121. The Riemann Hypothesis A short article by Kimon Spiliopoulos. http://users.forthnet.gr/ath/kimon/Riemann/Riemann.htm

The Riemann Hypothesis Riemann's Hypothesis was one of the 23 problems - milestones that David Hilbert suggested in 1900, at the 2nd International Conference on Mathematics in Paris, that they should define research in mathematics for the new century (and indeed, it is not an exaggeration to say that modern mathematics largely come from the attempts to solve these 23 problems). It is the most famous open question today, especially after the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem The Riemann zeta function is of central importance in the study of prime numbers. In its first form introduced by Euler, it is a function of a real variable x: This series converges for every x > 1 (for x=1 it is the non-corvergent harmonic series). Euler showed that this function can also be expressed as an infinite product which involves all prime numbers p n , n=1, Riemann studied this function extensively and extended its definition to take complex arguments z. So the function bears his name. Of particular interest are the roots of Trivial zeros are at z= -2, -4, -6,

122. An Evolutionary Hypothesis For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Psychological Im A new hypothesis is presented within the framework of evolutionary psychology that The present hypothesis attempts to give an account of the ultimate http://cogprints.org/1147/00/ocd-final.htm

An Evolutionary Hypothesis For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Psychological Immune System? *Riadh T. Abed, MBChB, MRCPsych, DPM, Consultant Psychiatrist, Rotherham District General Hospital, Moorgate Road, Rotherham S60 2UD , UK; and Honorary Clinical Lecturer, University of Sheffield. Karel W. de Pauw, MBChB, MD, MRCPsych, Consultant Psychiatrist and Senior Clinical Lecturer , St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. * Correspondence : E-mail abed@globalnet.co.uk An Evolutionary Hypothesis for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Psychological Immune System? Abstract: A new hypothesis is presented within the framework of evolutionary psychology that attempts to explain the origins of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is suggested that obsessions and compulsions originate from the overactivity of a mental module that the majority of humans possess and has the function of generating risk scenarios without voluntary intervention. It is hypothesised that obsessional phenomena function as an off-line risk avoidance process, designed to lead to risk avoidance behaviour at a future time, thus distinguishing it from anxiety and related phenomena as

123. Language, Thought And The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - UsingEnglish.com A discussion hosted by UsingEnglish.com about the SapirWhorf hypothesis, and whether language shapes thought or thought shapes language. http://www.usingenglish.com/speaking-out/linguistic-whorfare.html

Home Students Teachers Articles ... About English Articles English Usage ESL Weblog Speaking Out Submit an Article ... TDOL's Blog Forum Ask a Teacher! ESL Forum Delphi Forum Tools Site Diary Discuss this page Email This Page ESL Store Search US Shop Search UK Shop Selected Books Search Site Advanced Search Home Articles Speaking Out Discussions: The Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis Language Cull Polls: Does Language Shape Thought? Further Reading: Language and Thought Concerning the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has been the object of a serious and, at times, nasty debate. Whorf has been accused of being a racist and of distorting his evidence to fit his theory. One American educational course began with a discussion of whether these theories were racist. Interestingly enough, this was before any discussion of what the ideas were. Linguistic relativism has been given an unfair press because some believe it is the path towards suggesting that one language is superior to another. However, it would be hard to justify this by reference to their writings. I think there has been too much concentration on elements of language such as the number of words used by the Inuit for snow. If language does control thought, it does so at a very basic level, shaping the possible structures of thought and not the individual instances. I think the Universal Grammar aspects of the question are more important here- thought is controlled by concepts such as negation, question, the order of argument leading to conclusion, justification, etc., and not by the number of ways of talking about a local weather conditions. Once language has superseded the non-linguistic thought processes of animals, then it imposes an inevitability of its own logic and, I believe, replaces anything that came before it- like overwriting an old operating system in effect.

124. The Logia Translation Hypothesis Homepage The Logia Tranlsation hypothesis was first formulated by the late Brian The Logia Translation hypothesis (the LTH) is represented in the diagram above. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/brenda.wilson99/

The Logia Translation Hypothesis Home Page The Logia Tranlsation Hypothesis was first formulated by the late Brian E. Wilson (died Feb 2002) in October, 1998. CLICK HERE to download a paper presented at the 1999 SBL International Meeting in Finland (with four additional pages of hand-out appended). This paper is a MS-Word document and uses the Sgreek font from Silver Mountain Software CLICK HERE to download a paper presented at the 2001 SBL International Meeting in Rome. The Logia Translation Hypothesis - Brian E. Wilson The Logia Translation Hypothesis (the LTH) is represented in the diagram above. It affirms that many short reports in Aramaic, the Aramaic Logia, were composed by the apostle Matthew during, and soon after the ministry of Jesus. He based some reports on his own eye-witness observation, and some on the testimony of other followers of Jesus. The Aramaic Logia were translated into Greek to form the Greek Logia (or "Greek Notes"). The translator of the Aramaic Logia to some extent edited the material he translated. Each short report was written in lively Greek and was a self-contained piece of material suitable for teaching Jesus tradition to Greek-speaking Christians. Each synoptist independently selected and edited material from the Greek Logia to form his own continuous book of Jesus tradition in Greek, that is, his own gospel. The LTH therefore entails that virtually all the contents of the synoptic gospels were derived from the Greek Logia, and that the Greek Logia together formed a document that was larger than any synoptic gospel. It also entails that the apostle Matthew used the testimony of Jesus and his followers, including his mother and brothers after the resurrection (see Ac 1.13-14 and I Cor 15.5-7.), and that there was a continuous documentary transmission of Jesus tradition from the time of the ministry of Jesus through to the writing of the synoptic gospels.

125. Gaia Theory: Science Of The Living Earth The Gaia hypothesis immediately created a lot of interest. Daisyworld and the Gaia hypothesis are controversial because they touch on the definition of http://www.gaianet.fsbusiness.co.uk/gaiatheory.html

Gaia Theory: Science of the Living Earth D. Orrell Here is a brief introduction to Gaia theory, as developed by Lovelock, Margulis and others. In the early 1960's, James Lovelock was invited by NASA to participate in the scientific research for evidence of life on Mars. His job was to design instruments, capable of detecting the presence of life, which could be sent on a spacecraft to Mars. This wasn't straightforward, since it was hard to know what to test for: any life forms on Mars may be radically different from those on Earth. This led him to think about what constitutes life, and how it can be detected. He decided that the most general characteristic of life was that it takes in energy and matter and discards waste products. He also reasoned that organisms would use the planet's atmosphere as a medium for this cyclic exchange, just as we breathe in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. He speculated that life would therefore leave a detectable chemical signature on the Martian atmosphere. Maybe it could be detected from Earth, so it wouldn't even be necessary to send a spaceship. To test his idea, he and a colleague, Dian Hitchcock, began to analyse the chemical makeup of Mars, and compare it with that of the Earth. The results showed a strong contrast. The atmosphere of Mars, like Venus, was about 95% carbon dioxide, with some oxygen and no methane. The Earth was 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and a relatively large amount of methane. Mars was chemically dead; all the reactions that were going to take place had already done so. The Earth, however, was far from chemical equilibrium. For example, methane and oxygen will react with each other very easily, and yet they are both present in the atmosphere. Lovelock concluded that for this to be the case the gases must be in constant circulation, and that the pump driving this circulation was life.

126. Dolphins May Have Been Our Ancestors Article describes an alternative hypothesis on human origins advanced by author Elaine Morgan. http://allafrica.com/stories/199901080127.html

127. Red Queen Hypothesis The Red Queen hypothesis is used to describe two similar ideas, There have been many important contributors to the Red Queen hypothesis as it applies http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~clively/Research/Red_Queen hyp.html

Red Queen Hypothesis. The "Red Queen" hypothesis is used to describe two similar ideas, which are both based on coevolution. The original idea is that coevolution could lead to situations for which the probability of extinction is relatively constant over millions of years (Van Valen 1973). The gist of the idea is that, in tightly coevolved interactions, evolutionary change by one species (e.g., a prey or host) could lead to extinction of other species (e.g. a predator or parasite), and that the probability of such changes might be reasonably independent of species age. Van Valen named the idea "the Red Queen hypothesis," because, under this view, species had to "run" (evolve) in order to stay in the same place (extant). ( Show me the data. The other idea is that coevolution, particularly between hosts and parasites, could lead to sustained oscillations in genotype frequencies (Fig. 1). This idea forms the core for one of the leading hypotheses for the persistence of sexual reproduction see Bell 1982). In species where asexual reproduction is possible (as in many plants and invertebrates), coevolutionary interactions with parasites may select for sexual reproduction in hosts as a way to reduce the risk of infection in offspring. There have been many important contributors to the Red Queen hypothesis as it applies to sex. W.D. Hamilton and John Jaenike were among the earliest pioneers of the idea. Figure 1.

128. Communications And Signal Processing free Functions for resampling, hypothesis testing, and confidence interval estimation. http://www.csp.curtin.edu.au/downloads/bootstrap_toolbox.html

Bootstrap Toolbox BOOTSTRAP MATLAB TOOLBOX Abdelhak M. Zoubir D. Robert Iskander CSP Group, Curtin University of Technology Introduction In many signal and information processing applications one is interested in forming estimates of a certain number of unknown parameters of a random process, using a set of sample values. Further, one is interested in finding the sampling distribution of the estimators, so that the respective means, variances, and cumulants can be calculated, or in making some kind of probability statements with respect to unknown true values of the parameters. For example one could be interested in assigning two limits to a certain parameter, and in asserting that, with some specified probability, the true value of the parameter will be situated between these limits, which constitute the confidence interval. The bootstrap is a powerful technique for assessing the accuracy of a parameter estimator in situations where conventional techniques are not valid. The bootstrap does with a computer what the experimenter would do in practice if it were possible: he or she would repeat the experiment. With the bootstrap, the observations are randomly reassigned, and estimates recomputed. These assignments and recomputations are done thousands of times and treated as repeated experiments. The Bootstrap Toolbox The Bootstrap Toolbox is a set of Matlab functions consisting of procedures for resampling, hypothesis testing, and confidence interval estimation. Each function of the Toolbox has a

129. Riemann A short article with some grahpical and numerical evidence in the critical strip. http://www.mathpuzzle.com/riemann.html

The Riemann Hypothesis is currently the most famous unsolved problem in mathematics. Like the Goldbach Conjecture (all positive even integers greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes), it seems true, but is very hard to prove. I did some playing around with the Riemann Hypothesis, and I'm convinced it is true. My observations follow. The Zeta Function Euler showed that z p 6 , and solved all the even integers up to z (26). See the Riemann Zeta Function in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics for more information on this. It is possible for the exponent s to be Complex Number ( a + b I). A root of a function is a value x such that f x The Riemann Hypothesis : all nontrivial roots of the Zeta function are of the form (1/2 + b I). Mathematica can plot the Zeta function for complex values, so I plotted the absolute value of z b I) and z b I). z b I) for b = to 85. Note how often the function dips to zero. z b I) for b = to 85. Note how the function never dips to zero. The first few zeroes of z b I) are at b = 14.1344725, 21.022040, 25.010858, 30.424876, 32.935062, and 37.586178. Next, I tried some 3D plots, looking dead on at zero. The plot of the function looked like this:

130. Christianity And Mathematics Christianity and the Mathematical Sciences the Heliocentric hypothesis. Alphabetical list of History Topics History Topics Index Version for printing http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Heliocentric.html

Christianity and the Mathematical Sciences - the Heliocentric Hypothesis Alphabetical list of History Topics History Topics Index Version for printing The mathematician Freeman Dyson writes in [16]:- ... Western science grew out of Christian theology. It is probably not an accident that modern science grew explosively in Christian Europe and left the rest of the world behind. A thousand years of theological disputes nurtured the habit of analytical thinking that could be applied to the analysis of natural phenomena. On the other hand, the close historical relations between theology and science have caused conflicts between science and Christianity that do not exist between science and other religions ... Christianity has been a major influence on the mathematical sciences, particularly in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries. There is a widespread belief that Christianity and science, particularly mathematical science, were on opposing sides through this period. However, this oversimplifies the situation to such an extent that it gives a quite false impression of the development of the mathematical sciences through this important time. For example four men who perhaps did as much as any to revolutionise the mathematical sciences in the 16 th and 17 th Centuries

131. Http://web.online.co.uk/grew/index.htm Offers a hypothesis that light is a wave that must travel though a medium. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/grew/

LIGHT An Explanation Of The Nature Of Light Page 2 Page 3

132. Earth2: A Gaian Hypothesis - Karla Tonella Critical analysis of the series, with newspaper reviews, production credits, episode summaries, and links to fan fiction and other fan pages. http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/earth2/

This is a journey about second chances, an adventure clear across the galaxy to a new world... a journey to from MCA/Universal's home page (now closed) is a big, sprawling adventure series that borrows from the same school as the 'Indiana Jones' and 'Star Wars' movies," says creator/executive producer Michael Duggan. The trek of our characters is analogous to America's movement westward when the wilderness was settled. We are suggesting without preaching that this is mankind's future and that if we're smart, we won't make the same mistakes again. from MCA/Universal's home page (now closed) Table of Contents Introduction Synopsis Characters, Themes and Conflicts Ulysses Adair ... References Appendices Various newspaper reviews Fan Fiction Episode Summaries Related web pages ... Musical Theme (.wav file from Tim Hein's page QuickTime promo for series HERE for a plain text version. Sign a petition to get Earth 2 released on DVD This is a work in progress. Last updated

133. The Star Larvae Hypothesis_Home The Star Larvae hypothesis links science and religion in a new way in which biological life is revealed to be the larva l form of the stellar organism. http://www.starlarvae.org/

The Star Larvae Hypothesis Nature's Plan for Humankind Beyond Darwin and Intelligent Design The Hypothesis: Stars constitute a genus of organism. The stellar life cycle includes a larval phase. Biological life constitutes the larval phase of the stellar life cycle. Blog on intelligent design and alternative theologies at http://starlarvae.blogspot.com/ Elaboration: The hypothesis proposes a teleological model of nature generally. Specifically, it proposes that Stellar nebulae manufacture viruses and bacteria in their interiors as they cool to form solar systems. B iological life evolves according to a plan, which in its entirety on- and off-planet, constitutes a generational life cycle of the stellar organism. Technology plays a necessary role in the evolutionary cycle. It enables biological life to emigrate from incubator planets to weightless space. Postplanetary life, symbiotic with technology, manufactures the protons needed for, then metamorphoses into, new stars.

134. The Language Teacher Online: Yoneyama, October 2001 Essay presenting a hypothesis on the relationship of the social structure of school, stress, and impairment of heath by using control (or lack of it) as the key element. Free registration required. http://www.jalt-publications.org/tlt/articles/2001/10/yoneyama/

Index for October Back Issues Index TLT Main Page Logout The Language Teacher October 2001 Stress, Disempowerment, Bullying, and School Non-attendance: a Hypothesis Yoneyama Shoko Adelaide University Peer victimisation (ijime) and school non-atten-dance (futoko) are the two most prevalent student-related problems in Japanese education. Although there is a general understanding that being bullied at school can be the reason for students to stop going to school, ijime and futoko are usually regarded as separate issues, and the relationship between them has not been fully explored. At the same time, it is widely understood that both ijime and futoko are to do with the high stress level among students, and that futoko students often suffer from physiological symptoms and impairment of health. How exactly all these phenomena are related, however, has never been clarified. Moreover, there is a question as to whether the social structure and climate of school might not somehow be connected to these problems among Japanese students. This paper presents a hypothesis about the relationship among these phenomena the social structure of school, stress

135. Red Hen Publications - From You To PDF The Changeling hypothesis also has the very real advantage of offering us a I believe that, if nothing else, the Changeling hypothesis offers a much http://www.redhen-publications.com/Changeling.html

Discount Coupon Codes own track. The first iteration of this piece was posted around May 2003, shortly before the release of Harry Potter and the Order of te Phoenix. It got a few revisions between that time and the release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, two years later, but the main issues were unchanged. Where the original idea came from was when something rather interesting cropped up over on the HP for Grownups list about six weeks before the release of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. In its original form the theory hangs upon the claim that Lord Voldemort was attempting to become immortal by wiping out both his own ending AND his beginning in order to reign thereafter as a sort of Dark God. To this end, at some point in the year before his fall, he brought his own infant self physically forward in time to be murdered according to some Dark ritual. The child!Riddle was rescued by James and Lily Potter who, adopted him and transfigured his features to resemble their own in order to conceal his identity. No one but Dumbledore (and Voldemort) being aware of the truth. Like most fan theories, it was way too complex, but the reasoning (in its entirety)

136. Riemann Hypothesis In A Nutshell An article by Glen Pugh with a Java applet for viewing zeta on the critical line. http://www.math.ubc.ca/~pugh/RiemannZeta/

Home Z(t) Plotter Verifying RH ... More Applets The Riemann Hypothesis in a Nutshell The Riemann Zeta Function image source In his 1859 paper On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude , Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) examined the properties of the function for s a complex number. This function is analytic for real part of s greater than and is related to the prime numbers by the Euler Product Formula again defined for real part of s greater than one. This function extends to points with real part s less than or equal to one by the formula (among others) The contour here is meant to indicate a path which begins at positive infinity, descends parallel to and just above the real axis, circles the origin once in the counterclockwise direction, and then returns to positive infinity parallel to and just below the real axis. This function is analytic at all points of the complex plane except the point s = 1 where it has a simple pole. This last function is the Riemann Zeta Function ( the zeta function The Riemann Hypothesis The zeta function has no zeros in the region where the real part of s is greater than or equal to one. In the region with real part of

137. Evolution: Library: Hygiene Hypothesis Her hypothesis was that children growing up in the poorer, dirtier, According to this hygiene hypothesis, the human immune system evolved two types http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_07.html

Hygiene Hypothesis This segment from Evolution: "The Evolutionary Arms Race" features the work of Erika Von Mutius , who studies the relationship between early childhood exposure to microbes and later development of asthma and allergies. This clip details her latest work, examining whether exposure to livestock in farming communities provides the challenges necessary for the young immune system to grow strong. Credits: View in: QuickTime RealPlayer Resource Type: Video Format: QuickTime or RealPlayer Length: 3 min, 56 sec Topics Covered: Why Evolution Matters Backgrounder Hygiene Hypothesis: Millions of people suffer from the sneezing and wheezing of allergies and asthma, diseases that have suddenly become epidemic in some parts of the world. Initially, scientists blamed increasing air pollution for the surge in respiratory diseases. In the late 1990s, Dr. Erika Von Mutius , a health researcher, compared the rates of allergies and asthma in East and West Germany. Her hypothesis was that children growing up in the poorer, dirtier, and generally less healthful cities of East Germany would suffer more from allergy and asthma than youngsters in West Germany, with its cleaner and more modern environment. When the two regions were reunified in 1999, von Mutius compared the disease rates. "What we found was exactly the opposite'' of her hypothesis, she recalls. Children in the polluted areas of East Germany had lower allergic reactions and fewer cases of asthma than children in the West. What was going on? As sometimes happens to scientists, von Mutius was forced to abandon her original hypothesis and rethink the question based on her new observations.

138. Grand Unification Hypothesis Standard Model II (Field Theory) A field principally consisting of surfaces, as forms, imbedded in threedimensional space, can explain all known forces associated with mass and charge. Practical extensions of this study could yield new technologies on levitation and motors which do not require fuel. http://zyx.org

TO HOME PAGE TO SDK INDEX TO DIRECTORY Seth Lloyd Professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. RESTRICTED ACCESS CLEARANCE COMING SOON, ANIMATED MICROCOSM! Sign up now for special access to this exciting new presentation of dynamic geometry! Slow speed animation of a simple wave, obeying all the applicable rules of dynamic geometry, i.e., orthogonal motion, exchange of object of motion to motion and relativity at its most fundamental level. The simple wave can move in any direction through the field; essentially having a spin equivalence of zero. Animation demonstrates normal propagation through an isotropic field of sufficient density to allow marginal stability of the simple wave, at first without decay (auto convolution), and then with decay through the first stages of decay marked by the wave's first interaction with itself. Scheduled for October. Be sure to tell your schoolmates. I'll try to post more on the bulletin board. Welcome to the Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge Home Page GRAND UNIFICATION HYPOTHESIS AS PERTAINING TO THEORETICAL PHYSICS FIELD THEORY AND COSMOLOGY Imagination is everything.

139. The Two Source Hypothesis Summary of the dominant synoptic theory by Stephen Carlson. http://www.mindspring.com/~scarlson/synopt/2sh/

The Two Source Hypothesis Abstract Mark was a source for Matthew and Luke, both of whom also independently used a now lost sayings source called Q. Overview The Two Source Hypothesis ( ) has been the predominant source theory for the synoptic problem for almost a century and half. Originally conceived in Germany by Ch. H. Weisse in 1838, the came to dominate German protestant scholarship after the fall of the Tübingen school with H. J. Holtzmann's endorsement of a related variant in 1863. In the latter part of the 19th century, the Oxford School brought the to English scholarship, culminating in B. H. Streeter's 1924 treatment of the synoptic problem. Now, the commands the support of most biblical critics from all continents and denominations. The derives its name from its postulation of two main sources for the synoptic gospels: a narrative source for the triple tradition and a sayings source for the double tradition. The triple tradition comprises the subject matter jointly related by Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Generally, the triple tradition is characterized by substantial agreements in arrangement and wording among all three gospels with frequent agreements between Mark and Matthew against Luke and between Mark and Luke against Matthew, but a near absence of agreements of Matthew and Luke against Mark. The

140. Home.htm A mechanical hypothesis which offers a new interpretation of motion and gravity http://home.wxs.nl/~agur0000/

Free counter ON THREE PHYSICAL CONSTANTS WHICH CONNECT NEWTON'S GRAVITATION TO EINSTEIN'S SPECIAL RELATIVITY by Elie Agur In his book Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics (World Scientific Publishing, 2003, p. 265) Nobel laureate Prof. Martinus Veltman writes: "There is no theory that says how big Newton's gravitational constant should be. It is a free parameter, to be determined from experience." And in the June 2005 issue of Scientific American Prof. John D. Barrow and Prof. John K. Webb write in their article Inconstant Constants (p. 33): "Physics has progressed by making ever more accurate measurements of [the constants'] values. And yet, remarkably, no one has ever successfully predicted or explained any of the constants. Physicists have no idea why they take the special numerical values that they do." Well, not being a physicist myself, I can only hope I am not being misguided in believing there is a fundamental reason for the numerical value of one of the constants, and in suggesting there are two other constants, hitherto unheeded, whose values are quite predictable. This article presents a theoretical framework in very broad outlines, the details of which should be further elaborated. The article shows that Newton's gravitational constant is intimately linked to Einstein's Special Relativity. Yet this fact implies that Einstein's concept of mass-energy limited to physical bodies should give way to a broader view in which mass-energy has a field aspect.

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