101. The Existence Of Q A scholarly defense of the Two Source hypothesis according to which Matthew and Luke used Mark as well as a second nonextant source termed Q. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/q-exist.html

The Existence of Q This web page is a summary of the arguments for the existence of Q. It largely follows the essays given in The Two-Source Hypothesis: A Critical Appraisal / edited with an introduction by Arthur J. Bellinzoni, Jr., with the assistance of Joseph B. Tyson and William O. Walker, Jr , published Macon, GA by Mercer University Press 1985. Please also see my page on The Priority of Mark I also recommend Daniel Wallace's essay on The Synoptic Problem . Wallace's essay is itself a summary of the arguments given in Robert H. Stein's The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction (Grand Rapids: Baker 1987). I also recommend Stephen Carlson's summary of The Two-Source Hypothesis The Question of Q Q is the term given to the second source supposedly used by Matthew and Luke in addition to Mark. The existence of Q has been challenged by such able critics as Austin Farrer, Michael Goulder, and Mark Goodacre. The alternative model proposed to the Two-Source Hypothesis is termed the Farrer-Goulder hypothesis. In this hypothesis, both Matthew and Luke have used Mark, but Luke has also used Matthew. Although the Farrer hypothesis does have a number of points to commend it, on balance I concur with the majority of scholarship that it is more likely that Matthew and Luke used Mark and Q independently. The purpose of this essay is to set forth the reasons for this judgment, which does not attain certainty but rather a probability. The Two Source Hypothesis states that Matthew and Luke independently used Mark and a second source termed Q. Against the Farrer-Goulder hypothesis, it is maintained that it is improbable that the author of Luke consulted the Gospel of Matthew. The relative independence of Matthew and Luke is established by the convergence of several different arguments.

102. The Exploded Planet Hypothesis - 2000 Review of successful predictions supporting the Exploded Planet hypothesis include (1) satellites of asteroids; (2) satellites of comets; (3) salt water in http://www.metaresearch.org/solar system/eph/eph2000.asp

Tell a friend Join our mailing list Cart Advanced Search ... Other The Exploded Planet Hypothesis – 2000 Tom Van Flandern, Meta Research Abstract. Titius-Bode Law of Planetary Spacing Planet Distance Formula Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Formula: distance in au =0.4+0.3*2(n-2) Where It Began – the Titius-Bode Law of Planetary Spacing In the latter half of the 18 th century, when only six major planets were known, interest was attracted to the regularity of the spacing of their orbits from the Sun. The table shows the Titius-Bode law of planetary spacing, comparing actual and formula values. This in turn drew attention to the large gap between Mars and Jupiter, apparently just large enough for one additional planet. Today we know of tens of thousands of “minor planets” or asteroids with planet-like orbits at that average mean distance from the Sun. With the discovery of the second asteroid in 1802, Olbers proposed that many more asteroids would be found because the planet that belonged at that distance must have exploded. This marked the birth of the exploded planet hypothesis. It seemed the most reasonable explanation until 1814, when Lagrange found that the highly elongated orbits of comets could also be readily explained by such a planetary explosion. That, unfortunately, challenged the prevailing theory of cometary origins of the times, the Laplacian primeval solar nebula hypothesis. Comets were supposed to be primitive bodies left over from the solar nebula in the outer solar system. This challenge incited Laplace supporters to attack the exploded planet hypothesis. Lagrange died in the same year, and support for his viewpoint died with him when no one else was willing to step into the line of fire.

103. Raw GLM Code And Sample Input And Output Code to accompany paper Rolling Your Own Linear Model hypothesis Testing and Power Calculations via the Singular Value Decomposition . http://www1.fpl.fs.fed.us/glm.html

FPL Statistics Group Raw General Linear Model Code and Sample Input and Output We provide here a raw implementation of the ideas discussed in the (draft) paper Rolling Your Own: Linear Model Hypothesis Testing and Power Calculations via the Singular Value Decomposition LaTeX version, postscript version - Warning as of 1/31/05: Some of our users have had problems downloading files via ftp from our site. If you click on one of the ftp links above and the ftp fails, you have two options. You can ftp from a DOS or UNIX command line (click here for details) or you can e-mail Steve Verrill at sverrill@fs.fed.us and ask him to e-mail the file). General linear model power calculations on the Web The power calculation portion of the program can be run here General linear model hypothesis testing on the Web The hypothesis testing portion of the program can be run here General linear model estimation on the Web The estimation portion of the program can be run here The source code The main routine is in the file glm.f. The necessary LINPACK routines are in a file called linpack.f. These codes and sample input and output files are available in compressed tar Windows 95 zip , and Windows 98 and later zip form. Alternatively, the codes and sample input and output files are available individually:

104. The Synergism Hypothesis In The Synergism hypothesis (Corning 1983), it was proposed that synergistic As nored earlier, the synergism hypothesis and the concept of synergistic http://www.complexsystems.org/publications/synhypo.html

About the Director Abstracts Publications Commentaries Book Review Essays Nature's Magic The Synergism Hypothesis On the Concept of Synergy and It's Role in the Evolution of Complex Systems Peter A. Corning, Ph.D. Institute for the Study of Complex Systems 119 Bryant Street, Suite 212 Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA Phone: (650) 325-5717 Fax: (650) 325-3775 Email: pacorning@complexsystems.org JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMS "Generalizations derived from a juxtaposition of facts are not fruitful unless some conceptual, theoretical scheme guided the generalizations and, incidentally, the selection of facts..." Anatol Rapoport "Experiments unguided by an appropriate theoretical framework usually amount to little more than ‘watching the pot boil'... We need experiments to inform theory, but without theory all is lost." John H. Holland INTRODUCTION It is one of the paradoxes of our age that as the tools of scientific research have grown ever more powerful from positron emission tomography to electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and massively parallel computers the phenomena we are able to investigate (and their causal dynamics) seem to grow ever more complex. The relentless reductionism of particle physics, polymer chemistry, molecular biology and neurobiology, among other disciplines, has not (so far) revealed the decisive "mechanisms" or underlying "laws" of the phenomenal world. Instead, the "microcosmos" (to borrow Lynn Margulis's term) displays profound complexity, interactionism, interrelatedness and, not least, historical specificity.

105. Introduction To The Earth System A class on the Gaia hypothesis taught at Penn State University. http://www.essc.psu.edu/~crane/earth_002/contents/announcements/outline.htm

106. Whorf Hypothesis This exhibit is a collection of languages spoken throughout the world. The exhibit gives audio examples of languages from ten language groups, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/whorf.html

The Whorf Hypothesis Examined The argument that language defines the way a person behaves and thinks has existed since the early 1900's when Edward Sapir first identified the concept. He believed that language and the thoughts that we have are somehow interwoven, and that all people are equally being effected by the confines of their language. In short, he made all people out to be mental prisoners; unable to think freely because of the restrictions of their vocabularies. An example of this idea is given in George Orwell's book 1984, in which he discusses the use of a language entitled "newspeak" which was created to change the way people thought about the government. The new vocabulary they were given was created to control their minds. Since they could not think of things not included in the vocabulary, they were to be zombies imprisoned by the trance of their language. Soon, Sapir had a student, Benjamin Whorf , who picked up on the idea of linguistic determinism and really made it his own. Whorf coined what was once called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which is more properly referred to as the Whorf hypothesis. This states that language is not simply a way of voicing ideas, but is the very thing which shapes those ideas. One cannot think outside the confines of their language. The result of this process is many different world views by speakers of different languages. If the world view and behavior of people are affected so severely by the structure of their language, and languages have different structures, then is cross-cultural communication and understanding a realistic goal for the modern world? Whorf would have us believe that such barrier-free communication is almost impossible. However, does that explain current world trade agreements, joint business ventures with foreign companies or the emphasis on raising bilingual societies? Sure, not every word of communication between people of different language communities is expressed. But despite that fact, I believe that the substance of the messages are getting across. Using the universal languages of law and science, people from all over the world are working together with no major barrier because of differing mother tongues.

107. What Is The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? A 1983 paper by Paul Kay and Willett Kempton, available in GIF and PostScript formats. Supports a weakened version of the hypothesis with evidence from the study of visual perception. http://cs-tr.cs.berkeley.edu/TR/UCB:COGSCI-83-08

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Paul Kay and Willett Kempton COGSCI-83-08 April 1983 Experimental evidence from the domain of color perception is presented for a version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that is considerably weaker than the version usually proposed. How to view this document Display an overview of the document in one of the following formats. Overview of thumbnail pages Display a selected page in one of the following formats (document has 27 pages). inline gif image Display the whole document in one of the following formats. PostScript 114436 bytes. Print or download all or selected pages. Search NCSTRL This server operates at UC Berkeley SUNSITE . Send email to tech-rpt@library.berkeley.edu

108. The Gaia Hypothesis - Lovelock & Margulis - Index To Resources The Gaia hypothesis Resource Document Index - This document presents the research development resources gathered and annotated concerning the GAIA http://www.mountainman.com.au/gaia.html

The Gaia Hypothesis proposed by Dr James Lovelock Dr Lynn Margulis "Giants of Gaia" Diana Stanley Contents of this Resource Chapter 1 ... Foreword, Introduction and Summary to this Publication Chapter 2 ... Dr James Lovelock - Formulation of the Gaia Hypothesis Chapter 3 ... Dr Lynn Margulis - Microbiological Collaboration of Gaia Chapter 4 ... A Collation of Earlier Background Contributors to Gaia Chapter 5 ... A Collation of Scientific Commentary on the Gaia Hypothesis Chapter 6 Chapter 7 ... Comprehensive Compendium of WWW Gaian Resources Chapter 8 ... Biblographical References relating to the Gaia Hypothesis Chapter 9 ... Further and Future Evolution of the Gaia Hypothesis Web Publication by Mountain Man Graphics, Australia - Southern Autumn of 1996

109. Hypothesis On Time The aim of the following work is to suggest a new concept on the way of appreciating and measuring time. http://www.ifrance.com/ANDREPIERREJOCELYN/trad/index.htm

To gain a better understanding of the site. Three times. Andre pierre jocelyn HYPOTHESIS ON TIME New hypothesis on time Structure of the site: A. Demonstration of the fact that the time is exponential in mechanics of the fluids. Details from the original text. B Demonstration on curves defined as impossible to represent arithmetically; generalization of exponential time in science. Example from biology. C Value of the demonstration: philosophy of the hypothesis. D. Logical development and relations between mathematics, physical or biological science and philosophy: to gain a better understanding of the site E Search of examples and definitions, other pages. F. Coherence: Paul Janet Before philosophy of the hypothesis Since the philosophy is the research of the first causes and the first principles; and since the first principle of any reasoning is the identity principle, more known under the name of "omne subjectum est proedicatum sui", the principle of the fact that an identity cannot vary in the reasoning; and since the zero still means nothing by definition. I do not think that the zero can have other meaning than nothing. In other words we cannot use the zero in a representation or analyzes physical modelling matter ; because even if this matter changed form through the filter of our perception, nothing enables us to say that it does not exist any more. I think that to believe it or write it using the zero is an error. Andre p.j. I propose to approach the analysis of the systems using a state of order. In other words, to observe the state of the matter between two forms, or in other words to take a reference which would be the final state, and a source which would be the most disordered state or initial state, having for value "1". In this scale we can find all the states of order, (according to the subject, analyzed characteristic), the shapes or combinations of the matter. Andre p.j.

110. Www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-152/0027.htm Objectivist ConferencesObjectivist Conferences The DIM hypothesis Course Information PS You can learn more about Dr. Peikoff s DIM hypothesis by listening to the lecture he http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-152/0027.htm

111. Straight Dope Staff Report: Did Humans Descend From "aquatic Apes"? A Straight Dope column criticizing the aquatic ape hypothesis. http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/maquaticape.html

Home Page Message Boards News Archive ... FAQs, etc. A Staff Report by the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board Did humans descend from "aquatic apes"? 22-Jan-2002 Dear Straight Dope: A few years ago, Elaine Morgan published a book called The Aquatic Ape that publicized a theory that humans, at some time in their evolution, had partially adapted to a marine environment. This theory had first been proposed by an English marine biologist named Alister Hardy (if I remember correctly) and was held to explain a host of differences between Homo sapiens and the rest of the great apes, among them: relative hairlessness, subcutaneous body fat, bipedality (to make swimming and wading more efficient), a "diving reflex" to prevent drowning in infants, our horrendously inefficient water management system, our lack of fear of the water, the webbing some people have between their fingers and toes, and so on. The theory seemed reasonable enough to me, but every time I've heard paleontologists refer to it, they seem to be rolling their eyes the way archeologists do when you mention James Churchward to them. What do these guys know that Hardy and Morgan and I don't? John LaTorre, SDSTAFF bibliophage replies: Say AAH. That stands for the "Aquatic Ape Hypothesis." Now turn your head and cough. Just checking to make sure you were paying attention. The AAH is a fascinating, thought-provoking, and attractive idea. The only problem is that it's JPW ("Just Plain Wrong").

112. Experimental Hypothesis Experimental hypothesis. © 2005 UNIVERSE SEVEN RECORDINGS – WWW.U7R.COM. http://www.u7r.com/

Experimental Hypothesis © 2005 UNIVERSE SEVEN RECORDINGS – WWW.U7R.COM

113. Index.BAK A radical scientific and evolutionary hypothesis about the origin of mind. By Jerome Iglowitz. http://www.foothill.net/~jerryi/

I propose that mind is the biological coordinator of primitive, profoundly complex, and blind metacellular process -pure and simple! But that's not good enough, is it? My book: " Virtual Reality: Consciousness Really Explained " gives a whole answer. There are other, equally necessary and equally valid perspectives, crucial to the problem as well. Contrary to the way it might appear, I bring a message of hope. Hope for real minds, real values, real meaning -and, ultimately, for a real decency in this strange tortured animal called "man". It will take real work, however to get there. (My answer is in the MS .) But whatever made you think that a solution to the mind-brain problem would be simple ? If it were so, you would not be reading this at all -it would be a finished problem. I had hoped to find very bright minds on the internet -they are rare. I had hoped to find trained minds smart enough to see the flaws in the established positions and looking for some alternative , some different way of approaching the problem and willing to look even here in this unlikely place. This is not a problem, nor is it a solution that can be cast in a sound-bite. How can anyone be so arrogant as to evaluate a serious answer in seconds? I do not claim to have written this book well -though I do think I have a viable answer -the very first, I believe.

114. The Riemann Hypothesis A collection of links relating to the Riemann hypothesis, the proof of which has been described as the holy grail of modern mathematics. http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/riemannhyp.htm

The Riemann Hypothesis Hilbert included the problem of proving the Riemann hypothesis in his list of the most important unsolved problems which confronted mathematics in 1900, and the attempt to solve this problem has occupied the best efforts of many of the best mathematicians of the twentieth century. It is now unquestionably the most celebrated problem in mathematics and it continues to attract the attention of the best mathematicians, not only because it has gone unsolved for so long but also because it appears tantalizingly vulnerable and because its solution would probably bring to light new techniques of far reaching importance. H.M. Edwards - Riemann's Zeta Function "Right now, when we tackle problems without knowing the truth of the Riemann hypothesis, it's as if we have a screwdriver. But when we have it, it'll be more like a bulldozer." P. Sarnak , from "Prime Time" by E. Klarreich ( New Scientist "The consequences [of the Riemann Hypothesis] are fantastic: the distribution of primes, these elementary objects of arithmetic. And to have tools to study the distribution of these of objects." H. Iwaniec, quoted in K. Sabbagh's

115. The Synoptic Problem A defense of the Two Source hypothesis, according to which Matthew and Luke based their gospels on Mark and Q. http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/synoptic.htm

Our website is now served out of a database. The new location of the page you are looking for is here

116. The Vapor Canopy Hypothesis Holds No Water An examination of some of the problems surrounding the vapor/water canopy hypothesis. Jehovah s Witnesses and a number of creationists have claimed that http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/canopy.html

The Vapor Canopy Hypothesis Holds No Water Paul Farrar Bill Hyde The Vapor Canopy Hypothesis Holds No Water By Paul Farrar In this short and, I hope, simple note I will discuss the physical implications of the often proposed "vapor canopy" explanation for the source of water for Noah's Flood as recorded in "Genesis". Noah's Flood is alleged to have covered the mountains of the earth to a depth of 15 cubits (about 8m). To have covered Mt. Everest it would have required a depth of water of about 9km above sea level. If the flood was only required to cover the mountains in Urartu (Ararat), where Noah's boat is said to have settled, about 5km of water would be needed. The "vapor canopy hypothesis" states that before the flood, the water existed in the atmosphere as water vapor. The flood occurred when this vapor condensed and fell as rain, flooding the earth. The flood subsided later, various explanations being given for where all that water went. First, let us look at atmospheric pressure. For the earth's atmosphere, the pressure is almost exactly hydrostatic, since it is held to the earth by gravity and velocities are too low to significantly change the pressure. In plain language this means that the air pressure at any point is equal to the weight of the air in a unit area column above that point. At sea level, air pressure in US engineering units is about 14.5 pounds/sq inch because a column of air one inch square extending to the top of the atmosphere weighs (Guess what!?) 14.5 pounds. On top of Mt. Everest, the pressure is lower because the lowest and densest 9km of the atmosphere is below that point.

117. Wes' Programs Fortran 77 codes by W. J. Metzger to construct a minimum spanning tree and calculate a confidence level for the hypothesis that two sets of points are from the same distribution. http://metzger.home.cern.ch/metzger/programs.html

Wes' programs page Some programs of possibly wider interest A routine to construct a Minimum Spanning Tree mstree.f A routine to calculate a confidence level for the hypothesis that two sets of points are from the same distribution (p.d.f.) from the number of incompatible edges in a Minimum Spanning Tree calculated for the combined set of points clmst.f Reference: "The Minimum Spanning Tree as a Two-Sample Test" A routine to calculate some confidence levels for the hypothesis that two sets of points are from the same distribution (p.d.f.) from various properties of the Minimum Spanning Tree calculated for the combined set of points. This routine mstclfrd.f is a slightly modified version of a routine mstcpr.f by J.H. Friedman Reference: "The Minimum Spanning Tree as a Two-Sample Test" Go to my home page W. J. Metzger, 15 Dec 1998

118. The Scientific Method | Hypothesis Overview of hypothesis Definition of hypothesis Our example. hypothesis Overview. The third step of the scientific method is to form a hypothesis. http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~bcb25/scimeth/hypothesis1.htm

Overview The third step of the scientific method is to form a Hypothesis. The hypothesis is formed by examining the observations carefully and making a an educated guess as to what the outcome might be.

119. The MathWorks - Statistics Toolbox - Apply Statistical Algorithms And Probabilit The Statistics Toolbox for MATLAB includes functions for Probability distributions, Parameter estimations, Descriptive Statistics, Multivariate statistics, Linear and nonlinear modeling, Statistical plotting, Statistical Process Control, Design of Experiments, hypothesis Tests, Cluster Analysis http://www.mathworks.com/products/statistics

var host_pre = "http://www"; Home Select Country Contact Us Store Search Create Account Log In Industries Academia ... Documentation Other Resources Technical Literature User Stories Books Contact sales ... Licensing Options Featured Demo Introduction to the Statistics Toolbox View the demo Upcoming Webinar What's New in Bioinformatics Toolbox Register today Lucent Technologies We can create a real-time simulation from specs that will sound exactly the way the product would after it's been built. And that results in time and money saved. - Jim McGowan Read this story Statistics Toolbox 5.1 Apply statistical algorithms and probability models The Statistics Toolbox provides engineers, scientists, researchers, financial analysts, and statisticians with a comprehensive set of tools to assess and understand their data. It includes functions and interactive tools for analyzing historical data, modeling data, simulating systems, developing statistical algorithms, and learning and teaching statistics. Introduction and Key Features Probability Distributions and Analysis of Variance Linear and Nonlinear Modeling Multivariate Statistics and Descriptive Statistics ... View data sheet Webinar: What's New in Bioinformatics Toolbox Seminar: Press Release: The MathWorks Releases Bioinformatics Toolbox 2.0

120. The Gaia Hypothesis Our Planet The Gaia hypothesis Mother Earth is a Living Being and all life forms are her offspring; we humans could be said to be. http://www.ozi.com/ourplanet/gaia.html

From Myth to 21st Century science . . Today there is a growing hypothesis circling the globe: "Our Planet - Mother Earth - is a Living Being and all life forms are her offspring." Therefore we humans could be said to be "Her" children, with the inherent ability to become super-conscious adults. This is the Gaia Hypothesis (pronounced Gay-a) named after the Greek word for the 'Earth Mother' - Gaea In 1979 James Lovelock, a British Scientist who worked for the NASA (USA) space program, reminded us of the idea that Planet Earth, like the Sun, is a conscious living being. For just as our human body is composed of billions of cells working together as a single living being, so are the billions of life forms on Earth working together as a living super organism. Looking at our Living Planet: We can visualise the Equatorial rainforests functioning as the planet's lungs, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in concert with the oceans. Observe the atmosphere functioning as a global respiratory system. Imagine that our rivers and streams are like a circulatory system for the planetary body, bringing clean water and flushing the system.

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