is the 'Time Travel paradox' which goes something like this. Suppose a person travels to a time before she was born and breaks a causal chain that led to the traveler's birth. This problem has been commonly explored by asking 'What if you killed your own grandmother before she first conceived?' (Curiously the problem is never expressed in terms of killing your own mother). The apparent paradox is then of a logical sort: P entails NOT P and NOT P entails P. If you kill your grandmother then you would not be born, which in turn would bring it about that you not travel into the past, thus you would not kill your grandmother, thus you would be born causing you to again travel into the past to kill your grandmother.... ad infinitum.

27. Paradox - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia A paradox is an apparently true statement or group of statements that seems to The liar paradox and other paradoxes were studied in medieval times under http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox

Paradox From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Paradox (disambiguation) Robert Boyle 's self-flowing flask fills itself in this diagram, but perpetual motion machines do not exist. Listen to this article (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( audio help More spoken articles A paradox is an apparently true statement or group of statements that seems to lead to a contradiction or to a situation that defies intuition. Typically, either the statements in question do not really imply the contradiction, the puzzling result is not really a contradiction, or the premises themselves are not all really true (or, cannot all be true together). The recognition of ambiguities equivocations , and unstated assumptions underlying known paradoxes has often led to significant advances in science philosophy and mathematics The word paradox is often used interchangeably with contradiction ; but where a contradiction by definition cannot be true, many paradoxes do allow of resolution, though many remain unresolved or only contentiously resolved (such as Curry's paradox ). Still more casually, the term is sometimes used for situations that are merely surprising (albeit in a distinctly "logical" manner) such as the

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31. Paradox The Magazine of Historical and Speculative Fiction. http://home.nyc.rr.com/paradoxmag/

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32. Time Travel - The Grandmother Paradox Discusses the possibility of associated paradoxes from a philosophical rather than purely scientific viewpoint, Mobius strip, bibliography and links. http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/gp.html

The Grandmother Paradox This is the most common example of the Time Travel Paradox. It describes how a Time Travellers action when travelling back in time alters the Time Travellers future creating a paradox. ....if you kill your grandmother then you would not be born, therefore you cannot travel to the past and kill your grandmother, so you would be born, so you could travel to the past and kill your grandmother.... It could be argued that at the moment he changes the past he should promptly disappear. After all this could be a logical termination of his timeline (and perhaps a good reason for people not to time travel). In the film however he simply begins to fade away represented by a photograph of himself with his brother and sister where they begin to loose parts of themselves. It is not until his parents fall in love and therefore his future birth is established that he returns to health. There are also other aspects of Time Travel used in the film. Marty returns to ten minutes before the time he left and so for ten minutes there is an overlap with two Martys and two time travel cars. Also because of events witnessed by Marty prior to his time travel trip namely the shooting of Dr Emmett he is able to warn him. Knowing this Dr Emmett wears a bullet-proof vest which saves his life.

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34. Russell's Paradox A nuanced article on this paradox of naive set theory, happened upon by Russell in 1901. Includes bibliography, links to related articles. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

35. Camp Paradox Reunion site for former participants at this boys' camp in the Adirondacks, where composer Richard Rodgers was once a counselor. http://www.campparadox.com/

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37. The Christian Paradox (Harpers.org) What it means to be Christian in America. An excerpt. http://www.harpers.org/ExcerptTheChristianParadox.html

The Christian Paradox How a faithful nation gets Jesus wrong Posted on Thursday, September 15, 2005. What it means to be Christian in America. An excerpt from this report appeared in August 2005. The complete text appears below. Originally from August 2005. By Bill McKibben. Sources But is it Christian Christian Left Behind A New York Times Your Best Life Now Publishers Weekly Believing God The Five Love Languages The Power of a Positive Woman Not that any of this is so bad in itself. We do have stressful lives, humor does help, and you should Chicken Soup for the Zoroastrian Soul Newsweek Newsweek Christian Century , the magazine of liberal mainline Protestantism, and Christianity Today , which Billy Graham founded, not to mention articles in Sojourners , the magazine of the progressive evangelical community co-founded by Jim Wallis. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the greatest and first commandment. And a second is like it, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. love your neighbor as yourself Sojourners movement and that Baptist seminary graduate Bill Moyers, who are carrying the fight.

38. Paradox Poetry.com Includes chatroom, forums, online submissions, review, and commentary. http://www.paradoxpoetry.com

Navigation Home Poetry Collection by Genre Submit Poem Check Submission Status ... Your Account Support Please address any comments, concerns, or questions to editor @paradoxinc.org Search Donate Friends - EliteSkills.com Writing Club Submit Poetry on AnyLit.com Chat Poetry.org - Tech Assistance by Crystal Infosystems We were not compensated for the above links. Major Sponsors Recipe Source International phone cards Vitamins - Should you supplement? Freelance Copywriter Portfolio CCTV Surveillance Cameras  Death Tide flavor writes: Until recently, the word tsunami Was an expression in geography Or an amusement thrill ride. Now the watery wall Has jolted us all with visions Too painful to see. Amidst the stench of rotting flesh Survivors search for family With hope against finality. Posted by Editor on Friday, September 16 @ 00:00:00 CDT  (10 reads) Read Full Poem... comments?  The Ledge sproutling writes: With bated breath have I stood upon many a ledge and begged for the sun to hit me full in the face; bask me in its radiance and sear, from me, the unbending truth of my own self- denial. Long have I reached outwardly for the source of resonance which continued to

39. Vagueness And The Sorites Paradox - An Evolving Resource Site maintained by Justin Needle. Extensive links, and excerpts from his PhD thesis `Ruling Out the Sorites Vagueness, Rules, Wittgenstein'. http://www.falakros.net/

Home Articles Bibliography Philosophers ... Feedback Recently updated! (July 2003) Subscribe! Enter your email to receive notification of updates to this site It is clear that every sentence in our language ’is in order as it is’. That is to say, we are not striving after an ideal, as if our ordinary vague sentences had not yet got a quite unexceptionable sense, and a perfect language awaited construction by us. - On the other hand it seems clear that where there is sense there must be perfect order. So there must be perfect order even in the vaguest sentence. For remember that in general we don't use language according to strict rules - it hasn't been taught us by means of strict rules, either. We, in our discussions on the other hand, constantly compare language with a calculus proceeding according to exact rules. Ludwig Wittgenstein There is no clear definition - and indeed still no general consensus among philosophers - about what vagueness is or what the word 'vague' means. The phenomenon and the problems it has caused philosophers (sporadically, at least) for so many centuries are best brought out by considering the

40. Zeno's Paradox Of The Tortoise And Achilles (PRIME) Zeno s classic paradox, from the Platonic Realms Interactive Math Encyclopedia. http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/zeno_tort/index.asp

BROWSE ALPHABETICALLY LEVEL: Elementary Advanced Both INCLUDE TOPICS: Basic Math Algebra Analysis Biography Calculus Comp Sci Discrete Economics Foundations Geometry Graph Thry History Number Thry Physics Statistics Topology Trigonometry eno of Elea ( circa 450 b.c.) is credited with creating several famous paradoxes , but by far the best known is the paradox of the Tortoise and Achilles. (Achilles was the great Greek hero of Homer's The Illiad .) It has inspired many writers and thinkers through the ages, notably Lewis Carroll and Douglas Hofstadter, who also wrote dialogues involving the Tortoise and Achilles. The original goes something like this: The Tortoise challenged Achilles to a race, claiming that he would win as long as Achilles gave him a small head start. Achilles laughed at this, for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot, whereas the Tortoise was heavy and slow. Achilles said nothing. Zeno's Paradox may be rephrased as follows. Suppose I wish to cross the room. First, of course, I must cover half the distance. Then, I must cover half the remaining distance. Then, I must cover half the remaining distance. Then I must cover half the remaining distance . . . and so on forever. The consequence is that I can never get to the other side of the room.

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