21. The Last Fermat Theorem The Last fermat theorem. The following paragraphs contain a short outlook on theLast In case a^p +b^p =c^p (ie the Last fermat theorem) it should hold http://www.sweb.cz/vladimir_ladma/english/music/articles/links/gferm.htm

The Last Fermat theorem The following paragraphs contain a short outlook on the Last Fermat theorem with regards to G-systems. Instances in segments Congruences Some small dependencies More general problem Instances in segments Let c(s) be a number of instances in segment s. In case a^p +b^p =c^p (i.e. the Last Fermat theorem) it should hold: For example in G(p) the values c(s) are: p=2: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 .. p=3: 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, 169, 217, 271, ... p=5: 1, 31, 211, 781, 2101, 4651, ... p=7: 1, 127, 2059, 14197, ... Only in case p=2 such sums are known: In case p=3, i.e. G(3) the values c(s) are: In the table it holds: (2a) R[i,j]=R[i,1]+R[i+1,j-1] E.g. R[3,3]=R[3,1]+R[4,2]=19+98=117 Written in an other way: (2b) R[i,j]=R[i-1,j+1]-R[i-1,1] E.g. R[4,2]=R[3,3]-R[3,1]=117-19=98 Congruences The equation (1) must hold also for every module m: Therefore, sum of numbers in a block of some adjacent rows from the first table should be equal to the numbers of one row from the second table (for each column). Some small dependencies From the expression (b+p)^p-b^p = (mod p) and from the structure of diferential progressions of self-classes follows: s[(b+p)^p-(b+p)]/p - (b^p-b)/p = -1 (mod p ) (b+p)^p - b^p = ( mod p^2 ).

22. FERMAT"S REPRISE Fermat s Theorem Reprise. In recent years, the work of Andrew Wiles has been Wiles could prove the fermat theorem (using results of Ribet) if he could http://www.math.sjsu.edu/~alperin/FERMAT.html

Fermat's Theorem Reprise In recent years, the work of Andrew Wiles has been written about in the science news media and celebrated for his solution of the unforgettable Fermat equation X n +Y n =Z n . Now there are new insights into solutions to the generalized Fermat equation, X p +Y q =Z r ; these equations amazingly have solutions sometimes, for example, 33 or the easy solutions 1 p The first big breakthrough came with the work of Faltings' on his Finiteness Theorem. He won the Fields medal in 1986 for that work. An equation like the Fermat equation has as its solutions, a curve. For example the familiar Pythagorean equation X +Y =Z can be regarded when Z=1 as describing the unit circle in the plane. This equation studied since Babylonian times for astronomical trigonometric calculations lead to the rational solutions X=t -1, Y=2t, Z=1+t Wiles sought help from his former student Taylor and together they filled the missing complete intersection problem. But now, the rest of the story. Actually, in mathematics, the story just keeps on going. But we'll stop soon. The property of semistable which Wiles used was a technical convenience it seemed. The result that described what was really going on had been conjectured by Taniyama, Shimura and Weil in the 60's: (TSW) every elliptic curve over the rationals is modular. Just recently, Breuil, Conrad, Diamond and Taylor proved that TSW conjecture. So where to now, kimosabe. Consider the generalized Fermat curves X

23. Pierre De Fermat instead of two dimensional squares, an integer solution is hard to find.The great assumption of Fermat also call The Greater fermat theorem - is http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de/himmel/Bios/Fermat-e.html

The ancient mechanism of the stargate had rendered im good services, but he wouldn't need them anymore. The flames of the inferno did no harm to the child. Still the quarder shaped appearance was floating in front of him; hidden inside it had undiscovered mysteries of space and time. But some of them the child already understood and thought to master them. How obviously - how necessary! - was the mathematical relation of the sides of the monolith - the square sequence of 1 : 4 : 9! And how naiv it was to assume that this series would end up only within the three dimensions! (Arthur C. Clarke, "2001 - Odyssee im Weltraum", 1969, Heyne 1978, retranslated) Pierre de Fermat The Mysteries of the Powers of Integers Pierre de Fermat was born at the 17th of August in 1601 in Beaumont de Lomagne, France. This birthday is not completely sure, but it is based on the fact that the christening happend at August 20. - After school he studied jurisprudence, and with an age of 30(33?) he became councillor at the court of Toulouse. According to mathematics, Fermat was amateur and probably self-tought. His sources were Greek texts about mathematics, most of all the book "Arithmetica" of Diophantos of Alexandria, covering problems of mathematics of the ancient times. Despite of his amateur state Fermat - besides of Descartes (1596-1650) - has the reputation as one of the greatest mathematician of his Century, and with Descartes he is one of the developer of the geometry of axes, and with this a founder of analytical geometry. He was one of the pioneers of infinitesimal calculation, because he was working with own methods on the integration of powers with integer and fractial exponents. With this he solved tangent problems covering the integration and differentiation of curves, the finding of maxima and zero points. He had correspondence with some famous contemporaries, besides other with Blaise Pascal and

24. Mathematics And Statistics - MATH328 Number Theory An extreme example is Fermat s last theorem , which is very simple to state, The Eulerfermat theorem, application to coding. Carmichael numbers. http://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/department/study/years/third/modules/math328

@import url(http://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/department/ploneColumns.css); @import url(http://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/department/plone.css); @import url(http://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/department/ploneCustom.css); @import url(http://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/department/jscalendar/calendar-system.css); Skip to content. Your web browser may not be able to view our site properly. Please see our Browser Information Page for more details department of mathematics and statistics faculty of science and technology Search Personal tools You are here: Home For Current Students Year Info Third Year ... 3rd year modules MATH328 Number Theory Department Info News Contact Us About us ... Other information MATH328 Number Theory Lecturer: Graham Jameson Course Materials contents section 1 section 2 section 3 ... Some basics of group theory Prerequisites MATH100; MATH111 and MATH225 desirable, but not essential Aims The course gives an all-round introduction to the concepts, results and methods of Number Theory, including topics such as the following: greatest common divisors, congruence, prime numbers, arithmetic functions, the divisor and phi functions, the Euler-Fermat theorem and applications to coding, quadratic residues, Dirichlet series, convolutions, the Mobius function, sums of two squares. Connections between these topics will be emphasized, and results will be illustrated by numerical examples. Description Number theory is the study of the fascinating properties of the natural number system. Many numbers are special in some sense, e.g. primes or squares. Which numbers can be expressed as the sum of two squares? Are there short cuts to factorizing large numbers or determining whether they are prime (this is important in cryptography)? The number of divisors of an integer fluctuates wildly, but is there a good estimation of the ``average" number of divisors in some sense? Questions like these are easy to ask, and to describe to the non-specialist, but vary hugely in the amount of work needed to answer them. An extreme example is Fermat's "last theorem", which is very simple to state, but has only recently been proved after more than 300 years.

25. Lesson 8.6: The Euler-Fermat Theorems Since (p) = p 1, we have the following theorem Fermat s Theorem If p is primeand a is an integer such that p a, then ap - 1 º 1 mod p http://math.usask.ca/encryption/lessons/lesson08/page6.html

MAIN MENU LESSON 8 MENU PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE 8.6: The Euler-Fermat Theorems In lesson 8.5 we stated that if a and n are relatively prime integers, then the order of a mod n is always a divisor of (n). This gave us a phi(7) 1 mod 7, for n = 7 and a and a phi(15) 1 mod 15, for n = 15 and a This result is summarised in Euler's theorem. Euler's Theorem Let a and n a phi(n) 1 mod n Example 1: If a = 3 and n = 14, then since (3, 14) = 1, 3 phi(14) 1 mod 14 Example 2: If a = 7 and N = 18, since (7, 18) = 1 then 7 phi(18) 1 mod 18 We can use Euler's theorem to find the least residue of a power mod n . The least residue of 17 mod 10 can be computed as follows. Since (10) = 4, by Euler's Theorem 17 1 mod 10. Thus, 17 9 mod 10 When the modulus is a prime p , we get a special case of Euler's theorem that is attributed to Fermat. Since p p - 1 , we have the following theorem: Fermat's Theorem If p is prime and a is an integer such that p a , then a p - 1 1 mod p Of course, since p is prime, p a is equivalent to (a, p) = 1. Examples: a) 2 1 mod 7 b) 4 1 mod 11 c) 3 1 mod 13 If the modulus is prime we can use Fermat's theorem to find the least residue of a power mod p . The least residue of 2 mod 19 can be computed as follows: 8 mod 19 NEXT PAGE

26. ScienceNOW -- Sign In Prize Offered for New fermat theorem. The story of the most famous problem inmathematics, Fermat s Last Theorem, has all the ingredients of a reallife http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1997/1111/3

You do not have access to this item: Full Text : Prize Offered for New Fermat Theorem, ScienceNOW You are on the site via Free Public Access. What content can I view with Free Public Access If you have a personal user name and password, please login below. Science NOW Sign In Options For Viewing This Content User Name Password this computer. Help with Sign In If you don't use cookies, sign in here Join AAAS and subscribe to Science for free full access. Sign Up More Info Subscribe to Science NOW Sign Up More Info Site Pass 24 hours for US $10.00 from your current computer Regain Access to a recent Site Pass purchase Need More Help? Can't get past this page? Forgotten your user name or password? AAAS Members activate your FREE Subscription

27. A Few Classic Unknowns In Mathematics - Classic Unknowns In fact, the wellknown greater fermat theorem is a question of this type, This fermat theorem is to be proved either generally in the sense of Fermat http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/math/AFewClasicUnknownsInMathma

A Few Classic Unknowns in Mathematics by Professor G. A. Miller Terms Contents Classic Unknowns Classic Unknowns A Few Classic Unknowns in Mathematics ING HIERO is said to have remarked, in view of the marvelous mechanical devices of Archimedes, that he would henceforth doubt nothing that had been asserted by Archimedes. This spirit of unbounded confidence in those who have exhibited unusual mathematical ability is still extant. Even our large city papers sometimes speak of a mathematical genius who could solve every mathematical problem that was proposed to him. The numerous unexpected and far-reaching results contained in the elementary mathematical text-books, and the ease with which the skilful mathematics teachers often cleared away what appeared to be great difficulties to the students have filled many with a kind of awe for unusual mathematical ability. In recent years the unbounded confidence in mathematical results has been somewhat shaken by a wave of mathematical skepticism which gained momentum through some of the popular writings of H. Poincare and Bertrand Russell. As instances of expressions which might at first tend to diminish such confidence we may refer to Poincare's contention that geometrical axioms are conventions guided by experimental facts and limited by the necessity to avoid all contradictions, and to Russell's statement that "mathematics may be defined as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about nor whether what we are saying is true."

28. Mbox: Wiles' Proof Of The Fermat Theorem Andrew Wiles has fixed the problem in his proof of the last fermat theorem, whichshould really be renamed to FermatWiles theorem, if http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/qed/mail-archive/volume-2/0077.html

Wiles' proof of the Fermat Theorem Zdzislaw Meglicki Zdzislaw.Meglicki@cisr.anu.edu.au Mon, 14 Nov 1994 16:06:44 +1100 (EST) Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Andrzej Trybulec: "Rusty Lusks question" Previous message: Lyle Burkhead: "Platonism" In the last issue of the New Scientist, I've found a brief note that Andrew Wiles has fixed the problem in his proof of the last Fermat Theorem, which should really be renamed to "Fermat-Wiles" theorem, if the proof is correct. Chatting about it with John Slaney, we came to the conclusion that the verification of that proof would be an ideal Holy Grail for QED. In other words, if you could use the QED system in order to verify a proof as complex and convoluted as Wiles' proof, you'd demonstrate to all mathematicians enormous usefulness of such a system. Greetings to all, Zdzislaw Meglicki, Zdzislaw.Meglicki@cisr.anu.edu.au The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., 0200, Australia, fax: +61-6-249-0747, tel: +61-6-249-0158 Next message: Andrzej Trybulec: "Rusty Lusks question" Previous message: Lyle Burkhead: "Platonism"

29. Advanced Microworld Titles Topics congruence, systems of congruence equations, fermat theorem, chineseremainder theorem, Readers are invited to conjecture fermat s theorem. http://www.mathwright.com/microworld5.htm

Advanced Microworlds (Arranged alphabetically) Return Cardano Author(s): james white Topics: cubic equations, equations, inflection points, graphing, factorization of polynomials, maxima and minima, cubic polynomials, complex numbers (Level: Advanced) Description: This microworld develops an approach to the study of cardano's method for solving cubic equations that discloses certain new symmetries and points the way to generalization to higher degree equations. Those generalizations are to the quartic case. Congruences Author(s): ravinder kumar Topics: congruence, systems of congruence equations, fermat theorem, chinese remainder theorem, cayley tables, group suggested use: congruence equation and systems of congruence equations solver (Level: Advanced) Description: This microworld develops the following: congruences, fermat's theorem, solution of congruence equations, systems of congruence equations, cayley tables. Readers are invited to conjecture fermat's theorem. They may alse explore some simple groups. Heron's formula Author(s): james white Topics: geometry, heron's formula, triangles, optimization, extrema

30. Euler's Contribution To Number Theory Using this and Fermat s Theorem, the Eulerfermat theorem can be derived as In order to prove the Euler-fermat theorem, it is necessary to prove the http://sweb.uky.edu/~jrbail01/euler.htm

Leonhard Euler and His Contribution to Number Theory Jamie Bailey Email: jbailey@writeme.com e, i, f(x), and sigma for summations. He also made significant contributions to differential calculus, mathematical analysis, and number theory, as well as optics, mechanics, electricity, and magnetism. Euler developed the function, which is defined as the number of positive integers not exceeding m that are relatively prime to m. For example, would equal: with(numtheory); phi(7); So, when p is a prime number. Using this and Fermat's Theorem, the Euler-Fermat Theorem can be derived as follows: Fermat's Theorem (Fermat's Little Theorem) states if p is prime and a is a natural number, then ). If p does not divide a , then there exists a smallest d such that ) and d divides p - 1 . Therefore, ). Since when p is prime, the Euler-Fermat Theorem states that , if . In order to prove the Euler-Fermat Theorem, it is necessary to prove the first assertion that ), when p is prime and a is a natural number. So, the problem is to prove Fermat's Little Theorem. Proof: Suppose . It is necessary to show p )). Using the Binomial Theorem

31. The Euler-Fermat Theorem For Matrices, Alex S. Davis The Eulerfermat theorem for matrices. Source Duke Math. J. 18, no. 3 (1951),613–617 Primary Subjects 10.0X. Full-text Access granted, by subscription http://projecteuclid.org/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/euclid.dmj/1077476758

Current Issue Past Issues Search this Journal Editorial Board ... Viewing Abstracts with MathML Alex S. Davis The Euler-Fermat theorem for matrices Source: Duke Math. J. Primary Subjects: Full-text: Access denied (no subscription detected) Access to Duke Mathematical Journal is available by subscription only. Please select one of the following options; or to exit this window, click your browser's back button. I am affiliated with an institution and would like to recommend DMJ to my library for subscription I would like to purchase this specific document for $25. Please click the "buy article" button below. Euclid Identifier: euclid.dmj/1077476758 Mathmatical Reviews number (MathSciNet): Zentralblatt Math Identifier: Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1215/S0012-7094-51-01852-2 To Table of Contents for this Issue journals search login ... home

32. MA410 Spring '05 Syllabus Mar 18, Euler s generalization of the little fermat theorem Public key cryptography;the RSA Apr 25, Fermat s last theorem for n=4, ENT §11.2 http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kaltofen/courses/NumberTheory/Spring05/syllabus.html

Outline People Reading Grading ... Homepage MA 410 '05 Syllabus Course Outline Lecture Topic(s) Notes Book(s) 1. Jan 10 Introduction ENT/CINTA 2. Jan 12 Mathematical induction 3. Jan 14 Inductive definition of addition, multiplication, exponentiation Class notes Mon, Jan 17 M. L. King holiday 4. Jan 19 The binomial theorem 5. Jan 21 Divisibility and division with remainder 6. Jan 24 Euclid's algorithm 7. Jan 26 Extended Euclidean algorithm; diophantine linear equations 8. Jan 28 No class (due to extended class time) 9. Jan 31 Continued fractions; Euclid's lemma 10. Feb 2 Fundamental theorem of arithmetic 11. Feb 4 Theorems on primes: Euclid, Chebyshev, Dirichlet, Hadamard/de la Vallee Poussin Green-Tao sequences of equidistant primes ; Barkley Rosser, Lowell Schoenfeld. Approximate formulas of some functions of prime numbers. Illinois J. Math. vol. 6, pp. 6494 (1962). 12. Feb 7 Conjectures on primes: Goldbach, twin, Mersenne, Fermat list of Mersenne primes factors of Fermat numbers 13. Feb 9 Catch-up; review for first exam 14. Feb 11 No class (due to extended class time) 15. Feb 14

33. The View | From The University Of Vermont fermat theorem Mathematician To Launch President’s Lecture Series Andrew Wiles,the Princeton professor who solved Fermat s last theorem, initiated the http://www.uvm.edu/theview/article.php?id=738

34. Fermat's Last Theorem From this it is easy to deduce the n = 4 case of fermat s theorem. To someextent, proving fermat s theorem is like climbing Everest. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Fermat's_last_theorem.htm

Fermat's last theorem Number Theory Index History Topics Index Version for printing Pierre de Fermat died in 1665. Today we think of Fermat as a number theorist, in fact as perhaps the most famous number theorist who ever lived. It is therefore surprising to find that Fermat was in fact a lawyer and only an amateur mathematician. Also surprising is the fact that he published only one mathematical paper in his life, and that was an anonymous article written as an appendix to a colleague's book. There is a statue of Fermat and his muse in his home town of Toulouse: (Click it to see a larger version) Because Fermat refused to publish his work, his friends feared that it would soon be forgotten unless something was done about it. His son, Samuel undertook the task of collecting Fermat 's letters and other mathematical papers, comments written in books, etc. with the object of publishing his father's mathematical ideas. In this way the famous 'Last theorem' came to be published. It was found by Samuel written as a marginal note in his father's copy of Diophantus 's Arithmetica Fermat's Last Theorem states that x n y n z n has no non-zero integer solutions for x y and z when n Fermat wrote I have discovered a truly remarkable proof which this margin is too small to contain.

35. Fermat's Last Theorem -- From MathWorld Similarly, is sufficient to prove fermat s last theorem by considering only Sophie Germain proved the first case of fermat s Last theorem for any odd http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FermatsLastTheorem.html

INDEX Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics ... Alphabetical Index DESTINATIONS About MathWorld About the Author Headline News ... Random Entry CONTACT Contribute an Entry Send a Message to the Team MATHWORLD - IN PRINT Order book from Amazon Number Theory Diophantine Equations Foundations of Mathematics ... Sondow Fermat's Last Theorem Fermat's last theorem is a theorem first proposed by Fermat in the form of a note scribbled in the margin of his copy of the ancient Greek text Arithmetica by Diophantus . The scribbled note was discovered posthumously, and the original is now lost. However, a copy was preserved in a book published by Fermat's son. In the note, Fermat claimed to have discovered a proof that the Diophantine equation has no integer solutions for and The full text of Fermat's statement, written in Latin, reads "Cubum autem in duos cubos, aut quadrato-quadratum in duos quadrato-quadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum ultra quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividere cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi. Hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet" (Nagell 1951, p. 252). In translation, "It is impossible for a cube to be the sum of two cubes, a fourth power to be the sum of two fourth powers, or in general for any number that is a power greater than the second to be the sum of two like powers. I have discovered a truly marvelous demonstration of this proposition that this margin is too narrow to contain." As a result of Fermat's marginal note, the proposition that the

36. Fermat's Little Theorem He also attributes Euler s theorem to fermat. He says later that fermat had 347354) entitled On the converse of fermat s theorem, but the word http://www.spd.dcu.ie/johnbcos/fermat's_little_theorem.htm

Fermat's little theorem Michel Waldschmidt on Fermat Friday 17 th August 2001 was the 400 th anniversary of the birth of Pierre de Fermat , and by way of a personal homage I decided that for the ICTMT5 meeting in Klagenfurt, Austria - held the week prior to Fermat's anniversary - I would offer a talk, using Maple, called Fermat's little theorem . It was never my intention to cover all of my prepared talk in Klagenfurt, and, in the event, I covered less than 0.1% of what I actually prepared. My Maple worksheet (129KB) may be downloaded here , and a (large) html version of it may be downloaded here large because Maple converts all outputs to gif files, and there are 447 of those in the worksheet). I dedicated my lecture to Mark Daly - a former colleague, and friend - as a token of my regard for him. Klaus Barner of Kassel university, Germany, disputes the date of Fermat's birth, and interested persons ought to read his papers: Pierre de Fermat (1601? - 1665) , European Mathematics Society Newsletter No. 42, December 2001 How old did Fermat become? 2001

37. Fermat's Little Theorem With notes on Carmichael numbers and the life of R.D. Carmichael. http://www.pballew.net/FermLit.html

Fermat's Little Theorem   The famous "Last Theorem" for which Fermat is best know by students is not used nearly so often as the one which is remembered as his "little" theorem.  The little theorem is often used in number theory in the testing of large primes and simply states that:  if p is a prime which does not divide a, then a p-1 =1 (mod p) .  In more simple language this says that if p is a prime that is not a factor of a, then when a is multiplied together p-1 times, and the result divided by p, we get a remainder of one.  For example,  if we use a=7 and p=3, the rule says that 7 divided by 3 will have a remainder of one.  In fact 49/3 does have a remainder of one. The theorem was first stated by Fermat in a letter in 1640 without a proof. Euler gave the first published proof in 1736. Here is a link to a proof of the theorem    The theorem is a one direction theorem, what mathematicians call "necessary, but not sufficient".  What that means is that although it is true for all primes, it is not true JUST for primes, and will sometimes be true for other numbers as well.  For example 3

38. The Mathematics Of Fermat's Last Theorem Charles Daney's treatise on fermat's last theorem. HTML, DVI and PS. http://www.mbay.net/~cgd/flt/flt01.htm

The Mathematics of Fermat's Last Theorem Welcome to one of the most fascinating areas of mathematics. There's a fair amount of work involved in understanding even approximately how the recent proof of this theorem was done, but if you like mathematics, you should find it very rewarding. Please let me know by email how you like these pages. I'll fix any errors, of course, and try to improve anything that is too unclear. Enter Good news! Many people have asked whether the following pages of this site are available in a printable or other offline format. Apollo Hogan has generously provided TeX versions of the pages here (as of November 1997). The TeX has been processed into both DVI and PostScript forms for viewing and printing. Just select the FLT Tex Files Link to begin downloading. Another request I receive frequently is for even more detailed information about Wiles' proof. The best reference, of course, is Wiles' own paper, which can be found in the Annals of Mathematics (3), May 1995. Suffice to say, it is very difficult reading. And you'll probably find it only in a good university library.

39. Notes On Fermat's Last Theorem Alf van der Poorten (Wiley, 1996). Contents, reviews. http://www.maths.mq.edu.au/~alf/NotesonFLT.html

Notes on Fermat's Last Theorem Read also the publisher's blurb Alf van der Poorten Notes on Fermat's Last Theorem Canadian Mathematical Society Series of Monographs and Advanced Texts, WileyInterscience , January, 1996 222 + xvi pages ISBN 0-471-06261-8 Library of Congress Call Number QA 244.V36 1996 Everything you've been wanting to ask about number theory and Fermat's Last Theorem but were afraid to admit you didn't know. "Notes on Fermat's Last Theorem" was awarded the Association of American Publishers 1996 Professional/Scholarly Publishing Award for Excellence in Mathematics. Note that a second corrected and mildly revised edition is in preparation. "The poetry far excels that normally found in math books". H W Lenstra "I love the book. Thanks for writing it. If you're ever in the Cotswolds come and stay". K B MD "Hype and false promotion". "Lack of scholarship". Serge Lang "... it should be bedtime reading for every mathematician". Ram Murty "It is well-worth the two stars that the Monthly mini-reviews gave it ('A=B' only got one star)". Doron Zeilberger "... polished, eccentric, opinionated and inspiring ... " Andrew Granville [see

40. Fermat's Last Theorem From this it is easy to deduce the n = 4 case of fermat s theorem. Sophie Germainproved Case 1 of fermat s Last theorem for all n less than 100 and http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PrintHT/Fermat's_last_theorem.html

History topic: Fermat's last theorem Pierre de Fermat died in 1665. Today we think of Fermat as a number theorist, in fact as perhaps the most famous number theorist who ever lived. It is therefore surprising to find that Fermat was in fact a lawyer and only an amateur mathematician. Also surprising is the fact that he published only one mathematical paper in his life, and that was an anonymous article written as an appendix to a colleague's book. Because Fermat refused to publish his work, his friends feared that it would soon be forgotten unless something was done about it. His son, Samuel undertook the task of collecting Fermat's letters and other mathematical papers, comments written in books, etc. with the object of publishing his father's mathematical ideas. In this way the famous 'Last theorem' came to be published. It was found by Samuel written as a marginal note in his father's copy of Diophantus's Arithmetica Fermat's Last Theorem states that x n y n z n has no non-zero integer solutions for x y and z when n I have discovered a truly remarkable proof which this margin is too small to contain.

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