21. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics The Legacy of ulugh beg. Summarised extracts from a full article, see resourcesbelow, where end notes, references and bibliography are given. http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=237

22. Ulugh Beg: Biography And Much More From Answers.com Taragay, Muhammad or Beg, Ulugh b. Soltaniyeh (Iran), March 22, 1394, d.Samarkand (Uzbekistan), October 27, 1449, assassinated by his son Ulugh. http://www.answers.com/topic/ulugh-beg

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Scientist Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Ulugh Beg Scientist Taragay, Muhammad or Beg, Ulugh [b. Soltaniyeh (Iran), March 22, 1394, d. Samarkand (Uzbekistan), October 27, 1449, assassinated by his son] Ulugh Beg, as Muhammad Taragay is almost universally called, was the grandson of Tamerlane, who conquered much of central Asia. His devotion to science began before he succeeded to his grandfather's throne in 1447, as he founded a university in Samarkand and built his world-class observatory there more than 20 years earlier. His observations were superior to any in Antiquity, but were unknown in Europe until the 17th century, although published in Arabic and Persian much earlier. Encyclopedia Ulugh-Beg or Ulug-Beg both: ū lūg bĕg ) , 1394–1449, Timurid ruler and astronomer. The grandson of Timur (or Tamerlane), he succeeded to the Timurid domain in 1447. A patron of the arts and sciences, he established an astronomical observatory at Samarkand and compiled a star catalog (1420–37). His work, written in Arabic, was translated into Persian. It became known in Europe in the 16th cent. and a Latin version appeared in England (1665). A small museum of astronomy now stands on the remains of his observatory. Wikipedia Ulugh Beg Ulugh Beg, here depicted in a Russian stamp, was one of Islam's greatest astronomers during the middle ages.

23. 'Abd Al-Latif: Information From Answers.com Abd alLatif Abd al-Latif (d. May 9 1450 ) was a great-grandson of Timur .He was the third son of ulugh beg , Timurid ruler of Transoxiana. http://www.answers.com/topic/abd-al-latif

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping 'Abd al-Latif Wikipedia 'Abd al-Latif Abd al-Latif (d. May 9 ) was a great-grandson of Timur . He was the third son of Ulugh Beg , Timurid ruler of Transoxiana Having been given the governorship of Balkh , 'Abd al-Latif served under his father. During the succession struggle that followed the death of Shah Rukh , he occupied Herat , although after Ulugh Beg left the city at the end of it was conquered by Abu'l-Qasim Babur 'Abd al-Latif did not remain loyal to his father. Angry over the fact that he was to be passed over in the tranfer of rule of Samarkand , he revolted while Ulugh Beg was marching to retake Khurasan . He defeated his father at Dimashq , near Samarkand, in the fall of . Ulugh Beg later decided to surrender himself, and 'Abd al-Latif granted him permission to take a pilgrimage to Mecca , but while Ulugh Beg was on his way he was ordered murdered by his son. A few days later he also had his brother 'Abd al-'Aziz killed. In this manner he became ruler of Transoxiana. A somewhat pious person, he gained the support of the local religious groups, but this did not save him from a conspiracy hatched against him by the amirs. His reign lasted for only six months. He was succeeded by his cousin 'Abd-Allah Preceded by: Ulugh Beg Timurid dynasty (in Samarkand) Succeeded by: 'Abd-Allah This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see

24. Ulugh Beg Madrasa One of three madrasas commissioned by ulugh beg, this one in Bukhara was constructed The ulugh beg Madrasa faces the larger Abd alAziz Khan Madrasa, http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=5085

25. Ulugh Beg Madrasa The madrasa and khanaqah that ulugh beg, Timur s grandson and Governor of Samarkand ulugh beg, manifestly interested in learning, commissioned two other http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3178

26. Ulugh Beg Observatory - Samarkand - Reviews Of Ulugh Beg Observatory - TripAdvis ulugh beg Observatory Visit TripAdvisor, your source for the web s best unbiasedreviews and articles about ulugh beg Observatory in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g298068-d485406-Reviews-Ulugh_Beg_O

Ulugh Beg Observatory Sign in Sign up Reviews of hotels and vacations Home Asia Uzbekistan ... Samarkand attractions Ulugh Beg Observatory Samarkand tourism: Overview Hotels Flights Attractions ... Maps, etc. Search Ulugh Beg Observatory (e.g., Boston hotels, Las Vegas, Paris art museum) Browse Samarkand tourism Samarkand hotels Flights to Samarkand Deals ... Samarkand maps FREE News Letter Get deals, news and articles on Ulugh Beg Observatory Plus weekend trip ideas from your hometown e-mail this page to a friend User reviews Write a review . What was your experience with Ulugh Beg Observatory? Tell others what's hot and what's not. Ulugh Beg Observatory Samarkand Uzbekistan Popular attractions Registan Bibi Khanym Mosque Sher Dor Madrasah Shahr-i-Zindar Monuments ... Samarkand attractions: 1 - 13 More Samarkand hotels Central Samarkand Hotel Domina President Palace Samarkand Hotel ... Sherdor Hotel About TripAdvisor TripAdvisor provides unbiased reviews, articles, recommendations and opinions on Ulugh Beg Observatory , Samarkand. Samarkand, Uzbekistan A small museum of astronomy stands on the remains of the observatory of Ulugh-Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer. Sponsored links * Recommended deals: Samarkand Central Samarkand Hotel : This Hotel from $68 hotels.com

27. The Legacy Of Ulugh Beg - By Kevin Krisciunas The administration of Transoxiana was the responsibility of ulugh beg’s father While recognition of ulugh beg’s contributions to astronomy was delayed, http://eurasia-research.com/erc/006cam.htm

CENTRAL ASIAN MONUMENTS Edited by H. B. Paksoy The Legacy of Ulugh Beg Kevin Krisciunas[1] Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Were it only for his role as prince, viceroy, and martyr, few scholars would know of Ulugh Beg. But his memory lives on because he was an observatory builder, patron of astronomy, and astronomer in his own right. He was certainly the most important observational astronomer of the 15 th century. He was one of the first to advocate and build permanently mounted astronomical instruments. His catalogue of 1018 stars (some sources count 1022) was the only such undertaking carried out between the timesof Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 170 A.D.) and Tycho Brahe (ca. 1600). And, as we shall briefly discuss here, his attitude towards scientific endeavors was surprisingly modern. The observations were carried out systematically from 1420 to 1437. While observatories today are expected to carry on indefinitely, this was not the case in olden times. Rather, observations were carried out, for example, to update tables of planetary motions in order to predict their future positions. al-Kashi tells us (see Sayili 1960, p.106): As to the inquiry of those who ask why observations are not completed in one year but require ten or fifteen years, the situation is such that there are certain conditions suited to the determination of matters pertaining to the planets, and it is necessary to observe them when these conditions obtain. It is necessary, e.g., to have two eclipses in both of which the eclipsed parts are equal and to the same side, and both these eclipses have to take place near the same node. Likewise, another pair of eclipses conforming to other specifications is needed, and still other cases of a similar nature are required.

28. Encyclopedia Of Astronomy And Astrophysics » Ulugh Beg (1394–1449) ulugh beg (1394–1449). DOI 10.1888/0333750888/4070; Published November 2000.Icon Full text (PDF, 18K) ulugh beg and the staff observed the po http://eaa.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&doc=eaa/4070@eaa-xml

29. Ulugh Beg -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article In 1437 ulugh beg determined the length of the (The time for the earth to make ulugh beg was also notable for his work in astronomyrelated mathematics, http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/u/ul/ulugh_beg.htm

Ulugh Beg [Categories: Timurid Monarchs, Iranian scientists, Monarchs of Persia, Turkish astronomers, 1449 deaths, 1394 births] Ulugh (Click link for more info and facts about Beg) Beg (1394 - October 27, 1449) was a (Click link for more info and facts about Timurid Empire) Timurid Empire ruler (1447 - 1449) and also (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician and (The ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)) sultan . His name also appears as (The governor of a district or province in the Ottoman Empire) Bey Ulugh Bek and Ulug Bek . The name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as Great Ruler or Patriach Ruler The grandson of the conqueror (Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)) Timur the Lame (1336-1405) and oldest son of (Click link for more info and facts about Shah Rukh) Shah Rukh , both of whom came from the (A subfamily of Altaic languages) Turkic Barlas tribe of (Click link for more info and facts about Transoxiana) Transoxiana (present (A landlocked republic in west central Asia; formerly an Asian soviet)

30. Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography ulugh beg (13941449). Mongol astronomer who made the best astronomical observationsof his time. He prepared star tables superior to Ptolemy s and compiled http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/UlughBeg.html

Branch of Science Astronomers Nationality Mongolian Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) Mongol astronomer who made the best astronomical observations of his time. He prepared star tables superior to Ptolemy's and compiled the first new star map since Hipparchus . His efforts were surpassed, however, by those of Brahe Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews)

31. Ulugh Beg, Title Of Muhammad Taragay He published a set of astronomical tables, called the Zij of ulugh beg. ulugh begwas born at Sulaniyya in central Asia and brought up at the court of his http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/U/UlughBeg/1.htm

Ulugh Beg, Title of Muhammad Taragay Mongol mathematician and astronomer, ruler of Samarkand from 1409 and of the Mongol Empire from 1447. He built an observatory from which he made very accurate observations of the Sun and planets. He published a set of astronomical tables, called the Zij of Ulugh Beg. Ulugh Beg was born at Sulaniyya in central Asia and brought up at the court of his grandfather Tamerlane. At the age of 15 Ulugh Beg became ruler of the city of Samarkand and the province of Maverannakhr. In 1447 he succeeded his father, Shahrukh, to the throne, but was assassinated two years later in a coup by his son. In 1420 Ulugh Beg founded an institution of higher learning, or 'madrasa', in Samarkand. It specialized in astronomy and higher mathematics. Four years later he built a three-storey observatory and a sextant. By observing the altitude of the Sun at noon every day, he was able to deduce the Sun's meridianal height, its distance from the zenith, and the inclination of the ecliptic. The Zij of Ulugh Beg and his school is written in Tajik. It consists of a theoretical section and tables of calendar calculations, of trigonometry, and of the positions of planets, as well as a star catalogue of 1,018 stars. This includes 992 stars whose positions Ulugh Beg redetermined with unusual precision.

32. Beg, Ulugh ulugh beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Shortly after his grandson ulugh beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/B/beg/beg.html

Beg, Ulugh Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Tamerlane (from Timur-I-Leng meaning Timur the Lame, a title of contempt used by his Persian enemies). Although in this archive we are primarily interested in Ulugh Beg's achievements in mathematics and astronomy, we need to examine the history of the area since it had such a major impact on Ulugh Beg's life. Timur, Ulugh Beg's grandfather, came from the Turkic Barlas tribe which was a Mongol tribe that was living in Transoxania, today essentially Uzbekistan. He united several Turko-Mongol tribes under his leadership and set out on a conquest, with his armies of mounted archers, of the area now occupied by Iran, Iraq, and eastern Turkey. Shortly after his grandson Ulugh Beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 he had taken control of Delhi. Timur continued his conquests by extending his empire to the west from 1399 to 1402, winning victories over the Egyptian Mamluks in Syria and the Ottomans in a battle near Ankara. Timur died in 1405 leading his armies into China. After Timur's death his empire was disputed among his sons. Ulugh Beg's father Shah Rukh was the fourth son of Timur and, by 1407, he had gained overall control of most of the empire, including Iran and Turkistan regaining control of Samarkand. Samarkand had been the capital of Timur's empire but, although his grandson Ulugh Beg had been brought up at Timur's court, he was seldom in that city. When Timur was not on one of his military campaigns he moved with his army from place to place and his court, including his grandson Ulugh Beg, travelled with him.

33. Ulugh Beg Madrassa ( 1417 - 1420 ), Samarkand, Uzbekistan Picture - Webshots ulugh beg Madrassa ( 1417 1420 ), Samarkand, Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan - Theheartland of the ancient Silk Route photos. http://community.webshots.com/photo/354301104/360295623hipyhO

wsCount('adcampaign/48/284/606/'); wsCount('adcampaign/48/285/580/'); Image resolution 1024 x 768 View Full Size Album: Uzbekistan - The heartland of the ancient Silk Route Topic: Community Travel Asia Add ... Homepage suresh_krishna uploaded this image to Webshots. Report a violation View Entire Album Automatic Resize Photo 10 of 82 Ulugh Beg Madrassa ( 1417 - 1420 ), Samarkand, Uzbekistan The Ulugh Beg Madrassa has an imposing portal and was the seat of learning during Ulugh Beg's ( Timur's grandson) rule. It has a mosque, lecture rooms and dormitory. During the 15th century it was a seat of scientific learning. Ulugh Beg (1393-1449), the well renowned astronomer, scientist and benign ruler of his time himself taught here. by More Webshots: Webshots Tour About Webshots Feedback Affiliates ... Jobs Rounded("div.upperControlBox","all", "#fff","#e9e9e9","smooth"); Rounded("div.lowerControlBox","all", "#fff","#f2f2f2","smooth");

34. The Seated Statue Of Ulugh Beg , Samarkand, Uzbekistan Picture - Webshots The seated statue of ulugh beg , Samarkand, Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan The heartlandof the ancient Silk Route photos. http://community.webshots.com/photo/354301104/354304669OhNSnZ

wsCount('adcampaign/48/284/606/'); wsCount('adcampaign/48/285/580/'); Image resolution 1024 x 768 View Full Size Album: Uzbekistan - The heartland of the ancient Silk Route Topic: Community Travel Asia Add ... Homepage suresh_krishna uploaded this image to Webshots. Report a violation View Entire Album Automatic Resize Photo 11 of 82 The seated statue of Ulugh Beg , Samarkand, Uzbekistan Ulugh Beg ( 1393 - 1449 ) was the grandson of Timur ( Tamarlene) and the son of Shah Rukh Khan. Though born in a ruling family, he interested himself in scientific studies and was one of the greatest astronomers and mathematicians of his time. During his time, he founded many centers of scientific learning. Under his guidance an observatory of great precision was built in Samarkand.. He surrounded himself with great scientific minds and elevated Samarkand to a renowned center of learning. by More Webshots: Webshots Tour About Webshots Feedback Affiliates ... Jobs Rounded("div.upperControlBox","all", "#fff","#e9e9e9","smooth"); Rounded("div.lowerControlBox","all", "#fff","#f2f2f2","smooth");

35. The Sheila Variations: Ulugh Beg Tutorial ulugh beg was an astronomer and mathematician, grandson of warrior Tamerlane.ulugh beg lived in what is now Uzbekistan in the 15th century. http://www.sheilaomalley.com/archives/002933.html

The Sheila Variations "This race and this country and this life produced me, he said. I shall express myself as I am." James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Main November 06, 2004 Ulugh Beg Tutorial I'm no expert, but Ulugh Beg came up here yesterday. Please dont' ask how. Ulugh Beg was an astronomer and mathematician, grandson of warrior Tamerlane. Ulugh Beg lived in what is now Uzbekistan in the 15th century. Here's what I know: Apparently, when Tamerlane died, his empire was fought over by his sons. Ulugh Beg had been very close to his grandfather, and Beg (only 16 years old at the time) was put in charge of Samarqand following the death of Tamerlane (I believe Ulugh Beg was at his side when he died. I could be making that up, though). Ulugh Beg was only 16 years old when he became the leader of the great medieval oasis town - but instead of focusing on world conquest, or tribal slaughter, or trying to fill the shoes of his despotic grandfather, Ulugh Beg set out to transform Samarqand into a scientific and cultural center. He sounds like an extraordinary man. He believed in sharing information - and so he built observatories - one major one in paritcular (the ruins of which still stand today). The Ulugh Beg Observatory was enormous - and cylindrical in shape. There was a massive marble sextant (discovered centuries later during an archaeological dig, I think) - that somehow was too large to fit and had to be dug into the ground or something. Sorry - not sure about that. The observatory was tall enough to be seen from miles away, and the sight of it would let the camel-trains on the Silk Road know that they were close to Samarqand. The "observatory" was as famous, in its day, as the Eiffel Tower is now. Like, even if you have never seen the Eiffel Tower in actuality, you know the shape of it - you would recognize it if you saw it. The Ulugh Beg Observatory was like that.

36. The Sheila Variations: Uzbekistan - Part II - Samarqand And Tamerlane ulugh beg was an astronomer, and also a great patron of scientists and From 1407 1449, Samarqand was ruled by ulugh beg (Tamerlane s grandson). http://www.sheilaomalley.com/archives/000647.html

The Sheila Variations "This race and this country and this life produced me, he said. I shall express myself as I am." James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Main December 28, 2003 Uzbekistan - Part II - Samarqand and Tamerlane The following post is about the storied city of Samarqand and the horrors of Timur. UZBEKISTAN - SAMARQAND AND TIMUR The history of Uzbekistan in the 20th century is, admittedly, quite riveting: a Muslim state, a mish-mash of people, under the thumb of Stalin, holding out, holding on, and then ... in one shot ... before they are at all ready, they become independent. They were one of the few republics in the Soviet Union which had to be forced into independence. They knew they were not ready, they didn't know what to do. But, for me, the really gripping history in the area goes way way back, to medieval times, when this section of the planet was one of the centers of the world, if not the center. An amazing thing, to have that in your cultural memory. Uzbekistan was part of the old Persian empire, and things did not change much here from the 6th century BC to the 19th century. In the 4th century B.C., Alexander the Great passed through (that boy certainly got around), and married the daughter of a local chieftain near Samarqand. This connected the region to the outside world. The Silk Road propelled the region to the center of the world. The Silk Road was a peaceful connector, a trade-driven connector. Regions did not have to be conquered by outsiders anymore in order to learn about innovations in other cultures. Camel caravans brought news and technology and inventions to these remote areas, and the world got a bit smaller.

37. Uzbekistan - Day 13 Timur s grandson ulugh beg built this wonderful observatory around 1420.Before his death in 1449, with this instrument, ulugh beg marked degrees, http://www.squiresweb.com/uzbek/day13.htm

Day 13 - Thursday, 4 May 2000 Samarkand Today we visited the observatory of Ulugh Beg. We were not aware of it at the time but we had eaten lunch near the observatory on our way to Bukhara last Sunday ( Day 9 The layers of history were spread before us again; in the 4th century, Alexander the Great conquered, in the 6th century the Turks ruled, and in 712 AD the Arab conquerors came. They brought a new language (Arabic) and a new religion (Islam) and with it a new culture. At this time in the city were people of many religions, including Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, and the Islamic nation was added to this mix. In 1054, Omar Khayam came to Samarkand and wrote of "bushes cut as animals, water running, and naked women diving under willows." He also encountered astonishing and impressive hospitality in the beautiful city. It was in the 12th century that Ghengis Khan destroyed all this civilization and the city itself. In the 15th century Timur, born in Shahrisabz, rose to power and created an empire that reached from the shores of the Mediterranean (and included Israel) to the Asian land of China. This empire was a nurturing environment for scientists, philosphers and scholars.

38. Afghanland.com Afghanistan Famous Atronomer Astronomy Muhammed Taragai ulugh beg (13941449) was a Turk who ruled the province ulugh beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. http://www.afghanland.com/history/astro.html

HOME NEWS ISLAM HISTORY ... PICTURES Afghanistan's Astronomer Prince A Look at Ulug Beg by Kevin Krisciunas Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Ulugh Beg's grandfather was the famous conqueror Timur (1336-1405). Ulugh Beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. But his rule was of short duration. Two years later he was killed by an assassin hired by his son 'Abd al Latif. According to Afghanland.com's sources, A principal source of o ur information about the astronomical activity at Samarkand is a letter of one Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi (d. 1429), which is available in Turkish and English (see Sayili 1960). This letter, originally in Persian, was written in 1421 or 1422. From it we deduce that serious astronomical activity began in Samarkand in 1408-10, and that the construction of Ulugh Beg's observatory was begun in 1420. Amongthe astronomers known to have been active at Samarkand, we know only a few by name, but according to al-Kashi there were sixty or seventy scholars at the madrasa who were well enough versed in mathematics to participate in some capacity in the astronomical observations and/or seminars.

39. Ulugh Beg ulugh beg, 13941449. Tabvlae long ac lat. stellarum fixarvm, ex observationeUlugh Beighi Ex tribus invicem collatis MSS. Persicis jam primium luce ac http://www.dudleyobservatory.org/Exhibits/ulugh_beg.htm

Ulugh Beg Oxonii, Typis H. Hall; sumptibus authoris; venales prostant apud R. Davis, 1665. The Islamic world carried out the most important astronomical research of the Middle Ages. One of the leading Islamic astronomers, Ulug Beg, was also the governor of Samarkand in Central Asia. As a result, he had the resources to produce, in about 1420, the most important star catalog of the era, recording the positions of 1000 stars. Unlike later star catalogs, all the observations to create this catalog were made by naked eye observations. This work is written in Latin and Arabic with the Arabic text on the left hand page and Latin on the right. Enlargement of Latin text. Enlargement of Arabic text. The Dudley Observatory Last ... Next

40. ULUGH BEG - LoveToKnow Article On ULUGH BEG ulugh beg. ulugh beg. and antiquated institutions and theories. ulugh beg,MIRZA MAHOMMED BEN SHAH ROK (13941449), Persian astronomer, son of the shah http://92.1911encyclopedia.org/U/UL/ULUGH_BEG.htm

ULUGH BEG ULUGH BEG The growth of the Jesuitical influence at Romemore especially after the return of Pius IX. from exileimplied a more definite protection of Ultramontanism by the papacy. The proclamation of the dogma of the immaculate conception in 1854 was more than the decision of an old and vexed theological problem; it was an act of conformity to a pietistic type especially represented by the Jesuits. The Syllabus of 1864, however, carried with it a recognition of the Ultramontane condemnation of all modern culture (see the articles Pius IX., and SYLLABUS). Finally, in the Vatican Council, the Jesuits saw another of their favorite theoriesthat of papal infallibilityelevated to the status of a dogma of the Church (see VATICAN COUNCIL and INFALLIBILITY) . Ultramontanism, again, though essentially averse from all forms of progress, had displayed great dexterity in utilizing the opportunities presented to it by modern life. Where it appeared advisable, it has formed itself into a political party, as for instance, the Centre Party in Germany. It has shown extreme activity in the creation of a press devoted to its interests, and has consolidated its influence by the formation of an extensive league-system. In the episcopacy it has numerous adherents; it has made progress in the universities, and most of the learned and theological reviews are conducted in its spirit. Whether the powerful position of this movement within the Roman Catholic Church be an advantage for that Church itself cannot be discussed here. The answer to the problem will mainly depend on the estimate which we form of the Society of Jesus and its whole activity. The outstanding event in the latest history of Ultramontanism is the separation between Church and state in France (1904), by which the republic has endeavoured to break the influence of this party. Similarly, the dissolution of the German Reichstag in December 1906 was a weapon directed against Ultramontanism; and, though the elections of 1907 failed to diminish the numbers of the Centre, they rendered possible the formation of a majority, in face of which that system forfeited the influence it had previously possessed.

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