1. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: William Of Ockham Visit New Advent for the Summa Theologica, Church Fathers, Catholic Encyclopediaand more. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15636a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... W > William of Ockham A B C D ... Z William of Ockham Fourteenth-century Scholastic philosopher and controversial writer, born at or near the village of Ockham in Surrey, England, about 1280; died probably at Munich, about 1349. He is said to have studied at Merton College, Oxford, and to have had John Duns Scotus for teacher. At an early age he entered the Order of St. Francis. Towards 1310 he went to Paris, where he may have had Scotus once more for a teacher. About 1320 he became a teacher (magister) at the University of Paris. During this portion of his career he composed his works on Aristotelean Avignon in 1328, but managed to escape and join John of Jandun and Marsilius of Padua, who had taken refuge at the Court of Louis of Bavaria. It was to Louis that he made the boastful offer, "Tu me defendas gladio; ego te defendam calamo". In his controversial writings William of Ockham appears as the advocate of secular absolutism. He denies the right of the popes to exercise temporal power, or to interfere in any way whatever in the affairs of the Empire. He even went so far as to advocate the validity of the adulterous marriage of Louis's son, on the grounds of political expediency, and the absolute power of the State in such matters. In philosophy William advocated a reform of Scholasticism both in method and in content. The aim of this reformation movement in general was simplification. This aim he formulated in the celebrated "Law of Parsimony", commonly called "Ockham's Razor": "Entia non sunt multiplicanda sine necessitate". With this tendency towards simplification was united a very marked tendency towards skepticism a distrust, namely, of the ability of the human mind to reach certitude in the most important problems of philosophy. Thus, in the process of simplification he denied the existence of intentional species, rejected the distinction between essence and existence, and protested against the Thomistic doctrine of active and passive intellect. His skepticism appears in his doctrine that human reason can prove neither the immortality of the soul nor the existence, unity, and infinity of

2. William Of Ockham An overview of Ockham s thought by Paul Vincent Spade. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change AUG The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free William of Ockham 1. Life 1.1 England (c. 1287-1324) 1.2 Avignon (1324-28) 1.3 Munich (1328/29-47) ... Related Entries 1. Life Ockham led an unusually eventful life for a philosopher. As with so many medieval figures who were not prominent when they were born, we know next to nothing about the circumstances of Ockham's birth and early years, and have to estimate dates by extrapolating from known dates of events later in his life. Ockham's life may be divided into three main periods. 1.1 England (c. 1287 Ockham was born, probably in late 1287 or early 1288, in the village of Ockham (= Oak Hamlet) in Surrey, a little to the southwest of London. He probably learned basic Latin at a village school in Ockham or nearby, but this is not certain.

3. British Academy - William Of Ockham: Dialogus An ongoing project to provide william of ockham's Dialogus in Latin and English. The Latin is currently complete. http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/ockdial.html

home contact fellowship funding ... search Related pages: Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi General Author/Title Index Series Index Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi William of Ockham: Dialogus LATIN TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION edited by John Kilcullen, George Knysh, Volker Leppin, John Scott and Jan Ballweg under the auspices of the Medieval Texts Editorial Committee of the British Academy Ockham and the Dialogus Preface Table of Contents ... home

4. Robert Wagner - About William Of Ockham Biography of this philosopher. http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~rwagner/me/ockham.html

Robert Wagner about William of Ockham William of Ockham also called W ILLIAM O CKHAM , Ockham also spelled O CCAM , byname V ENERABILIS I NCEPTOR OCTOR INVINCIBILIS c. Early life After his early training, Ockham took the traditional course of theological studies at the University of Oxford and apparently between 1317 and 1319 lectured on the Sentences Sentences (a commentary known as Ordinatio inceptor baccalaureus formatus. Ockham continued his academic career, apparently in English convents, simultaneously studying points of logic in natural philosophy and participating in theological debates. When he left his country for Avignon, Fr., in the autumn of 1324 at the pope's request, he was acquainted with a university environment shaken not only by disputes but also by the challenging of authority: that of the bishops in doctrinal matters and that of the chancellor of the university, John Lutterell, who was dismissed from his post in 1322 at the demand of the teaching staff. theologicus logicus is Luther’s term). On the one hand, with his passion for logic he insisted on evaluations that are severely rational, on distinctions between the necessary and the incidental and differentiation between evidence and degrees of probability – an insistence that places great trust in man’s natural reason and his human nature. On the other hand, as a theologian he referred to the primary importance of the God of the creed whose omnipotence determines the gratuitous salvation of men; God’s saving action consists of giving without any obligation and is already profusely demonstrated in the creation of nature. The medieval rule of economy, that "plurality should not be assumed without necessity," has come to be known as

5. Nonconformist Church History: William Of Ockham (1285-1347/9) A Nonconformist reading of his theology. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/nch-william-ockham.htm

William of Ockham (1285 - 1347 or 1349) b. 1285, Ockham, Surrey, England d. 1347 or 1349, Munich, Bavaria The Pope can be convicted of heresy, if he solemnly defines an error against the faith and asserts that it should be held by Christians. The small village of Ockham, a few miles from the place where the A3 meets the M25 today, was the birthplace of one of the most influential of all mediæval thinkers, William of Ockham. He was among the first to produce reasoned arguments against the mediæval patterns of church doctrine and authority, seeking to return to the patterns found in the New Testament. Today, his name lives on in "Occam's razor," the name given to a logical principle that simplicity is preferable to complexity. As a young man, William became a Franciscan friar. William's education among the Franciscans included logic, a subject that became a lifelong interest for him. Later, William studied theology at Oxford University, and by his early thirties, he was lecturing there on the Four Books of Sentences of Peter Lombard, a leading 12

6. The Ecole Glossary Brief profile of the originator of Ockham's razor. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/ockham.html

The Ecole Glossary William of Ockham A logician and proponent of nominalism, William of Ockham originated Ockham's razor, a philosophical paring tool that prefers the simplest theory that will explain the observable data. Born c. in Surrey, William was a Franciscan who taught at Oxford until the chancellor John Lutterell accused him of teaching suspect doctrine. John XXII appointed a commission which found 51 propositions questionable but which did not condemn the lecturer. William revised these, and while he was at Oxford and Avignon, he wrote commentary on the Organon of Aristotle and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. William accepted the teachings of the Spiritual Franciscans, who believe that Christ and his Apostles held all property in common and, therefore, poverty was essential to the church. John XXII did not accept these ideas, and William came to see him as a pseudo-pope. William, with two leaders of the Spiritual Franciscans, fled in to the protection of Louis of Bavaria, a papal enemy. John excommunicated William and the others. After John's death in , William sought to reconcile himself with the Roman church; the outcome of these efforts is not known. William died, possibly of the plague, in Munich c.

7. William Of Ockham [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] william of ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and doctor invincibilis, was born at Ockham in 1280 and died in Munich on April 10, 1349. http://www.iep.utm.edu/o/ockham.htm

William of Ockham (d. 1347) Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Life Writings Nominalism Nature of God ... Church and State Life William of Ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and " doctor invincibilis Back to Table of Contents Writings There is no complete edition of the works of Ockham, which can serve as an indicator of the disfavor into which he fell by his rebellious attitude. Although the numerous manuscripts and early printed editions testify to the interest which was felt in his writings. Under the head of philosophical works may be named the Expositio aurea et admodum utilis super totam artem veterem . This work, in the form of commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry, contains Ockham's logic, epistemology, metaphysic, Summa logices, Qucestiones in octo libros physicorum, Summultv in libros physicorum, and two or three works still unprinted. The principal theological work is Quoestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros sententiarum . The first book is much fuller than the other three and is frequently found in manuscripts independent of them. This leads us to believe that Ockham published it before the other three and on a much larger scale. Other theological treatises are the Centiloquium theologicum , "embracing almost the whole of speculative theology under one hundred conclusions," which gives a interesting collection of instances of what rational theology might consider possible.

8. William Of Ockham [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] william of ockham (d. 1347) Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Life. Writings http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. William Of Ockham [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Unsigned article which provides an overview of major concepts in Ockham. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm

William of Ockham (d. 1347) Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Life Writings Nominalism Nature of God ... Church and State Life William of Ockham, the Franciscan school man, nominalist, and " doctor invincibilis Back to Table of Contents Writings There is no complete edition of the works of Ockham, which can serve as an indicator of the disfavor into which he fell by his rebellious attitude. Although the numerous manuscripts and early printed editions testify to the interest which was felt in his writings. Under the head of philosophical works may be named the Expositio aurea et admodum utilis super totam artem veterem . This work, in the form of commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry, contains Ockham's logic, epistemology, metaphysic, Summa logices, Qucestiones in octo libros physicorum, Summultv in libros physicorum, and two or three works still unprinted. The principal theological work is Quoestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros sententiarum . The first book is much fuller than the other three and is frequently found in manuscripts independent of them. This leads us to believe that Ockham published it before the other three and on a much larger scale. Other theological treatises are the Centiloquium theologicum , "embracing almost the whole of speculative theology under one hundred conclusions," which gives a interesting collection of instances of what rational theology might consider possible.

10. Occam's Razor Occam's razor is a logical principle attributed to the mediaeval philosopher William of Occam (or Ockham). http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA William Of Ockham william of ockham. Fourteenthcentury Scholastic philosopher and controversial writer, born at or near the village of Ockham in Surrey, England http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. Archival Information For "William Of Ockham" More results from plato.stanford.edu William of Occamwilliam of ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285,was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=ockham

13. Occam's Razor Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy "william of ockham" Hyman, Arthur and James J. Walsh, Philosophy in the Middle Ages 2nd ed. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. William Of Ockham - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia william of ockham (also Occam or any of several other spellings) (ca. william of ockham bio at University of St Andrews, Scotland; Internet Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham

15. William Of Ockham william of ockham. william of ockham (c. 12871347) is, along with Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus, among the three most prominent figures in http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. Occam's Razor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Walter of Chatton was a contemporary of william of ockham (12871347) who tookexception to Occam s Razor and Ockham s use of it. In response he devised his http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_Razor

Wikimedia needs your help in the final days of its fund drive. See our fundraising page The Red Cross and other charities also need your help. Occam's Razor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Occam's Razor (also spelled Ockham's Razor ), is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English logician and Franciscan friar, William of Ockham . It forms the basis of methodological reductionism , also called the principle of parsimony or law of economy. In its simplest form, Occam's Razor states that one should make no more assumptions than needed. Put into everyday language, it says The simplest explanation is the best When multiple explanations are available for a phenomenon, the simplest version is preferred. For example, a charred tree on the ground could be caused by a landing alien ship or a lightning strike. According to Occam's Razor, the lightning strike is the preferred explanation as it requires the fewest assumptions. However, taking the term simplicity at face value leads to an obviously invalid heuristic which deems theories more likely merely by virtue of being easier to comprehend; the modern usage of the razor leans more towards "simplicity" as the lack of unnecessarily improbable loose ends in a theory in favor of a theory that does a better job of "tying things up". Contents Variations History Justifications Chatton's Anti-razor ... edit Variations The principle is most often expressed as Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem , or "Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity", but this sentence was written by later authors and is not found in Occam's surviving writings. This also applies to

17. Medieval Philosophy A study of Duns Scotus, william of ockham and other fourteenth century philosophers, and of medieval elements in Descartes and other early modern philosophers. Course notes by R.J. Kilcullen. http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/medph.html

Teaching Materials on Medieval Philosophy John Kilcullen Download 1 Download 2 Courses (no longer offered) Course description, Medieval Philosophy Course description, Later Medieval Philosophy Website for Sydney University Course The Medieval Intellectual Tradition Reading Guides Medieval Philosophy: An Introduction Greek Philosophical Background Aristotle on the Web Macquarie Library books on Aristotle ... Medieval elements in Berkeley, Locke and Hume Return to Intellectual History

18. William Of Occam William of Occam Biography. william of ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. Ockham Biography of william of ockham (12881348) william of ockham s name issometimes written William Occam. He is also known as the More than Subtle http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ockham.html

William of Ockham Born: about 1288 in Ockham (near Ripley, Surrey), England Died: 9 April 1348 in Munich, Bavaria (now Germany) Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing William of Ockham 's name is sometimes written William Occam. He is also known as the "More than Subtle Doctor" or the "Venerable Inceptor". Nothing is known of his parents or his early life before he entered the Franciscan order at the age of fourteen. His education was in a Franciscan convent and it was almost certainly the London convent since it acted as the educational centre for the area in which he lived. We do know that he was ordained a subdeacon by the archbishop of Canterbury in Southwark, London, in 1306 which certainly supports him being trained in London. After this some students were sent to Paris for further training, the rest taught at a convent. There is no direct evidence to support which of these alternatives Ockham followed but it must have one of them. He was then sent to Oxford to study for a theological degree. At Oxford Ockham lectured on the Book of Sentences of Peter Lombard. Peter was a 12

20. British Academy - William Of Ockham Dialogus An ongoing project to provide william of ockham's _QUOTATION_Dialogus_QUOTATION_ in Latin and English. The Latin is currently complete. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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