21. References For Vlacq References for adriaan vlacq. Version for printing C de Waard, vlacq (adriaan),Nieuw nederlandsch biographisch woordenboek 11 (1912), 15031506. http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Vlacq.html

References for Adriaan Vlacq Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Articles: Janus J W L Glaisher, Early Logarithmic Tables, Philosophical Magazine J W L Glaisher, Early Logarithmic Tables, Philosophical Magazine C de Waard, Vlacq (Adriaan), Nieuw nederlandsch biographisch woordenboek Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR December 1996 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Vlacq.html

22. List Of Scientists By Field Translate this page vlacq, adriaan. vlacq, adriaan. Vlerk, Isaäk Martinus van der. Vlerk, IsaäkMartinus van der. Voeykov, Aleksandr Ivanovich. Voeykov, Aleksandr Ivanovich http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/v.html

Vagner, Egor Egorovich Vailati, Giovanni Vailati, Giovanni Valenciennes, Achille Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Valentine, Basil Valentine, Basil Valerio, Luca Vallisnieri, Antonio Vallisnieri, Antonio Valmont de Bomare, Jacques- Christophe Valmont de Bomare, Jacques- Christophe Valsalva, Anton Maria Valsalva, Anton Maria Valturio, Roberto Valturio, Roberto Valverde, Juan de Valverde, Juan de Van de Graaff, Robert Jemison Van Hise, Charles Richard Van Leckwijck, William Van Slyke, Donald Dexter Van Slyke, Donald Dexter Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck Vandiver, Harry Schultz Vanini, Giulio Cesare Van't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Vanuxem, Lardner Varenius, Bernhardus Varignon, Pierre Varignon, Pierre Varolio, Costanzo Varro, Marcus Terentius Varro, Marcus Terentius Vassale, Giulio Vastarini-Cresi, Giovanni Vastarini-Cresi, Giovanni Vauquelin, Nicolas Louis Vavilov, Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov, Sergey Ivanovich Veblen, Oswald Vegard, Lars Vegard, Lars Veksler, Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler, Vladimir Iosifovich Venetz, Ignatz

23. New Dictionary Of Scientific Biography Translate this page vlacq, adriaan Volkmann, Paul Oskar Eduard Volney, Constantin-François Chasse-BoeufVoltaire, François Marie Arouet de Walch, Johann Ernst Immanuel http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/his.html

Make Suggestions History/Learning/Dissemination of Knowledge Abano, Pietro d' ?Abbas Ibn Firnas Abney, William de Wiveleslie Abu'l-Fida? Isma?il Ibn ?Ali Ibn Ma?mud Ibn Ayyub, ?Imad al-Din Acosta, Cristóbal Adanson, Michel Alberti, Leone Battista Alcuin of York Alfonso El Sabio Alzate y Ramírez, José Antonio Ameghino, Florentino Andreae, Johann Valentin Anthemius of Tralles Anuchin, Dmitrii Nikolaevich Apelt, Ernst Friedrich Aquinas, Saint Thomas Argenville, Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d' Armstrong, Henry Edward Arnauld, Antoine Atwater, Wilbur Olin Azara, Félix de Bacon, Roger Baird, Spencer Fullerton Bartolotti, Gian Giacomo Barton, Benjamin Smith Bassi, Agostino Maria Bates, Henry Walter Bauer, Ferdinand Lucas Bauer, Franz Andreas Beringer, Johann Bartholomaeus Adam Berkner, Lloyd Viel Bert, Paul Bessey, Charles Edwin Bigourdan, Camille Guillaume Biruni, Abu Ray?an al- Bjerrum, Niels Janniksen Blanc, Alberto-Carlo Blondel, Nicolas-François Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich Blyth, Edward

24. Bibliography - Published Works Vincentio impugnata fuit (adriaan vlacq, HagaeComitum = The Hague, 1656). Chr.Hugenii de Saturni lunâ observatio nova (adriaan vlacq, Hag. Com. http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/hug_biblio1_en.htm

Works of Christiaan Huygens published during his lifetime or as a consequence of his last will Introduction Divers ouvrages de mathématique et de physique Introduction One should be aware that as an overview of Huygens' work and influence, a mere list of his publications is only of relative value. In many cases, Huygens was rather slow to publish his discoveries, or simply to finish something off. Several writings only saw the light many years after they had been conceived and some works Huygens planned to write were never printed during his lifetime. This is the case for instance for his work on centrifugal force, which is presently considered one of his greatest achievements, and for his treatise on dioptrics. However, this does not mean that the works he kept in manuscript remained totally unknown. The printed word was decidedly less important as a means of communication in the seventeenth century than it is nowadays. Learned correspondence between scholars or communications to scientific academies had something of a 'public' character as well. Huygens waged an intensive correspondence with many scholars at home and abroad, and for many years was a leading member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. Moreover, one should keep in mind that Huygens was not just a theoretician, but also a very competent maker and inventor of instruments and other apparatus: clocks, telescopes, air-pumps, planetaria, and so on. Much of his theoretical work was related to these more practical activities, and his inventions often were based on elaborate theoretical considerations. Thus, Huygens influence went not only by the printed word. Much of it was embodied in instruments and designs. Some of these were officially registered by patents.

25. Huygensweb In this pamphlet, printed on 5 March 1656 in Den Haag by adriaan vlacq, ChristiaanHuygens announced his discovery (made nearly a year earlier) of a moon http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/saturni_luna_en.htm

DE SATURNI LUNA OBSERVATIO NOVA (1656) In this pamphlet, printed on 5 March 1656 in Den Haag by Adriaan Vlacq, Christiaan Huygens announced his discovery (made nearly a year earlier) of a moon orbiting around Saturn, at that time the outermost known planet in our solar system. During the months when he followed the planet and its moon he also found an explanation for the mysterious appendices that several astronomers had claimed to see in their telescopes. However, when Christiaan Huygens published his discovery of Saturn's moon, he felt that he needed more observations before he could confidently announce his second great discovery about Saturn. He therefore choose to announce his hypothesis in the form of an anagram, the solution of which he would later reveal in a more detailed study on the planet Saturn No copies are known to exist of the original pamphlet that Christiaan Huygens sent to his correspondents and friends. However, the text of the pamphlet was also inserted by the printer Adriaan Vlacq at the end of the book by Pierre Borel on the invention of the telescope ( De vero telescopii inventore ) that was published later in the year.

26. Mathematicians In Richard S. Westfall S Archive vlacq, adriaan; Wallis, John; Whiston, William; Wilkins, John; Wren, Christopher.Welcome page, Biographies Index. History Topics Index, Famous curves index. http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Wstfllls.htm

27. Logarithm adriaan vlacq published a 10place table for values from 1 to 100000 in 1628,adding the 70000 values. Both Briggs and vlacq engaged in setting up log http://www.thocp.net/reference/sciences/mathematics/logarithm_hist.htm

Logarithm you are here: Sciences Mathematics Many students when using logarithms, only memorize the rules, without fully understanding their concept. The basic concept of logarithms can be expressed as a shortcut. Multiplication is a shortcut for Addition: 3 x 5 means 5 + 5 + 5 Exponents are a shortcut for Multiplication: 4^3 means 4 x 4 x 4 Logarithms are a shortcut for Exponents: 10^2 = 100 The present definition of the logarithm is the exponent or power to which a stated number, called the base, is raised to yield a specific number. The logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2 This is written: log 10 100 = 2 Many people throughout time have been accredited with the production and development of logarithms. However, there is one man who is responsible for the invention of the logarithm. That man is the Scotsman, John Napier . Napier is placed within a short lineage of mathematical thinkers beginning with Archimedes and more recent geniuses, Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. Short bio of John Napier Napier not only "invented" logarithms, he had many other achievements in his lifetime. Among these accomplishments were revolutionary methods for tilling and fertilizing soil and a number of "Secret Inventions" to defend his country from Philip of Spain. These inventions include the round chariot with firepower and heavy protection (the idea behind the tank); an underwater ship (the submarine); and an artillery piece which would mow down a field of soldiers (the machine gun). It is rumored that while testing his machine gun, he took out an entire flock of sheep in a pasture outside of his estate. After witnessing the destructive power his invention possessed, he swore never to make another gun or give the information on how to make one to anyone.

28. Science And Technology adriaan vlacq Tables de sinus, tangentes, secantes, et de logarithmes The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of adriaan vlacq (1600 ­ 1666), http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/excat/berlin/science.html

catalog worldcat using the library electronic resources ... The Berlin Collection Science and Technology SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Diophantos of Alexandria Arithmeticorum libri sex, et de numeris multangulis liber unus Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy, 1621 The Greek mathematician, Diophantos of Alexandria, one of the greatest algebraists in history, composed his Arithmetica in the second half of the third century A.D. Only six of the original thirteen books of this earliest extant work on algebra have survived, along with his tract on polygonal numbers. Some of the problems found in the Arithmetica result in various forms of determinate equations; the majority, however, lead to indeterminate equations (hence indeterminate analysis is often termed "Diophantine analysis"). While Latin translations of Diophantos had appeared as early as 1572, the Greek text was not available until Claude-Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac issued this edition in both Greek and Latin at Paris in 1621. Regiomontanus Kalendarium Augsburg: Erhard Ratdolt, 1489 Image Complete Digital Version Kalendarium

29. Rare Mathematics Titles vlacq, adriaan. Tables de sinus tangentes, secantes et de, 1651. Ward, Seth,,Idea trigonometriae demonstratae in usum, 1654 http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/rarebook/science/math2.htm

From: A Treatise of the System of the World. By Isaac Newton. London, 1728. MATHEMATICS Date Author Index Library Catalog Fine, Oronce, Orontii Finaei Delphinatis, regii mathemat Archimedes. Archimedis opera non nvlla Euclid. De gli Elementi d'Euclide libri quindici Vicentino, Silvio Be Quattro libri geometrici Oughtred, William, Arithmeticae in numeris et speciebus insti Potter, Francis, An interpretation of the number 666. Bassi, D. Giulio. Dell' arimmetica pratica Vossius, Gerardus Jo Gerardi Ioannis Vossii De qvatvor artibvs Vlacq, Adriaan. Tables de sinus tangentes, secantes: et de Ward, Seth, Idea trigonometriae demonstratae : in usum Angeli, Stefano degl Problemata geometrica sexaginta. Circa con Euclid. Euclid's elements of geometry / In XV. Bo Barrow, Isaac, Lectio reverendi et doctissimi viri D. Isa Euclid. Euclidis Elementorum libri XV breviter dem Davila y Heredia, An Demostrar la inteligencia de Archimedes, q Ozanam, Jacques, Tables des sinus, tangentes et secantes; e Euclid.

30. Rare Mathematics Titles vlacq, adriaan. Tables de sinus tangentes, secantes et de, 1651. Vossius, GerardusJo, Gerardi Ioannis Vossii De qvatvor artibvs, 1650 http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/rarebook/science/math.htm

From: A Treatise of the System of the World. By Isaac Newton. London, 1728. MATHEMATICS Author Date Index Library Catalog Agnesi, Maria Gaetan Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della giove Allaize, Cours de mathematiques, a l'usage des ecol Angeli, Stefano degl Problemata geometrica sexaginta. Circa con Archimedes. Archimedis opera non nvlla Barnes, William, A few words on the advantages of a more co Barnes, William, A mathematical investigation of the princi Barrow, Isaac, Lectio reverendi et doctissimi viri D. Isa Bassi, D. Giulio. Dell' arimmetica pratica Bernoulli, Jean, Johannis Bernoulli ... Opera omnia, tam an Carisi, Pellegrino F Scuola d'aritmetica pratica Clark, Samuel, The laws of chance : or, A mathematical in Colburn, Warren, Arithmetic : being a sequel to First lesso Condorcet, Jean-Anto Essai sur l'application de l'analyse a la Davila y Heredia, An Demostrar la inteligencia de Archimedes, q Dilworth, Thomas, The schoolmasters assistant. Dupin, Charles, Mathematics practically applied to the use Euclid.

31. History, Scientific Terms, Nomenclature, Etc. - Numericana The gap was closed by the Dutch publisher adriaan vlacq (16001667), whose resultswere included in the second (1628) edition of Arithmetica Logarithmica, http://home.att.net/~numericana/answer/culture.htm

home index units counting ... physics Final Answers , Ph.D. History and Nomenclature Earliest mathematics on record . Before Thales was Euphorbe... Indian numeration became a positional system with the introduction of zero Roman numerals are awkward for larger numbers. Roman numerals : Unabridged discussion. The invention of logarithms The earliest mechanical calculator (s), by W. Shickard (1623) or Pascal (1642). The Fahrenheit Scale was meant to be the normal body temperature. The origin of the word "algebra" , and also that of "algorithm". The name of the avoirdupois system : Borrowed from French in a pristine form. The names of operands in common numerical operations. The names of "lines" : Vinculum, bar, solidus, virgule, slash. Long Division : Cultural differences in writing the details of a division process. Is a parallelogram a trapezoid ? In a mathematical context [only?], yes it is... Naming polygons . Greek only please; use hendecagon not "undecagon". Chemical nomenclature : Basic sequential names ( systematic and/or traditional). Fractional Prefixes hemi sesqui or weirder hemipenta hemisesqui Matches , phosphorus, and phosphorus sesquisulphide Zillion . Naming large numbers. Zillionplex . Naming huge numbers.

32. Reciprocal Links In 2001 - Numericana Nicolas Chuquet (14451488), adriaan vlacq (1600-1667), Pierre Rémond deMontmort (1678-1719), Topology Section of the Surfable Books Project. http://home.att.net/~numericana/answer/2001.htm

home index units counting ... physics 2001 Reciprocal Links Pages which quoted Numericana.com in 2001 (most recent first). [ See Index or Archives for newer backlinks. ] Midterm Answer Key for by U. of Toronto Mathpuzzle.com (look for "Wilson's Corollary") by Ed Pegg Jr. (2001-12-11). December 2001 archived post on Joe Maller's Home Page EDSE 4251: Secondary Math Methods from the University of Wyoming College of Education Thanks for the "great" comment! Another link in the "letter equations" page: 12 M in a Y Math 151 - Section 21 University of Chicago Moon Duchin ... Math 4 and Math 5 in Joe's Home Page by Joe Kool Neils's Links ; about "Counting Polyhedra" (2001-10-25). Re: Billions and Billions of Stars " and another contribution by Stearic acid / Steric acid : Question from Sven Petersson (2001-08-28). Re: Somme in "it.scienza.matematica"; Green Eggs Report Ask Dr. Math Euler's Formula for a Torus (Dr. Peterson, Ask Dr. Math Bar over a Whole Number (Doctor Douglas, 2001-06-05). geometry.net Baudhayana Apastamba Thales of Miletus ... Topology Section of the Surfable Books Project Favorite folder dump of History of Mathematics by Crassandra Cooper ( IIT 's SMART program Neohapsis The Mail Archive ... Security Focus Re: fast alg for calculating factorial mod m (Sandy Harris, 2001-05-16).

33. Original Documents On The History Of Calculators Edition translated from Latin by Edward Wright. external site; adriaan vlacq, Eerstedeel van de nievwe Telkonst , an oldDutch translation of John http://www.geocities.com/andriesdeman/

Original Documents on the History of Calculators This site contains HTML-versions of some original documents related to the early history of calculators. For more information on the history of calculators, see Erez Kaplan's Calculating Machines , the pre-HP section of Dave Hicks' Museum of HP Calculators and James Redin's Vintage Calculators (and their lists of links). If you are interested in the more recent history of computers, check out the document collections of Ed Thelen and the Computer History Museum An extensive German source is the Rechnerlexikon External sites are labeled as: The Making of America Gallica at the BNF : other external site Sound-alike matching   Curta (and related machines) Curta manual Early Contina and Curta brochures (translated from French) German Patents and ; and US Patents another CURTA manual , posted by Rick Furr. CURTA article from Product Engineering magazine October 1952 , posted by Rick Furr. Computing Examples for the CURTA Calculating Machine Hamann: US Patent Hamann: German Patent Haack: German Patent Karl Holecek: " Neue Konstruktive Wege im Rechenmaschinenbau Feinwerktechnik Other stepped drum calculators G.G. L[eibniz]

34. The Galileo Project vlacq Vlack, Vlaccus, adriaan. 1. Dates Born Gouda, 1600 Died The Hague,late 1666 or early 1667 Dateinfo Death Uncertain Lifespan 67; 2. http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vlacq.html

Vlacq [Vlack, Vlaccus], Adriaan 1. Dates Born: Gouda, 1600 Died: The Hague, late 1666 or early 1667 Dateinfo: Death Uncertain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: Unknown The sources say only that he was from a well-to-do family. Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek says that the family had furnished many members to the city government. I accept the statement that they were well-to-do. 3. Nationality Birth: Dutch Career: Dutch, English, French Death: Dutch 4. Education Schooling: No University There is no mention of any university education. 5. Religion Affiliation: Calvinist (assumed) 6. Scientific Disciplines Primary: Mathematics With a local surveyor he translated and published the new concept of logarithms in the 1620's. In 1628 he published the first full table of logs to base 10 from 1 to 100,000, calculated to ten places. As nearly as I can find out, this heroic task has never been repeated. All subsequent log tables are copies of Vlacq's. In 1633 he also published tables of the logs of the trigonometric functions. 7. Means of Support

35. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians Antoine de Lalouvère (16001664) *SB *RB *W; adriaan vlacq (Vlaccus) (1600-1667) *W *W;Pierre de Carcavi (c. 1600-1684) *SB *W; Florimond Debeaune http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

36. From Euclid To Newton adriaan vlacq (16001667) Arithmetica logarithma sive logarithmorum chiliades Ezechiel de Decker, a Dutch surveyor, and adriaan vlacq, a bookseller and http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/exhibits/math/nofr.html

From Euclid to Newton: An Exhibition in Honor of the 1999 Conference of the Mathematical Association of America Math Exhibit Home Exhibits Home Euclid (ca. 326-265 BC) Archimedes (ca. 287-212 BC) Apollonius of Perga (ca. 260-200 BC) Nichomachus of Gerasa (ca. 100) Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 85-165) Diophantus of Alexandria (ca. 200-284) Pappus of Alexandria (ca. 300-350) Proclus (ca. 410-485) Boethius (ca. 480-524) Thomas Bradwardine (ca. 1290-1349) Girolamo Cardano Robert Recorde Johann MŸller of Kšnigsberg called Regiomontanus Franois Vite John Napier Henry Briggs Adriaan Vlacq ... Bonaventura Cavalieri (ca. 1598-1647) Christiaan Huygens RenŽ Descartes Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz Sir Isaac Newton ... Guillaume Franois Antoine l'Hospital, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme TOP Euclid Brown University Library possess a copy of each sixteenth-century translation of Euclid's Elements of Geometry into a modern language. These vernacular editions, grouped around the first Latin edition of 1482, are displayed in chronological sequence, from 1533 (Greek) to 1594 (Arabic). All copies are opened at Book I, proposition 47, "Pythagoras' Theorem," which asserts: "In right-angled triangles the square of the side opposite the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides containing the right angle." Most of the translations provide proof of this equation (a

37. History Of Math: Author List adriaan vlacq (16001667) Ludolph van Ceulen (1539-1610) Simon Stevin (1548-1620)Thomas Hariot (1560-1621) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Benedetto Castelli http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/exhibits/math/authorfr.html

Euclid (ca. 326-265 BC) Archimedes (ca. 287-212 BC) Apollonius of Perga (ca. 260-200 BC) Nichomachus of Gerasa (ca. 100) Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 85-165) Diophantus of Alexandria (ca. 200-284) Pappus of Alexandria (ca. 300-350) Proclus (ca. 410-485) Boethius (ca. 480-524) Thomas Bradwardine (ca. 1290-1349) Girolamo Cardano Robert Recorde Johann MŸller of Kšnigsberg called Regiomontanus Franois Vite John Napier Henry Briggs Adriaan Vlacq ... Bonaventura Cavalieri (ca. 1598-1647) Christiaan Huygens RenŽ Descartes Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz Sir Isaac Newton ... Guillaume Franois Antoine l'Hospital, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme

38. References For Vlacq References for adriaan vlacq. Biography 382. C de Waard, vlacq (adriaan), Nieuwnederlandsch biographisch woordenboek 11 (1912), 15031506. http://202.38.126.65/mirror/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/References/Vlac

39. Second Hand Book From BookLovers.co.uk Browse Secondhand Books By Arithmetica Logarithmica by Briggs, Henry; vlacq, adriaan (Buy Now From DarkwoodBooks) Georg Olms,1976,Cloth Price €9.00 http://www.booklovers.co.uk/dealerbrowse.asp?sPage=450&genre=Darkwood Books

40. Bell Book Collection vlacq (Valcco), adriaan and Briggs, Henry (Henrici Briggs) adriaan vlacq wasa member of a wealthy family who translated several Latin books into Dutch, http://research.microsoft.com/users/GBell/CyberMuseum_files\Bell_Book_Files\book

Abbott, W.J. A Manual of the Decimal System for the Use of Jewelers etc. Title page loose ID: #B1566.01 LOC: CHM Abdank-Abakanowicz Les Intégraphes Paris, Gauthier-Villars Poor condition ID#: B1551.01 (marked B187.87 and B395.87) LOC: CHM The integraph is a noteworthy development in the history of calculating instruments. While the principle on which it is based was introduced by Coriolis in 1836, it was in 1878 that Abdank-Abakanowitz first developed a practical working model. The integraph is an elaboration and extension of the planimeter, an earlier, simpler instrument used to measure area. It is a mechanical instrument capable of deriving the integral curve corresponding to a given curve. Hence, it is capable of solving graphically a simple differential equation. Sets of partial differential equations are commonly encountered in mathematical physics. Most branches of physics such as aerodynamics, electricity, acoustics, plasma physics, electron-physics and nuclear energy involve complex flows, motions and rates of change which maybe described mathematically by partial differential equations. A well-established example from electromagnetics is the set of partial differential equations known as Maxwell's equations. In practice, differential equations can be difficult to integrate, that is to solve. The integraph is capable of solving only simple differential equations. The need to handle sets of more complex non-linear differential equations, led Vannevar Bush to develop the Differential Analyzer at MIT in the early 1930s. In turn, limitations in speed, capacity and accuracy of the Bush Differential Analyzer provided the impetus for the development of the ENIAC during World War II.

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