21. Pierre-Laurent Wantzel (II) By Julio Gonzalez Cabillon pierreLaurent wantzel (II) by Julio Gonzalez Cabillon. Born June 5, 1814,pierre-Laurent wantzel was taught by a mere elementary school teacher. http://mathforum.org/epigone/math-history-list/mixsporwun

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22. Mathematical Mysteries: Trisecting The Angle by pierre wantzel, a French mathematician and expert on arithmetic. Despite the fact that wantzel s proof means that we now know that it s http://plus.maths.org/issue7/xfile/

about Plus support Plus ... Plus search plus with google home latest issue explore the archive ... news Permission is granted to print and copy this page on paper for non-commercial use. For other uses, including electronic redistribution, please contact us. Issue 7 January 1999 Contents Features Unspinning the boomerang Bang up a boomerang! Galloping gyroscopes Time and motion ... The origins of proof Career interview Career interview: Games developer Regulars Plus puzzle Pluschat Mystery mix Letters Staffroom Introducing the MMP Geometer's corner International Mathematics Enrichment Conference News from January 1999 ... posters! January 1999 Regulars Mathematical Mysteries: Trisecting the Angle Bisecting a given angle using only a pair of compasses and a straight edge is easy. But trisecting it - dividing it into three equal angles - is in most cases impossible. Why? Bisecting an angle If we have a pair of lines meeting at a point O, and we want to bisect the angle between them, here's how we do it. Bisecting angle AOB using straight edge and compasses.

23. 1837: Information From Answers.com pierre wantzel b. Paris, June 5, 1814, d. Paris, May 21, 1848 proves that itis impossible to trisect an arbitrary angle with compass and straightedge, http://www.answers.com/topic/1837

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Arts Business Entertainment Games ... More... On this page: US Literature Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping In the year Archaeology Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, after heroic labors to read the "Mountain of the Gods" inscription of Darius the Greathundreds of feet above the groundmanages to translate two paragraphs of Persian cuneiform text, 35 years after the obscure Georg Grotefend had accomplished a similar feat. See also 1802 Archaeology 1846 Archaeology Astronomy Johann Franz Encke discovers the small gap in Saturn's outer ring. It is later named after him. See also 1675 Astronomy 1866 Astronomy Mensura Micrometricae ("micrometric measurement") by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve [b. Alton (Germany), April 15, 1793, d. Pulkovo, Russia, November 23, 1864] is the first good catalog of double stars. See also 1802 Astronomy 1892 Astronomy Biology Henri Dutrochet shows that only those parts of plants that contain chlorophyll absorb carbon dioxide and that they do so only in the presence of light. See also 1817 Biology 1865 Biology Theodor Schwann shows that yeast is made of small living organisms, but he is not believed by biologists or chemists, who are finally convinced by the work of Louis Pasteur in 1856 and subsequent years. Schwann also demonstrates that yeast can cause fermentation.

24. Four Problems Of Antiquity The problem had been settled in 1837 by pierre Laurent wantzel (18141848) whohad proven that there was no way to trisect a 60o angle in the classical http://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/antiquity.shtml

Username: Password: Sites for parents Awards Interactive Activities CTK Exchange ... Sites for parents Four Problems Of Antiquity Three geometric questions raised by the early Greek mathematicians attained the status of classical problems in Mathematics. These are: Doubling of the cube Construct a cube whose volume is double that of a given one. Angle trisection Trisect an arbitrary angle. Squaring a circle Construct a square whose area equals that of a given circle. Often another problem is attached to the list: Construct a regular heptagon (a polygon with 7 sides.) The problems are legendary not because they did not have solutions, or the solutions they had were unusually hard. No, numerous simple solutions have been found yet by Greek mathematicians. The problem was in that all known solutions violated an important condition for this kind of problems, one condition imposed by the Greek mathematicians themselves: Valid solutions to the construction problems are assumed to consist of a finite number of steps of only two kinds: drawing a straight line with a ruler (or rather a straightedge as no marks are allowed on the ruler) and drawing a circle. You are referred to solutions of problems and as examples of existent solutions. That no solution exists subject to the self-imposed constraints have been proven only in the 19th century.

25. Johns Hopkins Magazine February 1999 named pierre Louis wantzel finally cracked the angle trisection problem. wantzel s proof involves showing that the algebraic powers of a compass and http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/0299web/degree.html

FEBRUARY 1999 CONTENTS What is the most difficult instrument to master? Cosmological conundrum to crack? We asked a half dozen Johns Hopkins experts to share the biggest challenge of their discipline. S P E C I A L S E C T I O N Degrees of Difficulty Illustration by Wally Neibart What is the most difficult language to learn? What is the most difficult math problem to solve? What is the most difficult cosmological conundrum to crack? ... What is the most difficult procedure to perform? What is the most difficult language to learn? Richard Brecht Deputy Director, National Foreign Language Center Japanese is without question the most daunting language for a native English speaker to tackle, according to Brecht. "I would like to learn Japanese but I don't have enough time in my lifetime. That's very depressing," says the linguist, whose center is based at Hopkins's Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) . He notes that the State Department allows its students three times as long to learn Japanese as it does languages like Spanish or French. As Brecht explains it, the challenge with Japanese is threefold. First, there's the fact that the Japanese written code is different from the spoken code. "Therefore, you can't learn to speak the language by learning to read it," and vice versa. What's more, there are three different writing systems to master. The kanji system uses characters borrowed from Chinese. Users need to learn 10,000 to 15,000 of these characters through rote memorization; there are no mnemonic devices to help. Written Japanese also makes use of two syllabary systems: kata-kana for loan words and emphasis, and hira-gana for spelling suffixes and grammatical particles.

26. References For Wantzel References for pierre Laurent wantzel. Articles F Cajori, pierre Laurentwantzel, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 24 (1) (1917), 339347. http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/~DZ5844.htm

27. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page John (553*) Wall, C Terence (545*) Wallace, William (261*) Wallis, John (784*) Wang,Hsien Chung (649) Wangerin, Albert (46*) wantzel, pierre (1020) Waring http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Flllph.htm

28. Constructible Polygon -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article that this condition was also (Anything indispensable) necessary, but he offeredno proof of this fact, which was proved by pierre wantzel in (1836). http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/c/co/constructible_polygon.htm

Constructible polygon In mathematics, a constructible polygon is a (A polygon with all sides and all angles equal) regular polygon that can be constructed with (Click link for more info and facts about compass and straightedge) compass and straightedge . For example, a regular (The United States military establishment) pentagon is constructible with compass and straightedge while a regular (A seven-sided polygon) heptagon is not. Conditions for constructibility Some regular polygons are easy to construct with compass and straightedge; others are not. This led to the question being posed: is it possible to construct all regular n -gons with compass and straightedge? If not, which n -gons are constructible and which are not? (Click link for more info and facts about Carl Friedrich Gauss) Carl Friedrich Gauss proved the constructibility of the regular (Click link for more info and facts about 17-gon) 17-gon in 1796. Five years later, he developed the theory of (Click link for more info and facts about Gaussian period) Gaussian period s in his (Click link for more info and facts about Disquisitiones Arithmeticae) Disquisitiones Arithmeticae . This theory allowed him to formulate a (Click link for more info and facts about sufficient condition) sufficient condition for the constructibility of regular polygons: A regular n -gon can be constructed with compass and straightedge if n is the product of a power of 2 and any number of distinct (Click link for more info and facts about Fermat prime) Fermat prime s.

29. Links: Henry Darcy And His Law Jules Regnault (17971863) (in French); Jean Claude Barre deSaint-Venant (1787-1886); pierre Laurent wantzel (1814-1848). Engineering HistorySites http://biosystems.okstate.edu/darcy/Links.htm

Henry Darcy and His Law Links Henry Darcy Main Darcy Not much is on the web about Darcy. Here are a few sites of note. The European Geophysical Society's biography on Darcy. http://www.mpae.gwdg.de/EGS/egs_info/darcy.htm Darcy Biography from the Best in Dijon (in French). (This page makes a couple curious statements.) http://perso.club-internet.fr/dijon21/darc.htm Main page: http://www.enpc.fr/ History page: http://www.enpc.fr/Comm/PAGES/HISTORIQUE.htm#perronet Or, L'Ecole Polytechnique Main page: http://www.polytechnique.fr/ History page: http://www.polytechnique.fr/infoEcole/historique/brevehistoire.html http://www.academie-sciences.fr/ Visit Ville Dijon: A tourist site http://www.visit.ie/countries/fr/dijon/ or a commercial site http://www.ifrance.com/dijon/index.htm or the official city page http://www.ville-dijon.fr/ Darcy's Law Okke Batelaan's list of most influential ground-water papers and books. http://pop.vub.ac.be/~batelaan/bestpaper.html Pierre Ossian Bonnet Augustin Louis Cauchy Benoit Paul Emile Clapeyron ... Jules Regnault (1797-1863) (in French) Jean Claude Barre de Saint-Venant Pierre Laurent Wantzel Engineering History Sites Links to other interesting sites.

30. MathLove In the 19th century, pierre wantzel was the first to prove that trisecting anangle could not be solved with a ruler and compasses. ¡Ü Introduction http://www.mathlove.com/new3/tools/detail.php?pid=TTA08

31. Akolad News| Romain in 1837, a French mathematician named pierre wantzel proclaimed that it was But the Romain triangle disproves wantzel. You can t have it both ways. http://www.akolad.com/news/romain.htm

Haitian Math Whiz May Have Unraveled Age-old Geometry Mystery HAITI PROGRES ( http://www.haiti-progres.com), October 9 - 15, 2002 Vol. 20, No. 30 by Kim Ives PHOTO: : Leon Romain has devised a theorem for trisecting any angle, one of geometry's great puzzles. If he is right, it could change your life. So far, nobody has proved him wrong Around 450 B.C., the Greek mathematician, Hippias of Ellis, began searching for a way to trisect an angle. Over 2000 years later, in 1837, a French mathematician named Pierre Wantzel proclaimed that it was impossible to trisect an angle using just a compass and a straightedge, the only tools allowed in geometric construction. But now, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, a Haitian computer program designer, Leon Romain, claims he has proven, with a "missing theorem," that it is possible to trisect an angle with those simple tools, disproving Wantzel's assertion and exploding centuries of mathematical gospel. "This discovery shows us that the notions that every mathematician has held for the past 200 years as absolute certainty are actually false," Romain told Haiti Progres. "The mathematical and even philosophical ramifications are huge."

32. The Classical Greek Problems In 1837 pierre wantzel proved that the classical Greek problem of a squaring acube could not be solved with the restriction of using only straight lines http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/classical.html

The Classical Greek Problems Patricia DiJoseph There were three problems that the ancient Greeks (600BC to 400AD) tried unsuccssfully to solve by Euclidean methods, all of which were proven unsolvable by these means as much as two thousand years later, as a result of progress in algebra, and the idea of analytic geometry in the sense of Descartes. The Greeks wanted to solve these problems using only a Euclidean constructions, or as they themselves called them, "plane" methods. Though they were never able to do so ( as they cannot be done this way, they did find a series of remarkably clever constructions using more powerful techniques, involving so-called "solid" and "mechanical" methods, as well as a technique called "verging". Then, in the 19th century, the impossibility of finding purely Euclidean constructions for these problems was finally proved. The three classical Greek problems were problems of geometry: doubling the cube, angle trisection, and squaring a circle. Duplication of the cube is the problem of determining the length of the sides of a cube whose volume is double that of a given c ube. A cube by definition is a three dimensional shape comprised of a height, width, and depth all of the same magnitude s. To find its volume, one multiplies the length (s) by the width (s) and then by the depth (s): the volume is s(s(s or s3. Diagram not converted, here and below

33. The Problem Of Angle Trisection In Antiquity The first person to prove its impossibility results was pierre Laurent wantzel, In wantzel s paper he proved the impossibility of the solution under http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/436-s00/Papers2000/jackter.html

The Problem of Angle Trisection in Antiquity A. Jackter History of Mathematics Rutgers, Spring 2000 The problem of trisecting an angle was posed by the Greeks in antiquity. For centuries mathematicians sought a Euclidean construction, using "ruler and compass" methods, as well as taking a number of other approaches: exact solutions by means of auxiliary curves, and approximate solutions by Euclidean methods. The most influential mathematicians to take up the problem were the Greeks Hippias, Archimedes, and Nicomedes. The early work on this problem exhibits every imaginable grade of skill, ranging from the most futile attempts, to excellent approximate solutions, as well as ingenious solutions by the use of "higher" curves [Hobson]. Mathematicians eventually came to the empirical conclusion that this problem could not be solved via purely Euclidean constructions, but this raised a deeper problem: the need for a proof of its impossibility under the stated restriction. The trisection of an angle, or, more generally, dividing an angle into any number of equal parts, is a natural extension of the problem of the bisection of an angle, which was solved in ancient times. Euclid's solution to the problem of angle bisection, as given in his Elements , is as follows: To bisect a given rectilineal angle: Let the angle BAC be the given rectilineal angle. Thus it is required to bisect it. Let a point D be taken at random on AB; let AE be cut off from AC equal to AD; let DE be joined, and on DE let the equilateral triangle DEF be constructed; let AF be joined. I say that the straight line AF has bisected the angle BAC. For, since AD is equal to AE, and AF is common, the two sides DA, AF are equal to the two sides EA, AF respectively. And the base DF is equal to the base EF; therefore the angle DAF is equal to the angle EAF. Therefore the given rectilineal angle BAC has been bisected by the straight line AF

34. MathsNet: Geometric Construction Course - Classic Problems Of Geometry In 1837 pierre Laurent wantzel (born 1814 in Paris, France; died 1848 in Paris)published proofs on the means of deciding if a geometric problem can be http://www.mathsnet.net/campus/construction/classic2.html

Thinking Classic Tech lassic problems To double the cube 1. Double the square Note It is impossible to construct a cube whose volume is twice that of a given volume. The reason is to do with the solutions of cubic equations. In 1837 Pierre Laurent Wantzel (born: 1814 in Paris, France; died: 1848 in Paris) published proofs on the means of deciding if a geometric problem can be solved with ruler and compasses. Gauss had stated that the problems of duplicating a cube and trisecting an angle could not be solved with ruler and compasses but he gave no proofs. In this 1837 paper Wantzel was the first to prove these results.

35. Ruler-and-compass Construction - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Gauss conjectured that this condition was also necessary, but he offered no proofof this fact, which was proved by pierre wantzel? in (1836). http://www.xahlee.org/_p/wiki/Trisecting_the_angle.html

Ruler-and-compass construction From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Trisecting the angle A number of ancient problems in geometry involve the construction of lengths or angles using only an idealized ruler and compass , or more properly a straightedge and compass The most famous ruler-and-compass problems have been proven impossible, in several cases by the results of Galois theory . In spite of these impossibility proofs, some mathematical novices persist in trying to solve these problems. Many of them fail to understand that many of these problems are trivially solvable provided that other geometric transformations are allowed: for example, squaring the circle is possible using geometric constructions, but not possible using ruler and compass alone. Mathematician Underwood Dudley has made a sideline of collecting false ruler-and-compass proofs, as well as other work by mathematical cranks , and has collected them into several books. Contents show hide 1 Ruler and compass 2 Constructible points and lengths ... edit Ruler and compass The "ruler" and "compass" of ruler-and-compass constructions is an idealization of rulers and compasses in the real world: The ruler is infinitely long, but it has no markings on it and has only one edge (thus making it a

36. Resonance: India, Pakistan Make Progress In 1837 the French mathematician pierre wantzel proved the impossibility oftrisecting the angle with straightedge(unmarked) and compass alone . http://www.brianarner.com/weblog/archives/000648.html

Resonance An Unauthorized Free-Speech Zone Main February 18, 2004 India, Pakistan Make Progress The Middle East has taught us not to get too excited over a "road map," but news from South Asia looks encouraging Pakistan and India today laid out a timetable for peace talks on a wide range of topics, including the key issues of Kashmir, nuclear safeguards and terrorism. A series of mid-level meetings will begin directly after the Indian elections in April, culminating in a summit in August between the two nations' foreign ministers. "We do have a basic road map for a Pakistan-India peace process to which we have both agreed," the senior official in Pakistan's foreign ministry, Riaz Khokhar, told reporters at the conclusion of the talks. Even before the Indian elections, technical-level talks will be held on transport links and other issues, Mr Khokhar said after a face-to-face meeting with his Indian counterpart, Shashank. "We feel that the atmosphere is much better," he said. "There is a realisation on both sides that war is not an option." Hopefully a terrorist group won't pop up and derail things.

37. References For Wantzel References for pierre wantzel. Articles F Cajori, pierre Laurent wantzel,Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 24 (1) (1917), 339347. A de Lapparent http://202.38.126.65/mirror/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/References/Want

38. Kabila, Laurent --  Encyclopædia Britannica pierre Laurent wantzel University of St.Andrews Biographical sketch of this 19thcentury French mathematician known for solving equations by radicals. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9343230

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Laurent Kabila Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Kabila, Laurent  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 Laurent Kabila born 1939, Jadotville, Belgian Congo [now Likasi, Democratic Republic of the Congo] died January 18?, 2001 in full Laurent Desire Kabila leader of a rebellion that overthrew President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire in May 1997. He subsequently became president and restored the country's former name, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kabila, Laurent...

39. Constructible Polygon he offered no proof of this fact, which was proved by pierre wantzel in (1836) . wantzel s result comes down to a calculation showing that φ(n) is a http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/Constructible-polygon.wikipedia

Constructible polygon Regular View Dictionary View (all words explained) Algebra Help my dictionary with pronunciation , wikipedia etc Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$180,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Constructible polygon In mathematics, a constructible polygon is a regular polygon that can be constructed with compass and straightedge . For example, a regular pentagon is constructible with compass and straightedge while a regular heptagon is not. Contents Conditions for constructibility General theory Detailed results in terms of Fermat primes Compass-and-straightedge constructions ... External links Conditions for constructibility Some regular polygons are easy to construct with compass and straightedge; others are not. This led to the question being posed: is it possible to construct all regular n -gons with compass and straightedge? If not, which n -gons are constructible and which are not? Carl Friedrich Gauss proved the constructibility of the regular 17-gon in 1796. Five years later, he developed the theory of

40. References For Wantzel References for pierre wantzel. Version for printing Articles F Cajori, pierreLaurent wantzel, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 24 (1) (1917), 339347. http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/References/Wantzel.html

References for Pierre Wantzel Version for printing Articles: F Cajori, Pierre Laurent Wantzel, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. A de Lapparent, G Pinet, Ecrivains et Penseurs Polytechniciens (Paris, 1902), 20. Saint-Venant, Biographie: Wantzel, Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR April 1997 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Wantzel.html

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