1. The Language Of Thought Hypothesis By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/language-thought/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change JUL The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Language of Thought Hypothesis The Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) postulates that thought and thinking take place in a mental language. This language consists of a system of representations that is physically realized in the brain of thinkers and has a combinatorial syntax (and semantics) such that operations on representations are causally sensitive only to the syntactic properties of representations. According to LOTH, thought is, roughly, the tokening of a representation that has a syntactic (constituent) structure with an appropriate semantics. Thinking thus consists in syntactic operations defined over such representations. Most of the arguments for LOTH derive their strength from their ability to explain certain empirical phenomena like productivity and systematicity of thought and thinking. 1. What is the Language of Thought Hypothesis?

2. Dinosaures An original, serious and wellargued theory by F.Malmartel explaining dinosaur extinction, especially why dinosaurs disappeared when reptiles survived. http://frederic.malmartel.free.fr/Fin_des_dinosaures/eedinosaures1.htm

Dinosaurs' end, the Gravitational Hypothesis by F.Malmartel Last update march 2005. Problem's terms: Problems' terms are well known: 65 millions years ago, dinosaurs suddenly died. These animals have been lords of the Earth during more than 200 millions years. Their supremacy was uncontested...until they disappear in a few years! Why and how? Why, only some animals - and plants too -, like dinosaurs disappear? when mammals, birds, insects and above all lots of reptiles stay alive! Why do dinosaurs disappear all at once? Several explanations... All sorts of explanations have been made to explain dinosaurs' end:: epidemic climate change competition with mammals volcanic explosion The most hare-brained one, beloved by the media being:: the meteorite one All wrongs! He is the weak side of all these hypotheses: Why will he stay alive when his cousins die? No one of these theories is able to explain why only dinosaurs disappear, when in the same time more weak, more primitive animals like reptiles do survive! Why do gallimimus ( 27 kg ) or wannanosaurus ( 60 cm ) - disappear when big crocodiles and sharks do survive?

3. Infinite Ink: The Continuum Hypothesis By Nancy McGough History, mathematics, metamathematics, and philosophy of Cantor s Continuum hypothesis. http://www.ii.com/math/ch/

mathematics T HE C ONTINUUM H YPOTHESIS By Nancy McGough nm noadsplease.ii.com Overview 1.1 What is the Continuum Hypothesis? 1.2 Current Status of CH Alternate Overview Assumptions, Style, and Terminology 2.1 Assumptions 2.1.1 Audience Assumptions 2.1.2 Mathematical Assumptions 2.2 Style 2.3 Terminology 2.3.1 The Word "continuum" 2.3.2 Ordered Sets 2.3.3 More Terms and Notation Mathematics of the Continuum and CH 3.1 Sizes of Sets: Cardinal Numbers aleph c aleph 3.1.2 CH and GCH 3.1.3 Sample Cardinalities 3.2 Ordering Sets: Ordinal Numbers 3.3 Analysis of the Continuum 3.3.1 Decomposing the Reals 3.3.2 Characterizing the Reals 3.3.3 Characterizing Continuity 3.4 What ZFC Does and Does Not Tell Us About c Metamathematics and CH 4.1 Consistency, Completeness, and Compactness of ... 4.1.1 a Logical System 4.1.2 an Axiomatic Theory 4.2 Models of ... 4.2.1 Real Numbers 4.2.2 Set Theory 4.2.2.1 Inner Models 4.2.2.2 Forcing and Outer Models 4.3 Adding Axioms to Zermelo Fraenkel Set Theory 4.3.1 Axioms that Imply CH or GCH 4.3.1.1 Explicitly Adding CH or GCH 4.3.1.2 V=L: Shrinking the Set Theoretic Universe

4. Logtime: Logarithmic Time Perception With Aging Logtime is the psychochronometric hypothesis that our age is our basis for estimating long time intervals, resulting in a perceived logarithmic shrinkage of our years as we grow older. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jmkenney

Logtime: The Subjective Scale of Life The Logarithmic Time Perception Hypothesis by James Main Kenney Time scarcer? Years getting shorter? Want an explanation? Logtime is the cognitive hypothesis that our age is our basis for estimating time intervals, resulting in a perceived shrinking of our years as we grow older. A simple mathematical analysis shows that our time perception should be logarithmic, giving us a subjective scale of life very different from that of the calendar. Our perception of aging seems to follow the same (Weber-Fechner) law as our perception of physical stimuli. Ticking away the moments that make up a dull day You fritter and waste the hours in an offhand way. ...You are young and life is long and there is time to kill today And then one day you find ten years have got behind you. ...Every year is getting shorter; never seem to find the time... "Time" from The Dark Side of the Moon: Pink Floyd When you've grown up, my dears, and are as old as I, you'll often ponder on the years that roll so swiftly by

5. Riemann Hypothesis -- From MathWorld Article with links to other resources from MathWorld. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannHypothesis.html

INDEX Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics ... Alphabetical Index DESTINATIONS About MathWorld About the Author Headline News ... Random Entry CONTACT Contribute an Entry Send a Message to the Team MATHWORLD - IN PRINT Order book from Amazon Calculus and Analysis Special Functions Riemann Zeta Function ... Wedeniwski Riemann Hypothesis First published by Riemann (1859), the Riemann hypothesis states that the nontrivial Riemann zeta function zeros , i.e., the values of other than -2, -4, -6, ... such that (where is the Riemann zeta function ) all lie on the " critical line " (where denotes the real part of ). While it was long believed that Riemann's hypothesis was the result of deep intuition on the part of Riemann , an examination of his papers by C. L. Siegel showed that Riemann had made detailed numerical calculations of small zeros of the Riemann zeta function to several decimal digits (Granville 2002; Borwein and Borwein 2003, p. 68). A more general statement known as the generalized Riemann hypothesis conjectures that neither the Riemann zeta function nor any Dirichlet L-series has a zero with real part larger than 1/2.

6. Hypothesis - Hydrogen Power - Theoretical And Engineering Solutions HYdrogen POwer THeoretical and Engineering Solutions. International Seminar. Havana, Cuba. 5 days. http://www.hypothesis.ws/

H Y P O T H E S I S HYdrogen POwer - THeoretical and Engineering Solutions International Symposium info@hypothesis.ws HYPOTHESIS Gaeta (Italy) HYPOTHESIS II Grimstad (Norway) HYPOTHESIS III St. Petersburg (Russia) HYPOTHESIS IV Stralsund (Germany) HYPOTHESIS V Porto Conte (Italy) HYPOTHESIS VI - La Habana (Cuba) - May 8-12, 2005 Last update:

7. HYPOTHESIS: A Sci-fi Rock Opera A scifi rock opera. http://www.hypothesis-rock-opera.com/

8. FeralChildren.com - Feral Children - Several useful papers, including Locke's suggesting the term 'sensitive period' instead of 'critical period', and Jones' looking at Genie's language acquisition after the critical period. http://www.feralchildren.com/en/critical.php

@import "http://www.feralchildren.com/feralchildren.css"; FeralChildren.com isolated, confined, wolf and wild children Home The Critical Period Hypothesis The crticial period hypothesis in essence contends that the ability to learn a language is limited to the years before puberty after which, as a result of neurological changes in the brain (see the impact of neglect on neurological development ), the ability is lost. She [ Genie Rymer, Genie: A Scientific Tragedy Feral Children and the Critical Period much Modern Feral Children Even if they've missed out on the critical period for language acquisition (such as Genie ), feral children can be taught a few words, and very simple grammatical constructions. However, feral children don't provide the best evidence in support of the critical period hypothesis (which is, any case, now generally accepted), partly because they may have been abandoned because of subnormality ( Victor ) or suffered emotional and physical trauma ( Genie ) that would affect their learning capacity.

9. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis An assessment of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. With reference to the legacies of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Sigmund Freud. http://venus.va.com.au/suggestion/sapir.html

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 'He gave man speech, and speech created thought, Which is the measure of the universe' - Prometheus Unbound, Shelley The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis as we know it today can be broken down into two basic principles: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity Linguistic Determinism: A Definition Linguistic Determinism refers to the idea that the language we use to some extent determines the way in which we view and think about the world around us. The concept has generally been divided into two separate groups - 'strong' determinism and 'weak' determinism. Strong determinism is the extreme version of the theory, stating that language actually determines thought, that language and thought are identical. Although this version of the theory would attract few followers today - since it has strong evidence against it, including the possibility of translation between languages - we will see that in the past this has not always been the case. Weak determinism, however, holds that thought is merely affected by or influenced by our language, whatever that language may be. This version of determinism is widely accepted today. Wilhelm von Humboldt: The 'Weltanschauung' Hypothesis.

10. Hypothesis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia A hypothesis (assumption in ancient Greek) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. In early usage, a hypothesis was a clever idea or convenient http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis

Hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A hypothesis assumption in ancient Greek ) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon In early usage, a hypothesis was a clever idea or convenient mathematical approach that would simplify calculation, but did not necessarily have any reality at all. This is the sense in which Cardinal Bellarmine used the word when he warned Galileo away from treating the motion of the Earth as a reality. In common usage at present, a hypothesis is a provisional idea whose merit is to be evaluated. A hypothesis requires more work by the researcher in order to either confirm or disprove it. In the hypothetico-deductive method , a hypothesis should be falsifiable , meaning that it is possible that it be shown to be false, usually by observation . Note that if confirmed, the hypothesis is not necessarily proven, but remains provisional. See statistical hypothesis testing . See also: learning The term hypothesis, was misused in the , which should be properly called a conjecture As an example, someone who enters a new country and observes only white sheep, might form the hypothesis that all sheep in that country are white. It can be considered a hypothesis, as it is falsifiable. It can be falsified by observing a single black sheep. Provided that the experimental uncertainties are small (for example that it is a sheep, instead of a goat) and that the experimenter has correctly interpreted the statement of the hypothesis (for example, does the meaning of "sheep" include rams?), the hypothesis is falsified.

11. Mathematical Constants Notes by Steven Finch. http://pauillac.inria.fr/algo/bsolve/constant/apery/riemhyp.html

Mathematical Constants by Steven R. Finch Clay Mathematics Institute Book Fellow My website is smaller than it once was. Please visit again, however, since new materials will continue to appear occasionally. * My book Mathematical Constants is now available for online purchase from Cambridge University Press (in the United Kingdom and in North America ). It is far more encompassing and detailed than my website ever was. It is also lovingly edited and beautifully produced - many thanks to Cambridge! - please support us in our publishing venture. Thank you. (If you wish, see several very kind reviews . You can also search the book via Amazon and Google by keyword.) Here are errata and addenda to the book (last updated 8/11/2005), as well sample essays from the book about integer compositions optimal stopping and Reuleaux triangles . Here also are recent supplementary materials, organized by topic: Number Theory and Combinatorics Bipartite, k-colorable and k-colored graphs Transitive relations, topologies and partial orders Series-parallel networks Two asymptotic series ... Quadratic Dirichlet L-series Elliptic curves over Q Inequalities and Approximation Hardy-Littlewood maximal inequalities Bessel function zeroes Nash's inequality Uncertainty inequalities ... Moduli of continuity Real and Complex Analysis Radii in geometric function theory Numerical radii of linear operators Coefficient estimates for univalent functions Planar harmonic mappings ... Constant of interpolation Probability and Stochastic Processes

12. Writing Hypotheses What Is a Real hypothesis? http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. Riemann Hypothesis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture about the distribution of the zeros of the The Riemann hypothesis is one of the most important open problems of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

Riemann hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In mathematics , the Riemann hypothesis (aka Riemann zeta hypothesis ), first formulated by Bernhard Riemann in , is one of the most famous of all unsolved problems. It has been an open question for well over a century, despite attracting concentrated efforts from many outstanding mathematicians. Unlike some other celebrated problems, it is more attractive to professionals in the field than to amateurs. The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture about the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function s ). The Riemann zeta function is defined for all complex numbers s ≠ 1. It has certain so-called "trivial" zeros for s s s = −6, ... The Riemann hypothesis is concerned with the non-trivial zeros, and states that: The real part of any non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta function is ½. Thus the non-trivial zeros should lie on the so-called critical line it with t a real number and i the imaginary unit . The Riemann zeta function along the critical line is sometimes studied in terms of the Z function , whose real zeros correspond to the zeros of the zeta function on the critical line.

14. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Assembled posts concerned with this issue. http://www.linguistlist.org/topics/sapir-whorf/

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Item # Date Time Recs Subject 2.572 Whorf and Warning 2.588 Responses: Whorf, Einstein, Change 2.594 Queries: Punjabi, Whorf, Text Analysis 2.603 Whorf and Plurals 2.610 Washing, Whorf and Whenever 2.632 Whorf 2.636 Whorf 2.657 Whorf 2.670 Whorf Part 1 2.671 Whorf Part 2 2.682 Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis 2.687 Goes, ASL, and Whorf 2.700 Whorf 3.063 Queries: Sapir, Toponymy, Exclusive "We", Non-visual Aids 3.98 Responses: Assistance for Blind, Sapir 3.279 FYI: Job, SAPIR, Page Printer 5.142 Calls: IAL, Language And Classroom, Whorf 5.1322 Sapir-Whorf 5.1449 Sapir-Whorf, Words for snow 5.1467 Qs: Sapir-Whorf, Nominalizations, Metaling, Lang/Anthropoidea 6.1112, Qs: Sapir-Whorf, Phrase identification, Yiddish 6.1149, Disc: Sapir-Whorf and what to tell students these days 7.181, Qs: Whorf, Urdu, Metaphors, Transcript 7.481, Qs: Ordinal numerals, Philippines, Sapir-Whorf, Thou and you 7.538, Sum: Reading after Whorf's "Language, Mind and Reality" 8.396, Calls: Informatics, Humboldt/Whorf, Lang acq 8.448, Calls: German ling, Humboldt and Whorf 8.1290, Qs: Learning, Syntax, Whorf

15. Definition Of Hypothesis definition of hypothesis http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. Statistics Glossary - Hypothesis Testing The alternative hypothesis, H1, is a statement of what a statistical hypothesis In a hypothesis test, a type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is http://www.cas.lancs.ac.uk/glossary_v1.1/hyptest.html

Hypothesis Testing Contents Hypothesis Test Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Simple Hypothesis ... Back to Main Contents Hypothesis Test Setting up and testing hypotheses is an essential part of statistical inference. In order to formulate such a test, usually some theory has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument, but has not been proved, for example, claiming that a new drug is better than the current drug for treatment of the same symptoms. , against the alternative hypothesis, denoted H . These two competing claims / hypotheses are not however treated on an equal basis, special consideration is given to the null hypothesis. We have two common situations: 1. The experiment has been carried out in an attempt to disprove or reject a particular hypothesis, the null hypothesis, thus we give that one priority so it cannot be rejected unless the evidence against it is sufficiently strong. For example, H : there is no difference in taste between coke and diet coke against H : there is a difference.

17. The Riemann Hypothesis A prime pages article by Chris K. Caldwell. http://www.utm.edu/research/primes/notes/rh.html

The Riemann Hypothesis (Another of the Prime Pages ' resources) Home Search Site Largest The 5000 ... Submit primes Summary: When studying the distribution of prime numbers Riemann extended Euler's zeta function (defined just for s with real part greater than one) to the entire complex plane ( sans simple pole at s = 1). Riemann noted that his zeta function had trivial zeros at -2, -4, -6, ... and that all nontrivial zeros were symmetric about the line Re( s The Riemann hypothesis is that all nontrivial zeros are on this line. In 1901 von Koch showed that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to: The Riemann Hypothesis: Euler studied the sum for integers s >1 (clearly (1) is infinite). Euler discovered a formula relating k ) to the Bernoulli numbers yielding results such as and . But what has this got to do with the primes? The answer is in the following product taken over the primes p (also discovered by Euler): Euler wrote this as Riemann later extended the definition of s ) to all complex numbers s (except the simple pole at s =1 with residue one). Euler's product still holds if the real part of

18. Hypothesis Testing DEFINITION hypothesis tests are procedures for making rational decisions about the reality of effects. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Hypothesis.ca Strictly speaking, the scientific method of observation, hypothesis testing, To evaluate the hypothesis, an experiment could be created by which a state http://www.hypothesis.ca/

20. Observations On The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Draft Contents Draft exploration of the value of the hypothesis. Includes general overview as well as detailed consideration of how the hypothesis is employed in contemporary studies. http://homepages.which.net/~gk.sherman/gaaaaabe.htm

Human ecology Language Observations on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Draft Introduction Uses of the SWH Classifications of the SWH (Reworked below) Does the SWH have anything useful to say to science? Classification above, but relating more to the question? Links at this site... Links to other sites... Created 15/11/99 Last modified 4/2/00

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