161. Louis De Branges Purdue University. Proposed solution for the Riemann hypothesis (pdf format). http://www.math.purdue.edu/~branges/

Louis de Branges de Bourcia Purdue Mathematics Department Math Room 800 1395 Mathematics Building Lafayette IN 47907-1395 E-Mail branges@math.purdue.edu Phone 011-765-494-6057 This is web page is under construction now, but is made available to allow access to currently available papers. They are: Apology for the proof of the Riemann hypothesis (in pdf format). Hahn-Banach Theorem for Weierstrass Algebras (in pdf format). Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis (in pdf format). Complex Analysis (in pdf format). ... Staff Directory Problems or questions, contact the Webmaster? Webmaster.

162. The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis These results led them to the one gene/one enzyme hypothesis, which states that each Subsequent work has led to further refinement of this hypothesis. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/One_Gene_One_Enzyme.html

The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis Beadle and Tatum's 1941 Breakthrough Chris Evers Gene therapy for inherited diseases may be one of the most beneficial results of the biotechnology revolution. Many such diseases, including hemophilia and cystic fibrosis, result when a single defective gene causes the production of a non-functional protein. Gene therapy attempts to replace the defective genes with normal ones, allowing the patient to produce the necessary protein and function normally. The first human gene therapy test (still in progress) involves a girl suffering from severe immune problems due to a defective gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Doctors have attempted to treat her by removing some of her bone marrow cells, inserting functional ADA genes into these cells, and then putting the "corrected" cells back in place. The basis of gene therapy rests on our understanding of the relationship between genes and proteins - between genotype and phenotype. The concept that a gene is responsible for the production of a specific protein was first proposed in 1909 by Archibald Garrod, an English physician. Garrod was interested in inherited human diseases, particularly what he called "inborn errors of metabolism." He suggested (correctly) that alkaptonuria - an inherited condition in which the urine is colored dark red by the chemical alkapton - results from a single recessive gene, which causes a deficiency in the enzyme that normally breaks down alkapton. Although Garrod published a book and several papers on the subject, his work was generally ignored until the early 1940's, when it was rediscovered by the American geneticists, George Beadle and Edward Tatum.

163. Statistical Inference On The TI-83/86/89 Contains problems and solutions on general topics of probability distributions, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, and correlation analysis. Detailed survey sampling projects are also included. http://www.wku.edu/~david.neal/statistics/

Statistical Inference on the TI-83+/86/89 This site contains typical problems and solutions on the general statistics topics of probability distributions, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, and correlation analysis. Detailed survey sampling projects are also included. The materials here are designed to supplement a general descriptive statistics course. Throughout, the problems are worked with programs suited for the TI-83+, TI-86, and TI-89 calculators. By using the calculator programs to work the problems, virtually all of the formula memorization, hand calculation, and textbook charts are taken out of the course. Thus, students can concentrate on understanding the results, drawing conclusions, and learning when and how to apply the proper procedure and program to solve a problem. These materials were developed by David K. Neal , Department of Mathematics, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA: david.neal@wku.edu Download Instructions Setting Up the TI-86 Setting Up the TI-89 ... Basic Statistics (No programs required) Program Topics Discrete Distributions The Binomial Random Variable The Poisson Random Variable The Geometric Random Variable The Negative Binomial Random Variable ... Combined Discrete Distribution Program Continuous Distributions The Normal Distributions The t-Distributions The Chi-Square Distributions The F-Distributions ... Combined Continuous Distribution Programs Confidence Intervals Confidence Interval for Mean of an Arbitrary Population Confidence Interval for Mean of a Normally Distributed Population Confidence Interval for a Proportion Confidence Interval for the Difference of Means Between Two Independent Arbitrary Populations ... Confidence Interval for Ratio of Variances of Independent Normal Populations Hypothesis Tests

164. Writing Hypotheses A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation A useful hypothesis is a testable statement which may include a prediction. http://www.accessexcellence.org/LC/TL/filson/writhypo.html

Writing Hypotheses: a student lesson Purpose : to learn when and how to write hypotheses. Most students believe that they are going to be experimenting anytime they are given a laboratory assignment in science. However, more often than not, students are doing something other than experiments. This is not necessarily bad. A good deal of science is observational and descriptive. For example, the study of bio-diversity usually involves looking at wide variety of specimens and maybe sketching and recording their unique characteristics. However, there are other times when we science teachers are trying to teach students how scientists work and how we can verify things which others may say or believe is so without any proof. To learn about what is not known or to verify a notion, the so-called "scientific method" might be carried out and an actual experiment may be conducted. It does not matter that your experiment has been done a thousand times before or that your teacher already knows the results. What matters is that you don't know the results and that you can independently find a verifiable answer. In real experiments, real hypotheses should be written before the actual experiment. What Is a Real Hypothesis?

165. Probabilistic Learning Activities Network - Homepage Probability activities and simulations in the form of applets and spreadsheets. This site advocates a Question/hypothesis/Experiment approach to learning probability. http://www.planetqhe.com/

planetqhe and the IB Random Behaviour Experimental vs Theoretical Compound Events I ... Credits Welcome to planetqhe ! This site is primarily written for International Baccalaureate students but can be used in any high school math class, especially those involving project work or coursework. There are over 30 probability activities based on questions; answers are deliberately left out. That's why planetqhe stands for Probabilistic Learning Activities; Question, Hypothesis, Experiment. There are two types of question - QHE questions relate to the activities, Essential questions bridge each set of activities. This is the beta version released 17/2/05. How do I get started? Read teacher support for some ideas about applying planetqhe in the classroom. Don't miss technology support for essential information about how to get everything working properly. IB teachers can see how planetqhe fits with the IB curriculum by checking this curriculum matrix Queries and feedback - email planetqhe@hotmail.com

166. The Sanders Hypothesis: Will War Offset The Deteriorating Financial Position Of The Sanders hypothesis Will War Offset the Deteriorating Financial Position of the United States? August 27, 2004. Comment 522 http://www.d-n-i.net/fcs/comments/c522.htm

The Sanders Hypothesis: Will War Offset the Deteriorating Financial Position of the United States? August 27, 2004 Comment# 522 Discussion Threads - Comments: # The welfare of future generations in the United States is threatened by growing financial imbalances and associated indebtedness. The twin deficits —the federal budget and our national balance of payments—reflect a breakdown in our political and economic processes and perhaps even the social contracts that glue our society together. In the attached article, my friend Chris Sanders, an international banker based in London, posits one theory about a possible evolutionary pathway of this transformation. He argues the United States, in effect, is choosing to take the easy way out of its problems by going to war (and by implication using the tragedy of 9-11 as a political pretext for this policy). The Sanders hypothesis boiled down its essentials: the United States does not produce enough of what the world wants (goods and services), so it going to war to monopolize control of what the world needs (i.e., the supply of oil). If true, this is a formula for perpetual war. I hope that the Sanders Hypothesis will be disproved by events, but the attached report on the US trade deficit explains the reasons why he posits this view. Agree or not, it merits careful consideration.

167. MACHO Project Home Page Primary aim is to test the hypothesis that a significant fraction of the dark matter in the halo of the Milky Way is made up of objects like brown dwarfs or planets these objects have come to be known as MACHOs, for MAssive Compact Halo Objects. http://wwwmacho.mcmaster.ca/

The MACHO Project Welcome to the MACHO Project WWW Home Page! We are maintaining two identical sites: http://wwwmacho.anu.edu.au/ (Australia) and http://wwwmacho.mcmaster.ca/ (North America) New! Microlensing Optical Depth Toward the Galactic Bulge New! Final Catalog of Bulge Microlensing Events Novae in the LMC and SMC Cataclysmic Variables The Project Overview The MACHO Collaboration and Science Team Candidate Microlensing Events Affiliate Programme Systems MACHO Camera Systems MACHO Data System Search Fields Field Centers LMC R-band GIF showing fields [606 kb] SMC R-band GIF showing fields [649 kb] LMC R-band FITS image with WCS [1.284 Mb] ... SMC R-band FITS image with WCS [1.284 Mb] Original images were obtained by Greg Bothun with his "Parking Lot" camera. Versions of saoimage more recent than 1.12 will display J2000.0 coordinates if launched with: saoimage -gd 800x800 -fits R_LMC.fits MSO Great Melbourne 50-inch Telescope Publications Publication List Searchable Publication List Data New Finder Charts for LMC 5.7 Events (0.63 sec/px, N up, W right)

168. THE FORMATION OF BINARY STARS Highlydetailed but brief paper concerning the Classical Fission hypothesis. http://www.phys.lsu.edu/astro/nap98/bf.final.html

THE FORMATION OF COMMON-ENVELOPE, PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE BINARY STARS J.E. TOHLINE , J.E. CAZES, AND H.S. COHL Louisiana State University , 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001 U.S.A. 1. Introduction Recent observational investigations of the frequency of occurrence of pre-main-sequence binary stars have reinforced earlier suspicions that ''binary formation is the primary branch of the star-formation process'' ( Mathieu 1994 ). As Bodenheimer et al. have reviewed, a number of different theories have been proposed to explain the preponderance of binary stars. Klein et al. show how the direct fragmentation of protostellar gas clouds may occur in early phases of collapse (at cloud densities n = 10 cm ). But at higher densities, clouds are unable to cool efficiently upon contraction. Consequently, direct fragmentation becomes problematical. Because higher mean densities are associated with systems having shorter dynamical times, one is led to consider mechanisms other than direct cloud fragmentation for forming binary systems with orbital periods less than a few hundred years. Here we investigate whether such binaries can form by spontaneous fission of rapidly rotating protostars. 2. The Classical Fission Hypothesis

169. Redaction Theory (Documents Hypothesis) - Torah Torah Torah comparativereligion.com - an ever expanding resource for world religious thought and literature, covering major world religions, alternative spirituality, http://www.comparative-religion.com/articles/torah_torah_torah/

GENERAL ARTICLES JESUS AND HELL PAULINE CONSPIRACY TORAH TORAH TORAH ON LITERALISM FAITH OF THE APOSTLES CHURCH OF ME JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA AFFIAR ON GOLGOTHA PARABLE OF THE SEA THE TRUE FOOL THEOLOGY OF SATAN MAIN SITE COMPARATIVE RELIGION INTERFAITH DIALOGUE FORUM ABOUT MAIN SECTIONS WORLD RELIGIONS ALTERNATIVE SPIRITUALITY ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY GENERAL ARTICLES SPECIAL FEATURE: APOCRYPHA DIRECTORY ADVERTISING: ECOMMERCE RESOURCES BRITECORP MARKETING COMMUNITY FORUMS MONOTHEISM EASTERN THOUGHT ALTERNATIVE SPIRITUALITY ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY COMPARATIVE STUDIES comparative religion general articles torah torah torah torah torah torah bob x 1 - summary of the documents hypothesis 2 - other major documents 3 - other documents within the tetrateuch 4 - the growth of stories ... 7 - chaldean atrology FEATURE: Apocrypha Which early Christian scriptures were left out of the New Testament? Find out in our comprehensive index of New Testament Apocrypha , the largest such collection on the internet. FORUM: The Rapture What is the Rapture, and where did belief in it come from? Is it an entirely US Protestant belief? Check out the discussion in the forum:

170. Flat-earth.org Information about the Platyg¦an hypothesis, the Springfield Effect, cryptogeographica and various other matters of interest to the Society. http://www.flat-earth.org/

Unfortunately, this website seems to have fallen off the edge of the earth, along with its maintainer. It will be back, eventually. Or not. But probably. Soonish. We think. Mr. Teapot says, "Thanks for your patience." Hail, Eris.

171. Webadmin.Ru adsbit.harvard.edu/cgibin/nph-article_query?1995A hypothesis versus TheoryExample of a hypothesis The moon is made of cheese (note this is the kind of New hypothesis (altered to include additional information from above http://www.imh.ru/atlan4_e.htm

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172. Selected Classic Papers From The History Of Chemistry Including many for early to present atomic hypothesis and the discrete nature of matter. http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/papers.html

Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry The following papers from the history of chemistry are available as html files. Many are seminal papers in their fields. Some are interesting curiosities. Papers are arranged by subject below, or alphabetically Most of the entries reside either at the Classic Chemistry site at Le Moyne College or on the historical papers section of John Park's ChemTeam site. Links to classic papers outside the Classic Chemistry site are clearly credited. Analytical, instrumental, and spectroscopic techniques Atomic hypothesis and discrete nature of matter Biochemistry Bonding and Structure ... Others Analytical, instrumental, and spectroscopic techniques Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen (1860): bright-line flame spectra (applied to alkali metals and alkaline earths). This paper is at the ChemTeam site. (Link to biographical data on Bunsen and Kirchhoff Chandrasekhara V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan : 1928 paper on the Raman effect (posted by Jim Holler , Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky). View a biographical sketch of Raman.

173. Astronomical Enigma Mathematical proof that the Nebular hypothesis is wrong. http://members.aol.com/astroequation/

htmlAdWH('93212816', '728', '90'); Main An Astronomical Enigma A mathematical demonstration of the nonrandom nature of the major orbits of the Solar System. The observed fact of order is unexplained by the Nebular Hypothesis, or any other scientific theory known to the writer. Discovered in 1980 by G.Curtis. Email - astroequation@aol.com p .Ln30) - F] p p This equation encompasses and accurately interrelates all the known planetary orbits of the Solar System. The following pages give details. [ Written by a layman, for professional version, see PDF version or Independent Evaluation (HTML) The math requires 'symbol' font, if you do not have it, the Greek letter 'pi' [p] will appear as a 'p'. In this event please take 'p' to be the mathematical constant 3.141592...! Translation applications cannot handle the math. If possible, all students please use English version. Part 1 Main Equation Part 2 ... Evaluation Seen at over one thousand different academic and research establishments. Copy lodged in Vatican Library and British Library. Map of last 100 visitors

174. The Scientific Method Review of the steps involved in observation, hypothesis testing and prediction, with an interactive assignment in biology. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/sci_meth.htm

The Scientific Method The following steps make up the Scientific Method . These steps make up a method which may be used to logically solve problems in many other areas of life. Françesco Redi and Louis Pasteur used the scientific method to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation. First, though, do you see any animals in this picture? (if so, click on them) If you were really in that place and trying to figure out what you were seeing, you could use the scientific method to study the “problem.” (There is a link to an explanation of the photograph near the bottom of this page.) Observation: For centuries, people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on in the world around them without testing their ideas to determine the validity of these theories — in other words, they didn’t use the scientific method to arrive at answers to their questions. Rather, their conclusions were based on untested observations. Among these ideas, since at least the time of Aristotle (4th Century BC), people (including scientists) believed that simple living organisms could come into being by spontaneous generation . This was the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms . It was common “knowledge” that simple organisms like worms, beetles, frogs, amd salamanders could come from dust, mud, etc., and food left out, quickly “swarmed” with life. For example:

175. The Edith Stein Foundation Information supporting the hypothesis that the birth control pill and other forms of contraception are responsible for a wide range of medical and social problems affecting women. http://www.the-edith-stein-foundation.com

Who Is Edith Stein? The Psychology of Contraception Theological Perspective Research Programs ... Search ESF Who We Are A New Vision For the last few years a new vision of woman has been unfolding - the evolving dream of Dr. Dominic Pedulla, the founding physician of The Edith Stein Foundation (ESF). Asked in 1994 to give a talk on heart disease for women, his preparatory research unexpectedly led to a foundational insight about women's health. Inspired by the deep psychological intuitions of the great feminist transcultural heroine and Saint, Edith Stein, Dr. Pedulla for the first time began to suspect contraception as the most important and overlooked factor in a host of medical and social conditions afflicting the modern woman. Contraception and The Heart For several years Dr. Pedulla observed that many young women often suffered from serious cardiac symptoms despite otherwise reassuring test results. These women were often profoundly distressed and suffered a great deal of anxiety. It was not until he began routinely asking about birth control practices that a causal connection began to be considered. Dr. Pedulla knows now from his own practice experience that all contraceptives - whether condoms, IUD's, pills, injections, or tubal ligation surgeries - are capable of causing this 'contraception syndrome.'

176. Home Page hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of QSOs (QuasiSteller Objects), a.k.a. quasars, as optical illusions created by gravitational lensing and other phenomena. http://www.geocities.com/isoptera.geo/index.html

CAUSE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUASARS by Charles Weber For a hypothesis explaining the Cosmological Red Shift click on "RED SHIFT" ABSTRACT This is a hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of QSOs (quasi stellar objects) as an optical illusion created by gravitational lensing of the photons from the opposite jet emanating from a large mass at the center of an active galaxy the axis of which is oriented toward [Berthel] the earth, by the reflection of ultraviolet and X-rays from a dense plate of ions on the surface of an accretion disk, and by infrared rays emitted from dust and gas further out, the last not magnified as greatly. BL Lac objects are perceived as QSOs from which primarily rays emitted or reflected by the ions on the accretion disk are seen. BAL QSOs and infrared QSOs are perceived as active galaxies viewed from 90 degrees to the side of the axis. INTRODUCTION QSOs (quasi stellar objects) are point sources of light with such enormous red shifts that they can’t possibly be stars (there are 12,000 known so far)

177. Bill Parry's Stuttering Links Stuttering theory and treatment, by William Parry. http://members.aol.com/wdparry/index.htm

htmlAdWH('93212823', '728', '90'); Main Men's Mental Health The Valsalva Stuttering Network Home Introduction Articles Links ... Forum Bill Parry's Stuttering Links Stuttering (sometimes called "stammering") is a specific kind of disfluency, in which the flow of speech tends to be involuntarily disrupted by forceful closures of the mouth or larynx, by repetitions or prolongations of sounds and syllables, or by hesitations or delays in making voiced sounds. Stuttering generally involves an excessive amount of effort, force, and struggle in the attempt to speak. It also may be accompanied by a variety of behaviors intended to avoid, postpone, or hide the blocks. Stuttering, while not the worst of handicaps, certainly can be one of the most frustrating. Unlike other disabilities, stuttering has the mystifying and maddening habit of coming and going. Even if you stutter badly, chances are that you will be perfectly fluent when singing, talking in unison with other people, and in certain speaking situations. You may do a great job acting out a role on stage, but not be able to say your name when asked. You may begin telling a joke with perfect fluency, but not be able to deliver the punch line. You may have long stretches of fluency when it really doesn't matter. Then, just when the words are most important, stuttering jumps out of the closet and pins your speech to the ground. This website is devoted to exploring the puzzle of stuttering, the factors that may cause or perpetuate it, and what we might do to control or alleviate it through therapy or self help. We are also interested in encouraging self-esteem and acceptance for persons who stutter, fighting discrimination, and educating the public about this often misunderstood condition.

178. A Definitive History Of The Somali Cat One hypothesis of the history and origin of the breed, presented by the author http://members.tripod.com/~wdel/somali.html

Proud to be American! God Bless America! A Definitive History of the Somali Cat Thank you Lycos for the wonderful review! Table of Contents E-Mail Us Guest Book ... Write Us Search This Site The Web for This site is designed for the serious student of early Somali history and developement. It is meant to be used as a tool for the Somali owner or breeder who wishes to write and speak intelligently about the breed's beginnings. At this moment this study contains over one hundred printed pages of the Somali's early history and the site is still under construction. It is not meant for the casual browser. You, the reader, will discover reprints of early newsletters, personal letters from early notable breeders, forgotten and lost early Somali pedigrees. Over the last quarter century we have lovingly filed away and archived that history knowing that if someone did not preserve these documents truth would be replaced by rumor and fact would become myth. We have searched the worldwide web and read all available literature. All are filled with speculation, theory and hearsay. Without an effort such as this one, the history of the Somali would be lost forever. Herein you will find the facts, the cats and the people that helped to create that magnificent Somali that now resides in your home. Without these people and their cats and their immense efforts, that Somali would not exist today. They have earned their place in history and this is their testimonial.

179. COSMIC ANCESTRY: The Modern Version Of Panspermia. By Brig Klyce The Cosmic Ancestry hypothesis about which this site has a large amount of information - treats all of evolution, not just the origin of life on Earth, as due to interaction with cosmic microorganisms. http://www.panspermia.org/

Quick Guide Next COSMIC ANCESTRY Site sponsor: Books available: by Fred Hoyle by Hoyle and Wickramasinghe Introduction: More Than Panspermia Panspermia Asks New Questions FAQs and RAQs What'sNEW What'sNEW Index Where Does Life Come From? What Is Life? Louis Pasteur The RNA World Bacteria: The Space Colonists ... Comets: The Delivery System How Does Life Evolve? Neo-Darwinism: The Current Paradigm Viruses and Other Gene Transfer Mechanisms Why Sexual Reproduction? Introns: a Mystery ... Gaia The Logic of Neo-Darwinism Evolution vs Creationism ...A Third Aternative ... Macroevolutionary Progress Redefined... Can Meaning Come From Nonmeaning? Hoyle and Wickramasinghe Analysis of Interstellar Dust and Selected Resources An Interview with Fred Hoyle, July 5, 1996 Chandra Wickramasinghe in Arkansas, 1981 Tests for Cosmic Ancestry Can The Theory Be Tested? 1996 Aug 7: Life on Mars! or Europa or Other Moons? 1996 Oct 25: Metazoan Genes Older Than Metazoa? 1996 Nov 7: Life Before 3850 Million Years Ago? 1997 Feb 14: Amino Acid Asymmetry in ...Meteorite ... 2005 Feb 21: Duplication Makes a New Primate Gene From Science to Philosophy How Is It Possible?

180. Cornell News: Report On Asteroid 433 Eros The Þrst detailed global mapping of the asteroid 433 Eros has found that that most of the larger rocks strewn across the body were ejected from a single http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Sept01/Eros.Nature.deb.html

First detailed mapping of asteroid 433 Eros finds most large rocks on surface were ejected from single crater EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 26, 2 P.M. EST Contact: David Brand Office: 607-255-3651 E-Mail: deb27@cornell.edu Images of 433 Eros taken from the orbiting NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft: (a), scale bar, lower right, measures 2 kilometers (1.2 miles), crater Shoemaker as viewed from the south; (b), scale bar 1 kilometer, crater Psyche; (c), scale bar 200 meters, interior of crater Shoemaker; (d), scale bar 100 meters, large rock inside Psyche; (e), scale bar 50 meters, and (f), scale bar 100 meters, large rocks ejected from crater Shoemaker that were deposited in older craters; (g), scale bar 10 meters, and (h), scale bar 20 meters, the range of shapes of large rocks on Eros from angular to falling apart. NEAR imaging team A high-resolution copy of this photo (2078 x 1074 pixels, 196K) is available here ITHACA, N.Y. The first detailed global mapping of an asteroid has found that most of the larger rocks strewn across the body were ejected from a single crater in a meteorite collision perhaps a billion years ago. "One big impact spread all this debris," says Peter Thomas, senior researcher in Cornell University's Department of Astronomy. "This observation is helping us start answering questions about how things work on the surface of an asteroid."

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